• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.419-431
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• 2005

The prevalence of atopic dermatitis (AD) continues to increase in the industrialized countries related to Western lifestyle and dietary patterns. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status, dietary patterns and dietary quality of AD patients. AD patients (n=50) and gender age matched healthy control (HC) were studied in case-control clinical trail. Preference and frequencies of consumption for 98 foods were estimated by questionnaires. Dietary pattern, current nutrients intake, and dietary quality were evaluated by the 3-day food records. As a result, anthropometric measurements from HC and AD patients were not significantly different. AD patients had significantly lower preference for buckwheat, some fishes (shellfish, flatfish, salmon), egg yolk, some vegetables (onion, garlic, Chinese-cabbage, radish, pepper, mushroom), coffee, and snack than those of HC had (p<0.05). AD patients had significantly lower frequency for pea, some fishes (shellfish, herring, flatfish, salmon, codfish), egg, some vegetables (spinach, pumpkin, mushroom), margarine/butter, nuts, coffee and apple juice, fried chicken, coke than those of HC had (p<0.05). The intake of vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$ (p<0.05) and vitamin E (p<0.001) of AD patients were significantly lower than those of HC. The intake for Ca and Zn of AD patients were remarkably lower than RDA for each nutrient. Moreover, AD patients' index of nutritional quality (INQ) and nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR) of vitamin E, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$ were lower than those of HC. AD patients' dietary quality including dietary diversity score (DDS), dietary variety score (DVS), DMGFV (dairy, meat, grain, fruit, vegetable), dietary quality index (DQI) was poor. This results indicate that atopic dermatitis patients had significantly different food preference and food frequency when these were compared with those of healthy people. The dietary diversity, dietary variety and dietary quality of atopic dermatitis patients were very limited.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.1457-1467
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• 1998

The relationship between cognitive function and dietary patterns in Korean elderly women was investigated in this study. Twenty-four-hour dietary recall and cognitive function tests were performed in 170 elderly women aged over 60 years. Average age of the subjects was 71 years and the average number of family members was 3.3. Most of the subjects had less than seven years of education and their monthly income was much lower than the Korean average. Most of the subjects engaged in regular exercise and did not indulge in drinking and smoking. The average cognitive function score of the subjects was 58.4. Most of the subjects appeared to consume insufficient amount of food ; average intakes of energy, Ca, iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin were lower than RDA for the elderly. Cognitive function score was positively related to education level and regularity of exercise. Also, cognitive function score had a strong relationship with food intake such as total amounts of foods, fish and shellfish, milk and dairy products, total animal food, fruit, bread and sugar. Energy, protein, Ca, p, riboflavin, and niacin were also shown to have positive relationships to cognitive function score, while carbohydrate caloric ratio had a negative relationship with cognitive function. According to the results of multiple regression analysis, factors that most influenced on cognitive function were education level and riboflavin intake. The subjects who had more than seven years of education had significantly higher cognitive function scores than those with no school education. And cognitive function scores f3r those who consumed more than 2/3 of the RDA for most nutrients were significantly higher than the ones fir the subjects who consumed less than 2/3 of the RDA. These results suggest that proper education and adequate nutrient intake in quantity and quality by achieving food diversity are essential in maintaining cognitive function in later life (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) : 1457-1467, 1998)

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1008-1017
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• 2005

