• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.478-490
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• 2013

Dietary habit of excess sodium consumption is formed mainly by excessive salt intake from the younger age and this may lead to hypertension, stroke, and stomach cancer. This study was performed to estimate the salt content in kindergarten meals and provide basic data on meal providers' dietary attitude to sodium intake for nutrition education. We collected data on161 food items from 16 institutions in Gyeonggi-do and salt content was calculated from salinity and weight of individual food items. The average salt content from lunch meals was 2.2 g, which was about daily adequate intake of sodium for children aged 3 to 5 years old. Greatest contributor to the salt content in a meal was soup and stew (47.8%). The most salty dishes were sauces and kimchi followed by stir-fried food, deep-fried food, braised food, and grilled food. The salt content was higher in soup and stew despite of low salinity, due to the large quantity per serving. The salt contents of soups and kimchi were 40.6% and 14.3%, respectively of the total salt content in dish groups. Staff members and caregivers at home who prepared food for the child showed preference for one-dish rice meal, dried fish and salted mackerel, and broth when eating soup, stew, and noodles. Caregivers showed higher sodium index score and had higher preference for processed food such as Ramen, canned food, and ham compared with staff members (p < 0.05). These results suggested that monitoring salt content of kindergarten meals and nutrition education for those prepare meals for children are needed to lower sodium intake in childhood.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.493-502
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• 2009

This study aimed to examine the relationship between nutrient intake and attention deficit hyperactivity (ADH) of children suffering atopic dermatitis. We examined clinical symptoms as well as the status of ADH and the dietary intake of 47 children with atopic dermatitis aged between 4 and 6 against 84 children in the control group. Family history of the atopic dermatitis group was significantly higher than the control group. There was no significant difference between the diet habit of the two groups. The daily energy intake of the atopic dermatitis group and the control group were 1,189.7 kcal and 1245.0 kcal, respectively. There was no significant difference between the nutrient intake of the two groups. In regards to the clinical symptom items, the point for 'anxieties' was 0.5 in the atopic dermatitis group, which was significantly higher than 0.3 of the control group (p<0.05). In terms of the detailed items in ADH assessed by kindergarten teachers, the point for 'changeable feeling' was 0.8 in the atopic dermatitis group, which was significantly higher than 0.5 of the control group (p<0.05). As for the correlation among nutrient intake, the ADH score and clinical symptoms, total fat intake (p<0.05) and animal fat intake (p<0.05) showed a significantly negative correlation with the point of ADH assessed by the teachers, while the intake of fiber (p<0.05) displayed a significantly negative correlation with the point of ADH assessed by the parents. Since atopic dermatitis and ADH may be caused by the same dietary factors, it will be necessary to conduct more studies in this field in the future. In addition, appropriate nutrition management will be necessary for children in the growing period who suffer from atopic dermatitis.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.111-120
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• 2005

