• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 1997

Commercial inocula and mature compost were added separately to food wastes in order to compare the inoculating effect on garbage decomposition. Among commercial inocula available in the market, GM (Green Microorganisms) and EM (Effective Microorganisms) were selected as test inocula. Garbage decompostion were evaluated in Volatile Solid (VS) reduction and FDA (Fluorescein DiAcetate) hydrolysis activity. VS reduction with mature compost experiment was higher than that with GM-added one. VS reduction rates were about 32% with mature compost and 27% with GM. When food wastes were treated with GM and EM based on the manufacturer's specifications, GM-added and EM-added food wastes showed only 8% and 9% of VS reduction respectively, which are much lower than those with the mature compost. FDA hydrolysis activity increased during the first 10 days of active composting periods for the composting experiments, while it decreased continuously for the experiments based on manufacturer's specifications.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.629-635
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate school dietitians' use of processed and packaged foods in Incheon. This study was carried out through a questionnaire and the subjects were 203 school dietitians in Incheon. The results are summarized as follows. Dairy product was the processed and packaged food used most frequently by the subjects for school lunch. Most subjects used processed and packaged foods for school lunch once or twice per week. The first criteria for their choosing processed and packaged foods was manufacturing company. Also major reason for their using processed and packaged foods for school lunch was saving cooking time, easy purchase, hygienical packing and less garbage. The most common information source on processed and packaged foods for school lunch was promotion of food company. The subjects checked labelling of processed and packaged foods in order of open-date, manufacturer, origin of product, nutrition facts, ingredients and food additives. Some results were significantly different among the subjects by employment school, type of meal management and cost per meal. For children and adolescents' nutrition and well-being through school lunch, it is necessary to prepare a database of the processed and packaged foods and education program concerning nutrition labelling and food safety.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.811-820
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the practices for management manual development of Good Restaurants in order to apply Green Safety Management technology. A total of 128 restaurants in Seoul according to restaurant size and style were analyzed by SPSS (window ver. 12.0). Exactly 38.3% of those surveyed purchased manicured vegetables and seafood that generates less garbage; Korean restaurants displayed the lowest frequency of purchasing preprocessed foodstuff, and Japanese restaurants had the most refrigerators and thermometers and kept the refrigeration temperature the lowest. Exactly 56.5% of the restaurants sold large and small amounts of main menu separately; Chinese restaurants displayed the highest rate while Western restaurants displayed the lowest. Furthermore, only 7.3% of the restaurants were willing to sell either large or small amounts of the same menu item. Japanese style menu had the most number of side dishes (6.1) while Western style menu had the lowest (1.8). Most of the restaurants were equipped with containers for leftovers (87.4%), but the rate of customers who took out leftovers significantly differed depending on the style of restaurant (p<0.05).

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.5 s.81
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• pp.366-373
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• 2004

Food waste is becoming by environmental problem nowdays increasing festinately in Korea during past 10 years. Food waste collected from garbage trucks that is offered in S municipal government that food waste mixs enough, and sewage sludge collected in the country. Composting experiment conditions achieved in the mixture ratio rate that food waste and sewage sludge are each 10:90, 30:70, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30 and 90:10 $wt\%$. The fermentation temperature was $18{\sim}22^{\circ}C$ at the beginning, and then it was sharply increased to $44{\sim}66^{\circ}C$ up to 1 day after fermentation, which was maintained for more than 3 days. Then, it was slowly decreased to $18{\sim}25^{\circ}C$ up to 8 days after fermentation, which was maintained all the time. It could be known from examiation of various conditions, including reaction rate, salinity. carbon/nitrogen(C/N) ratio, temperature, organic substance, etc.. Optimum mixture ratio rate of composting using food waste and sewage sludge was 60:40 $wt\%$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.253-254
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• 2001

Aquaculture production of Hounder has been increased in the last decade in Korea. However, moist pellet primarily made of raw fish has been used as feed for flounder. Therefore, for further expansion of flounder farming, it is essential to employ practical formulated feeds which can support reasonable growth. Several studies on nutrition (Lee et al., 2000) and utilization of some plant protein source as a substitute for fish meal (Kikuchi, 1999) have been conducted for flounder diets. (omitted)

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.23-23
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• 2000

In this study, to determine the optimum fermentation process for the feed production of food wastes and estimate the practical value of fermented feed using kudzu creeper and sawdust as bulking agent. This study considered initial C/N ratio control as the fermentation process variables. The results are summarized as follows. Minimum water contents of byproducts in the fermentation feed production showed 3994(kudzu), 37%( sawdust) at the C/N ratio 25 and 45%(kudzu, sawdust) at the C/N ratio 35. Temperature variations in the fermentation feed production at the C/n ratio 25 indicated 68'C(kudzu), 70'C (sawdust).Optimum condition of consists of fermentation process of water content, C/N ratio and permeability (porous structure of the mixture). For optimum fermentation of gravitationally, dewatered garbage, the proper mixing ratios of kudzu(moisture contents : 17.3%) and sawdust(moisture contents : 13.2%) were 41% and 39%, respectively Major biological reaction in the aerobic fermentation feed production occurred during 12~14hrs

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the biodegradation characteristics of food waste on various collection systems using anaerobic batch test. The ultimate methane production from food waste in standard plastic garbage bags (sample A) was $285.6mL\;CH_4/g$ volatile solids (VS) which is the lowest, and reaction constant was $0.215d^{-1}$. The ultimate methane production from food waste in waste vessel based on RFID (sample D) was $493.4mL\;CH_4/g$ VS which is the highest, and reaction constant was $0.162d^{-1}$. The determinants of rate limiting step on all samples showed positive numbers, and the methane production step was found a rate limiting step.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.321-330
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• 2008

Methane is a potent greenhouse gas and methane emissions from landfills have been linked to global warming. In this study, LandGEM (Landfill Gas Emission Model) was applied to predict landfill gas quantity over time, and then this result was compared with the data surveyed on the site, Cheongju Megalo Landfill. LandGEM allows the input of site-specific values for methane generation rate (k) and potential methane generation capacity $L_o$, but in this study, k value of 0.05/yr and $L_o$ value of $170m^3/Mg$ were considered to be most appropriate for reflecting non-arid temperate region conventional landfilling, Cheongju Megalo Landfill. High discrepancies between the surveyed data and the predicted data about landfill gas seems to be derived from insufficient compaction of daily soil-cover, inefficient recovery of landfill gas and banning of direct landfilling of food garbage waste in 2005. This study can be used for dissemination of information and increasing awareness about the benefits of recovering and utilizing LFG (landfill gas) and mitigating greenhouse gas emissions.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.21-27
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• 2015

An introduction of landfill tax has been recently in issue in order to raise the financial resource for establishing waste resource-circulation society. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the plan of increasing energy recovery from waste at Incheon Metropolitan City, and to propose several points to be considered in terms of introducing the landfill tax. There are a lot of problems that impede energy recovery from waste at Incheon Metropolitan City, such as high-calorific waste from decrease of food waste to the municipal incineration plant, metals and batteries in the standard plastic garbage bag, etc. Alternative policies to solve these major problems have been drawn.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.342-348
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• 2005

In this study, novel strains showing better protein degradation activity were isolated for the production of effective compost from garbages. Well growing bacteria with clear zone on the skim milk agar media were isolated . The strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis PNV-1 through various biochemical tests, Bergy's manual of determinative bacteriology and 165 rDNA partial sequence. The extracellular protease of the strain PNV-1 has its activity at broad pH and the optimal temperature was $50^{\circ}C$. Also, the strain PNV-1 was highly tolerant to high concentration of salt, red/black pepper and mustard.