본 연구는 구미지역 보육시설 2개소의 $3\~6$세 아동 57명(남아 24명, 여아 33명 )을 대상으로 3일간의 식이섭취 상태를 조사하고 영양소를 분석하여 이들의 영양섭취상태를 양적, 질적으로 파악하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 유아들의 1일 식품섭취량은 992.7 g이었으며 식물성 식품으로 $55\%$, 동물성 식품으로 $45\%$를 섭취하였고 식물성 식품 중에서는 곡류, 동물성 식품 중에서는 우유 및 유제품을 가장 많이 섭취하였다. 유아들의 1일 평균 열량섭 취 량은 1249.2 kcal였으며 열량영양소의 비율은 권장 비율과 비교하여 탄수화물의 섭취는 약간 낮았고 지방의 섭취는 높았다. 영양소 섭취량의 권장량에 대한 비율이 $75\%$ 미만을 섭취하는 비율이 $20\%$를 초과하는 영양소로는 열량$(29.8\%)$, 철분$(35.1\%)$, 나이아신$(28.1\%)$, 칼슘$(21.1\%)$으로 조사되었다. 섭취열량에 대한 식품군별 기여도는 전체열량의 $68\%$를 식물성 식품으로부터, $32\%$를 동물성 식품으로부터 얻는 것으로 조사되었다. 또한 칼슘의 경우에는 전체의 $22\%$를 식물성 식품으로부터, $78\%$를 동물성 식품으로부터 얻었으며, 철분의 경우에는 전체의 $78\%$를 식물성 식품으로부터, $22\%$를 동물성 식품으로부터 얻는 것으로 나타났다. 식품섭취량의 끼니별 분포는 아침:점심:저녁:간식이 13:15:13:59로 전체 $59\%$의 식품을 간식으로 섭취하였고, 섭취 열량의 끼니 별 분포도 아침:점심:저녁:간식이 15:20:19:46으로 간식의 비중이 높은 편이었다. 영양소별 적정도(NAR)를 분석한 결과 단백질, 비타민 A, 인은 0.95이상으로 높았고 칼슘(0.84)과 철분(0.85)은 낮았으며, 평균영양소 적정도(MAR)는 0.92로 양호한 편이었다 INQ는 모두 1을 넘어 식사의 질이 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 유아들 중 6가지 식품군(곡류, 육류, 과일류, 채소류, 우유 및 유제품, 유지류 및 당류)을 모두 섭취하는 유아는 $29.5\%$였고 과일류만을 섭취하지 않는 유아가 $31.6\%$로 가장 많았다. 식품군점수(DDS)가 증가함에 따라 영양소 적정도(NAR)도 유의하게 증가되어 식품섭취가 다양할수록 영양섭취의 질적 수준이 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 신체성장 발육이 왕성한 보육시설 유아들에게 열량공급이 부족되지 않도록 하며, 특히 칼슘, 철분, 나이 아신이 풍부한 식단을 개발하여 필수영양소의 부족이 없도록 해야 하겠다 또한 다양한 식품들을 이용하여 모든 영양소가 권장량에 충족되는 질적으로 우수한 식사가 제공되도록 해야 할 것이며 열량 및 영양소의 높은 간식 비중을 막기 위해서 세끼 식사의 적절한 공급에 더욱 힘써야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.558-570
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• 2002

This study was performed to develop an index assessing the overall diet quality for Korean. The study subjects consisted of preschool children (PC), elementary school children (EC), high school students (HS), college students (CS), and adults over 30 years old living Seoul and the surrounding areas. The subjects over 30 years old were classified to 30-49 years, 50-69 years, and over 70 years. A dietary survey was conducted using 24-hour recall method and data were collected from 2392 people. Newly developed Korean diet quality index (KDQI) was an index assessing the overall diet quality from the view point of balance. KDQI was based on the nutritional problems of Koreans, dietary risk factors for chronic degenerative diseases, 5 major food groups, and dietary guidelines. The ten components of KDQI were vegetables, fruits, dairy products, dietary variety score, calcium intake, iron intake, energy intake, fat intake, and cholesterol intake. The full score of each component was 10 points and the score of KDQI was calculated by summing the scores of the 10 components. When the KDQI was applied to this study subjects, the distribution of subjects KDQI scores was similar to normal distribution. Mean score of KDQI was 56.0 and the range of the mean by age was from 45.7 for the subjects over 70 years old to 60.7 for the elementary school children. The components which composed the lowest three means were dairy intake, fruit intake, Ca intake in most age groups. Mean score of DVS was one of the highest three but not for the subjects over 50 years old. After subjects with KDQI score over 70 were classified to higher poop and those with KDQI score under 40, to lower group, nutritional characteristics were compared. Energy contributions of carbohydrate, proteins, and fit, percentages of RDA for major nutrients, and dietary diversity scores were more adequate in the higher poop than in the lower group. The lower poop had more risks for chronic degenerative diseases. According to the results, KDQI was valid index to assess the overall diet quality and it could be used to detect risk group for malnutrition and chronic degenerative diseases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.228-243
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• 2024