Recently, the number of elderly people in the rural area of Korea has increased remarkably and their food security has become deteriorated mainly due to the low economic status. To investigate the food security for the elderly people, relevant data were obtained by offering questionnaire to the rural elderly people who were engaging in traditional agricultural production for daily foods. The subjects of 1870 were collected in 9 provinces according to PPS(Probability Proportional to Size). Questionnaire contained the items of dietary habit, food cultivation, Production and Preservation, and the suey was conducted by trained interviewers. SAS (ver 8.1) was used for statistical analyses in which Chi-square tests and General Linear Models were made. Family of the elderly people was $45.4\%$ of the total and the characteristics of elderly families were that age of male head was 82.1 years and that of female was 67.7 years, and that $68.8\%$ of elderly women were working for family income or pocket money. The elderly families' food cultivation state was surveyed and they were pepper$(59.1\%)$, chinese cabbage$(61.91\%)$, and sesame$(48.6\%)$ for their own consumption. But, bean sprout$(6.5\%)$, tofu$(7.7\%)$ and egg$(5.1\%)$ showed low rate of cultivation for the family. The rate of cultivating chinese cabbage$(61.9\%)$, and sesame$(48.6\%)$ was significantly higher than that of middle aged family. At the status of fermented food production for the elderly family, Doenjang$(87.4\%)$ and Gochujang$(86.3\%)$ Kanjang$(84.0\%)$ Kimchi$(92.9\%)$ Jangachi$(27.6\%)$ and Meju$(91.61\%)$maintained higher rate than that of middle aged families' Food preservation of elderly families was low and there are just jam$(5.3\%)$ and bottled products$(1.4\%)$. A little higher rate was observed lot the preserved food such as alcohol$(9.9\%)$ and powder$(9.8\%)$. For the elderly family the score of food cultivation was 4.08/12 points and that of food preservation was 0.62/12 points. The score of fermented food production for elderly family was 10.24/12 points which was significantly different from that of middle aged family (9.58/12 points, p<0.001). This result suggests that for the elderly people food with more protein is needed for production.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.455-464
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• 2018

본 연구는 2011년 7월 4일부터 2011년 8월 24일까지 중학생들의 식행동 실태와 식행동과 학업관련 인자의 관계를 분석하고자 경기지역의 일부 중학교의 남자 중학생 295명, 여자 중학생 285명을 대상으로 설문지 조사 방법을 통하여 학업관련 인자와 식행동을 조사하여 분석하였다. 연구대상자들의 수면시간은 6~8시간 미만이 71.3%로 많았고, 학교 외 공부시간은 2~4시간 미만이 가장 많았다. 과외, 학원 공부에 대한 스트레스에서는 '거의 받지 않는다'가 가장 많았으며 남학생이 여학생 보다 스트레스를 더 많이 받고 있었다. 중학생들의 식습관 점수는 '과일을 매일 먹습니까?' '아침은 매일 규칙적으로 먹습니까?'의 점수가 높았고, '식사를 할 때는 식품 배합을 생각해서 먹습니까?의 점수가 가장 낮았다. 평균 식습관 점수는 남학생 $3.69{\pm}0.67$점 여학생은 $3.62{\pm}0.67$점으로 중간정도 수준으로 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 식습관에서 남학생들은 '우유를 매일 마십니까?, 여학생들은 '과일을 매일 먹습니까?'에서 높은 점수를 나타내었다. 중학생의 하루 평균 식사횟수는 3회하는 학생이 가장 많았고 한 끼 식사에 걸리는 시간은 10 ~ 20분 걸리는 학생이 가장 많았으며, 남학생이 여학생 보다 한 끼 식사에 걸리는 시간이 짧았다. 식사가 규칙적인편인 학생이 가장 많았으며 간식 섭취 횟수는 하루 1 ~ 2회가 가장 많았다. 학업관련인자에 따른 식행동 실태에서는 학교 외 공부시간이 2시간 이상인 학생들이 2시간 미만 공부하는 학생에 비해 식습관 점수가 높았고, 학교외 공부시간 2시간 미만인 학생이 2시간 이상 공부하는 학생에 비해 2끼를 먹는 비율이 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 수면시간이 증가할수록, 하루 평균 공부시간이 많은 학생일수록 식사를 규칙적으로 하는 비율이 증가하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 조사대상 중학생들은 대체로 적정 시간의 수면을 취하고 있었고, 전체적으로 학생들의 과외, 학원 공부에 대한 스트레스 정도는 크지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 식습관은 중간 이상의 점수였으며, 하루 3끼니의 식사를 하고 식사가 규칙적인 학생들이 많았다. 또한 학생들의 수면시간과 학교 외 공부시간이 식습관 점수와 식행동에 관련성을 보였다. 따라서 본 연구 대상자들의 식습관이 비교적 양호하고, 학업 관련 스트레스도 크지 않게 나타난 것은 매우 다행스럽다고 할 수 있다. 그러나 식습관이 수면시간과 학교 외 공부시간 등의 학업관련 인자와 관련성을 보였으므로, 특히 학업 부담으로 인한 학업관련 인자들의 문제를 가지고 있는 학생들에게 더 많은 관심을 가지고, 학생들이 규칙적인 식습관을 형성할 수 있도록 올바른 식행동에 대한 교육이 이루어져야 하겠다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.755-764
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• 2001

This study was carried out to evaluate meal management behavior of housewives and to improve their behavior by determining what problems exist. The survey was conducted using a questionnaire in Jinju from October to November in 1999. It was shown that 29.1% of housewives didn't plan food budget, whereas only 5.6% of them did. The reasons for not planning food budget were mostly due to not forming a habit(38.8%), irregularity of prices(19.9%) or irregularity of income(13.8%). The characters of planning food budget and the reasons for not planning were not affected by age, education, monthly income, family size or monthly flood cost. Only 17.8% of meal managers recorded their housekeeping in detail and 47.4% of them wrote only the important things. Recording housekeeping records was affected by age and education. It was found that most meal managers(90.8%) didn't set menu planning and they didn't fuel the need for menu planning. The frequency of food shopping was every two days(36.2%), twice a week(20.9%) or randomly(27.4%), and the places for food shopping were supermarket(49.0%) and traditional market(41.3%). Both were affected by education or age. The quality of food was the main reason(54.6%) far the selection of food shopping place. Important consideration for selection of food and meals was preference of family(47.4%) and this character was affected by education. It was shown that the score of nutrition knowledge was 7.36, and it was affected by education. The results of this study suggest that the government, educators and scientists in nutrition make efforts to develop various levels of practical education programs for meal management and nutrition depending on age, education and community using mass media.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2011

Elevated serum concentration of inflammation markers is known as an independent risk factor of metabolic syndrome (MS) and dietary intake is an important factor to control MS. The purpose of this study was to investigated the hypothesis that inflammatory indices are associated with dietary intake and diet quality index-international (DQI-I) in subjects with MS. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 156 men and 73 postmenopausal women with MS, defined by three or more risk factors of the modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Serum levels of high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), adiponectin were examined and nutrients intake and DQI-I were assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The total DQI-I score was significantly higher in female subjects ($65.87{\pm}9.86$) than in male subjects ($62.60{\pm}8.95$). There was a positive association between hs-CRP and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (p < 0.05) and a negative association between adiponectin and lipid (p < 0.05), total sugar (p < 0.01), and total fatty acids (p < 0.05). When the subjects were divided into 5 groups by quintile according to serum adiponectin and hs-CRP level, there was no association between DQI-I score and hs-CRP levels. Moderation score of DQI-I was significantly higher in highest quintile group than the lower quintile groups. Therefore, our results provide some evidence that dietary intake and diet quality are associated with inflammation markers and dietary modification might be a predictor to decrease risk for metabolic syndrome complications. However further research is needed to develop the dietary quality index reflecting the inflammatory change by considering the dietary habit and pattern of Koreans.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.90-98
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• 2002