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the distinctions in dietary and health-related behaviors among Indonesian women who marry Koreans or into multicultural families (MF) and those who marry Indonesians living in Korea (IK) and in Indonesia (II). Methods: The study was performed with 192 subjects using an online questionnaire regarding food choice, dietary and health behavior, and nutrition quotient (NQ). The analysis used Pearson's chi-squared test, the Fisher's exact test, multinomial logistic regression, and the general linear model. Results: The MF group consumed Korean food more than once a day and Indonesian food 1-2 times monthly (p < 0.001). The main challenge for the IK and II groups in consuming Korean food was the presence of pork and the different food flavors (p < 0.001). The MF group tended to have normal body mass index, consumed more vitamin and mineral supplements (p = 0.014), and exercised regularly ≥150 min/week compared to the IK and II groups (p < 0.001). However, the MF group had the highest rate of skipping breakfast (p = 0.040). When evaluating the NQ of the participants, the MF group consumed more vegetables (p = 0.026), mixed grains (p = 0.031), and spicy and salt soups (p = 0.006). The II group consumed more fish (p = 0.005), beans (p = 0.009), and nuts (p = 0.003). The IK group checked the nutrition labels the most (p = 0.005), while their consumption of vegetables, fish, beans, and nuts was lowest. The MF group had a higher balance score, which resulted in a substantially more nutritious food intake compared to the other two groups (p = 0.037). Conclusion: The MF group consumed more vegetables and mixed grains, adequate fish, beans, and nuts, and engaged in longer daily physical activity. However, the IK group had a relatively low-quality diet and nutritional intake status compared to the other two groups, and this needs to be improved in the future.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.382-393
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to estimate changes on the flood and nutrient intake patterns of men over thirty years old in Jeon-Ju area. The first survey was conducted from December in 1991 to January in 1992, tile second one from January to February in 1994 and the third one from July to August in 1997. The nutrition survey using 24-hour recall method was executed to 303 subjects : 89, 82, 132 in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. Results of the study are as follows : Kimchi, rice, garlic and onions were the most frequently eaten food items. Total daily intakes of foods were 85 : 15, 81 : 19 and 81 : 19 in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. The average numbers of foods per person were 15.7, 20.1 and 21.9 daily in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively and tends to increase significantly(p<0.05). The minimum numbers of foods per person were 4, 7 and 9 and the maximum numbers of foods per person were 27, 35 and 39 in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. KDDS(Korean\`s Dietary Diversity Score) is determined by how many among the five food groups (cereals, vegetables, meats, milks, oils groups)were consumed per day. Most subjects earned the KDDS "3" ; 61, 46 and 42% in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. Average daily energy intakes wee 1,62㎉(72% of RDA), 2,063㎉(89% of RDA) and 1,818㎉ (79% of RDA) in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. Energy intake rates of cereals : total energy intake were 65, 59, and 60% in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively, which were decreasing. Protein intakes were 58g(72% of RDA), 79g(107% of RDA) and 71g(97% of RDA), respectively and animal protein comprised 46, 53, and 59%, respectively ; which were increased. Fat intakes were 12g, 20g and 20g, respectively and animal protein comprised 38, 46, and 48% ; which were increased. Fat intakes were 12g, 20g and 20g, respectively, of which animal fat comprised 46, 53, and 59%, respectively ; which were increased, too. Malnourished (under 75% of RDA) rates were respectively 64, 34, and 47% in terms of energy ; 64, 31 and 33% in protein ; 67, 51, and 61% in calcium ; 53, 26, and 18% in iron ; 85, 74 and 84% in Vitamin A. Super-nourished(above 125% of RDA) rates were respectively 1, 13, and 3% in energy ; 1, 29, and 21% in protein ; 5, 18, and 7% in calcium ; 16, 31, and 7% in iron ; 16, 31, and 7% in Vitamin A, 42, 76, and 62% in Vitamin C. The percentages of calories from protein : fat : carbohydrate were 14 : 12 : 74, 15 : 16 : 69 and 16 : 17 : 67 in 1991, 1994 and 1997, respectively. KDDS(number of five food groups per day), Meal Balance(number of five food groups per meal), DVS(average numbers of foods per person), amount of foods correlated positively with all the nutrient intakes(p<0.05). KDDS was positively correlated with energy, protein, fat, calcium, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin(p<0.05)in(p<0.05)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.254-263
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• 2018