This study was performed to examine the dietary and BMI change of Koreans after moving to America and to identify the factors influencing changes of BMI. The subjects were 192 Korean-Americans (men : 86, women : 106) residing in the eastern area of the U.S.A. 1) subjects reported significantly increased consumption frequency in American foods like, low fat milk(p<0.001), cold cereals (p<0.001), whole wheat bread(p<0.001), hamburger(only in males p<0.01) and pizza(only in males p<0.01). Whereas significantly decreased consumption frequency in fish (p<0.05), cooked vegetables(p<0.001), kimchi(p< 0.001) and cooked rice (p<0.001) were reported. 2) It was reported that weight, accordingly BMI were significantly increased (p<0.01). The smoking habit score was significantly decreased for males (p<0.05). 3) Multiple linear regression analysis for BMI change showed that education years in Korea was the most prominent negative factor(p<0.001) in predicting BMI change in America. Elevated frequencies of alcohol, chicken and soft drink in America were also associated with greater increase of BMI. When the length of residence (increase of age) was included in regression model, the increase of age was the most significant factor (p<0.001). Changes of chicken and soda scores were other significant factors.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.107-115
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate housewives' perception, interest and consumption of health drinks made in a health food stores, and to assess the relationsh- ip between nutritionally-related-variables and the consumption of health drinks. Data was collected from 518 housewives in Chonnam province. Among many items which housewives perceived about health drinks, three factors of 'preference·health-care', ' quality·convenience' and 'price' were found to be represented. Housewives' perception of 'preference·health-care' was negatively correlated with nutritional knowledge. However, a positive correlation between the 'quality·convenience' and eating habits was found. Consumption of health drinks was positively correlated with the diet management score, the perception and interest in health drinks. However, the inverse relationship between consumption of health drinks and nutritional knowledge was observed. Multiple regression analysis showed that the interest and factors of perception of health drinks. Consumption of health drinks was not based upon accurate knowledge concerning nutrition, but was based upon the consumers' perception of taste preference and healthful quality. Therefore, there is a need to educate consumers about the nutritional value of health drinks and how to use nutritional supplements.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.167-176
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• 1996