본 연구는 유아의 점심 식사장소에 따라 영양소와 식품섭취량에 차이가 있는지를 조사하였다. 제5기 (2010 ~ 2012년) 국민건강영양조사 원시자료를 이용하여 개인별 24시간 회상에 의한 식품섭취조사 항목 중에서 점심 식사장소가 유아원/유치원일 경우 보육기관 점심식사군으로, 점심 식사장소가 가정과 이웃집/친척집일 경우 가정 점심식사군으로 나누어 복합표본설계 요소를 반영한 통계분석을 실시하였다. 대상자수는 1~2세에서 보육기관 점심식사군 179명, 가정 점심식사군 367명이었고, 3 ~ 5세에서 보육기관 점심식사군 549명, 가정 점심식사군 225명이었다. 연령군별 하루 총에너지섭취량, 점심과 저녁 식사로부터 에너지 섭취량은 두 집단 간 차이가 없었으나, 아침 에너지섭취비율이 보육기관 점심식사군에서 낮은 반면에 간식 에너지섭취비율은 더 높았다. 3 ~ 5세 유아에서는 나트륨, 칼륨 및 비타민 C 섭취량이 보육기관 점심식사군에서 많았으며, 리보플라빈 섭취량은 가정 점심식사군에서 유의하게 많았다. 점심으로부터 섭취한 식품군을 비교한 결과 1~2세 보육기관 점심식사군에서 채소류 섭취량이 유의하게 많은 반면에 과일류, 난류, 우유류 섭취량은 가정 점심식사군에서 많았다. 3 ~ 5세 보육기관 점심식사군의 점심으로부터 채소류, 두류, 어패류 섭취량이 유의하게 많은 반면에 우유류 섭취량은 가정 점심식사군에서 많았다. 3~5세 유아들이 보육기관 점심으로부터 채소류, 두류, 어패류를 더 많이 섭취하고 칼륨과 비타민 C를 많이 섭취하여 보육기관 점심이 영양소 균형과 식품 다양성 측면에서 가정 점심보다 나은 것으로 판단된다. 결론적으로 유아의 성장 발육을 위한 적절한 영양 공급은 물론, 올바른 식습관 형성을 위해서 보육기관 급식은 물론, 가정 식사에서도 채소류, 생선류 등 다양한 식재료를 활용하는 노력이 요구된다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the meal quality and dietary behaviors of low-income family children by qualitative method. The subjects were 12 children(2 boys and 10 girls) aged 7 to 11, enrolled in an after-school care center in Kimpo, Gyeonggi province. Most of their mothers had jobs(83.3%) and 75% were the beneficiaries of a government assistance program. When compared using body mass index(BMI) percentile, 16.7% of the subjects were classified as being overweight. The food intake patterns and meal qualities were evaluated from dietary records for three non-consecutive days. The mean dietary diversity score(DDS) was 3.8, suggesting at least one food group was deficit. Only 8.3% of the records indicated a satisfactory intake of all five food groups, and fruit was the most deficit food group(58.3%). Also, the proportion of balanced of meals was low, especially breakfast(36%), in that main dish(the source of protein) was not included. The children had problematic eating behaviors, such as an unbalanced diet, eating meals in a hurry, skipping breakfast, and irregular meal times. They answered that they liked to eat simple meals and convenient foods. In conclusion, nutrition education should incorporate strategies to reach families and help with meal planning and management, as well as modifying the eating behaviors of children, in order to improve nutritional status.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.161-175
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• 2007

It is important for young adults to establish good dietary behavior for healthy life. The prevalence of obesity in college students has increased gradually. The obesity is one of the most prevalent health problems in S. Korea. Moreover, obesity is closely related with the disease such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to evaluate health practice, serum components and nutrient intake of the college students according to Body Mass Index (BMI) level. 400 male and female freshmen students in 4 year university located near to Seoul metropolitan area were surveyed respectively through the health check-up procedure for college entrance in February. Survey was carried out for them by questionnaires, including a 24-hour dietary recall and anthropometric measurements. Blood samples were obtained while fasting. Nutrient intake was expressed by DDS(Dietary Diversity Score by 5 food groups) and DVS(Dietary Variety Score). Nutrition level was analyzed by Can-Pro (Korea Nutrition Association). And for the quantity intake, percentage ratio against daily requirement(by KDRIs) and MAR(Mean Adequacy Ratio) were calculated. Underweight group($BMI<18.5kg/m^2$), normal weight group($18.5) and overweight group($BMI<23.0 kg/m^2$) were 18.5%, 61.2% and 19.3% respectively. Nutrient intake levels and food intake status were not significantly different among three groups. The mean nutrient adequacy ratio (MAR) was not significantly different by BMI status. Nutrient intakes of calcium, iron, and riboflavin were especially low for all the students. Overweight group showed high blood pressure(120.9/79.3 mmHg) compared with the underweight group (116.4/ 75.8mmHg) but the difference was not significant. The serum triglyceride level in overweight group (94,0mg%) was higher than that in normal (70.9mg%) or underweight group(70.8mg%)(p<0.05). HDL-cholesterol level in overweight (43.8 mg%) group was not significantly different from that in underweight group (45.9mg%). BMI was positively correlated with blood pressure, hemoglobin, and the intake of total fat and cholesterol. But it was negatively correlated with HDL-cholesterol level. With these results overweight group is closely related with the cardiovascular disease risks, such as high blood pressure and high triglycerides and cholesterol. Thus, a health intervention program including weight control is required for young adults.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.378-388
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• 2019

This study aimed to assess the nutritional quality of breakfast among Korean school-aged children and adolescents depending on eating together as a family, based on the 2013-2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey. One day 24-hour recall data of 1,831 children and adolescents aged from 6 to 17 years were collected. The nutritional quality of breakfast was analyzed and compared between Family Breakfast Group (FBG, n=1,410) and Eating-alone Breakfast Group (EBG, n=421). The results showed that age, family structure, number of family members, and frequency of breakfast were associated with eating breakfast as a family. The calorie intake from breakfast explained 19% and 16% of the daily intake for FBG and EBG, respectively. The percentages of children and adolescents consuming Vitamin A, Vitamin $B_1$, Vitamin $B_2$, Vitamin C, Niacin, and Iron less than 1/4 of the Estimated Average Requirements were significantly lower in FBG than in EBG. The average numbers of serving for "Grains" and "Vegetables" food groups and the average Dietary Diversity Score were significantly higher in FBG than in EBG. Overall, the results indicated that eating breakfast as a family is positively associated with nutritional quality of breakfast among Korean school-aged children and adolescents.