대도시 지역으로 서울과 부산에 사는 여고생 164명중 소도시 지역으로 전주시와 익산시 여고생 289명, 농촌지역으로 전북 삼례읍과 김제군 여고생 252명을 대상으로 영양지식, 식습관, 영양소 섭취 상태를 설문지를 이용하여 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 여고생들의 영양지식에 대한 인지도는 대도시 80.1%, 중소도시 83.9%, 농촌 76.0%이며, 정확도는 대도시 62.0%, 중소도시 64.2%, 농촌 56.3%로 영양지식의 정확도와 인지도가 p=0.001수준에서 유의적인 차이가 있었다. 영양지식 점수의 분포는 총 30점 만점 중 16-20점 사이가 대도시 53.1%, 중소도시 51.9%, 농촌 57.1%로 가장 많았다. 영양지식 점수는 30점 만점중 대도시 여고생 14.90점, 중소도시 16.16점, 농촌 12.84점, 식습관 점수는 26점 만점 중 대도시 12.5점, 중소도시 11.8, 농촌 10.3점으로 p=0.01수준에서 지역에 따라 유의적인 차이가 있었다 영양지식과 식습관의 상관관계는 중소도시 여고생의 경우 p=0.01수준에서 유의적이며, 대도시 여고생의 경우는 p=0.05수준에서 유의적 이었고, 상관계수는 대도시, 중소도시, 농촌 각각 0.063, 0.168, 0.012로 낮게 나타났다. 식 습관 점수가 good군에 속하는 대 상자는 도시지역 여고생의 수가 더 많았으며, 영양지식 점수는 도시 여고생에 비하여 농촌 여고생의 영양지 식 점수가 유의적으로 낮았다 식습관 점수가 fair군에 속하는 대상자의 영양지식 점수는 도시거주 대상자의 영양지식 점수가 농촌 대상자에 비하여 유의적으로 높았다. 농촌거주 대상자의 식습관이 도시 거주 대상자의 식습관에 비하여 양호하지 못하며, 영양지식 점수 역시 대도시 중소도시에 비하여 농촌은 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. 연구대상자의 1일 영양소 섭취량은 에너지 섭취량은 대도시 1813.4 kcal, 중 소도시 1787.6kcal, 농촌 1832.6 kcal로 권장량의 86.4%, 85.1%, 87.3%를 섭취하였으며, 단백질 섭취량은 대도시 75.4g, 중소도시 71.2g, 농촌 65.5g, 지방의 섭취량은 대도시 46.7g, 중소도시 43.3g, 농촌39.1g이었고, 탄수화물의 섭취량은 대도시 278.6g, 중소도시 283.9g, 농촌309.8g이었다. 단백질, 인, 비타민 A 비타민 C는 대도시, 중소도시, 농촌 지역 모두 권장량보다 많이 섭취하고 있으며, 나이아신은 대도시 지역 여고생만 권장량보다 더 섭취하였고, 에너지, 비타민 B$_1$, 비타민 B$_2$는 연구대상자 모두 권장량보다 미달되게 섭취하였으며, 특히 칼슘과 철분의 섭취량은 권장량보다 많이 미달되었다. 단백질, 지방은 대도시 여고생이 농촌 여고생에 비하여 유의적으로 많이 섭취하였으며, 나이아신은 대도시 여고생이 중소도시 및 농촌 지역 여고생보다 많이 섭취하였고, 탄수화물은 농촌지역 여고생이 대도시 지역 여고생에 비하여 유의적으로 많이 섭취하였다. 지역별 여고생의 에너지섭취 비율은 탄수화물 : 단백질 : 지방의 섭취 비율이 대도시 60.75% : 16.4% 22.9%이며, 중소도시가 62.7% : 15.7% : 21.5%,농촌이66.8% : 14. l% : 19.1%이었다. 영양지식의 정확도나 인지도는 영양소 섭취와 유의적인 상관관계가 없었으며, 대도시 여고생의 식습관은 칼슘, 비타민 A 비타민 C 섭취와 유의적인 상관관계가 있으며, 중소도시 여고생의 식습관은 영양소 섭취와의 상관관계가 유의적이지 않았다. 농촌지역 여고생의 식습관은 단백질, 인 철, 비타민 B$_1$, 비타민 B$_2$, 나이아신에 유의적인 상관관계를 가지고 있다. 이와 같은 결과로 볼 때 대도시 지역 여고생의 영양지식은 식습관과 관계가 있고, 식습관은 칼슘, 비타민 A 비타민 C의 섭취와 유의적인 상관관계가 있다. 그러나 중소도시 지역 여고생의 영양지식은 식습관과의 상관관계가 높으나, 식습관이 영양소 섭취량에 영향을 주지 않았다. 농촌지역 여고생의 영양지식은 식습관과의 상관관계가 낮으나, 식습관은 단백질, 인, 철분, 비타민 A 비타민 B$_1$, 비타민 B$_2$, 나이아신의 섭취와 유의적인 상관관계가 있다. 따라서 영양교육은 지역적인 특수성과 대상의 특성을 고려하여 시행하는 것이 바람직하다고 볼 수 있다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.183-194
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• 2011

This study examined the effects of a nutrition education program on nutrition-related knowledge, eating habits, and dietary behavior. Subjects were 3rd grade elementary school students in Anyang, Gyeonggi-do. A 5-week nutrition education program was implemented to 28 children and another 26 children were included in the study as a control group. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the effects of nutrition education program. Mean nutrition related knowledge score was improved after education (p < 0.001). There was a significant improvement in knowledge of nutrient source (p < 0.05), role of protein (p < 0.05), food tower (p < 0.001), getting information from nutrition labeling (p < 0.05), and proper way of snacking (p < 0.001). Eating habits and self-efficacy also tended to improve by nutrition education, especially eating habit of snack and self-efficacy on balanced diet reached significant improvement (p < 0.05). Food consumption frequency was not changed significantly, only consumption of sea weeds which is considered as a reluctant food among children was increased after education (p < 0.05). In addition, the number of leftover food items and total amount of leftover at school lunch reduced significantly after education when compared with the same 10-day menu prior to education (p < 0.01). This result suggests that unbalanced dietary behavior has been changed with the nutrition education program. In conclusion, the nutrition education program was found to be effective in improving nutrition-related knowledge, eating habits, and dietary behavior.