• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1239-1248
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• 2016

Pumpkin juice (PJ), corn silk tea (CT), and adzuki bean tea (AT) have long been used for treatment of obesity in Korea. This study investigated the efficacy of PJ, CT, AT, and their mixture (PCA) on alteration of body weight and antioxidant metabolism in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. After being fed HFD for 4 weeks, SD rats were divided into six groups fed a normal diet (ND), HFD, HFD+PJ [250 mg/kg body weight (BW)], HFD+CT (250 mg/kg BW), HFD+AT (250 mg/kg BW), and HFD+PCA (PJ : CT : AT=1:1:1, 250 mg/kg BW) for another 9 weeks. HFD consumption resulted in total lipid, triglyceride, and total cholesterol accumulation in adipose tissue, which was reduced by administration of PJ, CT, AT, or PCA. The plasma oxygen radical absorbance capacity value and hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity significantly increased compared to the HFD group. The liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances was significantly lower in the PCA group than the HFD group. HFD-induced DNA damage in hepatocytes, as measured by comet assay, decreased in the PJ, AT, and PCA-supplemented groups. The PCA group exerted a superior antigenotoxic effect compared to other treatments. PCA recovered the concentration of plasma adiponectin, which was reduced by HFD. Adipocyte surface area (%) was significantly higher in the HFD group than the ND group, significantly lower in the PJ and PCA groups than the HFD group, and not significantly different compared with the ND group. Based on the results, supplementation of PJ, CT, AT, and PCA exhibited lipid-lowering effects in adipocytes of HFD-induced obese rats. Furthermore, the PCA group exhibited superior antioxidant activity in all treated groups. This study suggests that a mixed beverage consisting of PJ, CT, and AT may be a significant source of natural antioxidants, which might be helpful in preventing obesity and progress of various oxidative stresses induced by HFD.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.79-86
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• 2014

In previous work, we fermented coffee beans using solid-state culture with various fungal mycelia to enhance the physiological activity of the coffee. The coffee fermented with Monascus sp. showed a higher physiological activity than non-fermented coffee or other coffees fermented with mushroom mycelium. The aim of this study was to characterize the various fermented coffees with respect to their area of cultivation and their variety using Monascus purpureus (MP) mycelium solid-state culture. Thirty types of green coffee beans, which varied in terms of their cultivation area or variety, were purchased from different suppliers and fermented with MP under optimal conditions. Each MP-fermented coffee was medium roasted and extracted further using hot water (HW) under the same conditions. Of the HW extracts, those derived from MP-Mandheling coffees had the highest yield (13.6-15.5%), and MP-Robusta coffee showed a significantly higher polyphenolic content (3.03 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 mg) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) free radical scavenging activity (27.11 mg ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity/100 mg). Furthermore, in comparison to other MP-fermented coffees at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$, MP-Robusta coffee showed not only the most effective inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells (67.1% of that in LPS-stimulated control cells), but also an effective inhibition of lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipose cells (22.2% of that in differentiated control cells). In conclusion, these results suggest that Vietnam Robusta coffee beans solid-state fermented with MP mycelium are amenable to industrial applications as a functional coffee beverage or material.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.141-154
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to provide the information of the aged olds for which basic data are almost no available. The subjects were divided on the base of age 75. The elderly under 75 were named 'the young olds' and over 75 were 'the aged olds'. The aim of this research is to promote health and to improve nutrition, and the survey was made for health promotion behaviors, habits against health risk, dietary management status and diet intake. And it was conducted by 24 hr-recall method and analyzed by nutrients intake. 242 subjects were collected in 12 cities or counties in Gyeonggi Province and 20 elderly people (10 male and 10 female) were selected out of 1 village in each district. Questionnaire about health behavior and dietary management was carried out by interview method through regional home extension workers. Statistical analyses were made by SAS (version 8.1) and Chi-square tests and General Linear Models were used. Out of the subjects the aged olds over 75 was 31.9%, elementary school educated (93.5%), with spouse (40.3%), with adult children(28.6%), monthly living cost of 500-1,000 thousand won(40.3%). Mean age was 78.82 years compared with 69.75 years of the young olds. 46.8% of the aged olds used monthly pocket money over 1000 won and it was lower than 63.3% of the young olds. Only half of the aged olds had regular exercise of walking (77.8%) or with athletic equipment (17.8%). However, the young olds did more frequent walking (82.1 %) and less exercise with athletic equipment (4.8 %), which was significantly different. Kinds of disease were different with the young or the aged olds, as more proportion of cardiovascular disease(37.9%) for the young olds and joint lumbago neuralgia(41.6%) for the aged olds. Dietary management was good (3 meals per day: 93.4%, fixed mealtime: 72.4%, and regular amount: 79.9%). But there was significant difference in side dish varieties and kinds of snacks; for the aged olds only 8% had over 5 sorts (compared with 18.8% of the young olds) and the kinds of snacks were cookie, candy, juice, carbonated beverage for the aged olds (compared with noodle, milk, soybean-milk for young olds). The ratio of nutrients intake (energy, riboflavin and niacin) with RDA was significantly higher for the aged olds than that of the young olds. The surveyed subjects had no difficulties in Activities of Daily Living (ADL), but some of the aged olds had difficulties in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) like housekeeping, using transportation, going shopping and making phone calls. These results suggest that low quality of life is linked with low economic status of the rural elderly and congregate meal at village hall would be required because of the lack of side dishes variety for the aged olds. And nutrition education program about good snacks and exercise practice would be needed for the aged olds. By operating nutrition education program the aged olds would enjoy better quality life maintaining or ameliorating IADL abilities.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.409-416
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• 2012

The amount of cellular components including soluble sugars, amino acids, organic acids and glucosinolates (GLS) was investigated during radish root processing to develop a radish beverage. The radish root was divided into two parts, white and green tissue, and processed separately by extracting the juice from the fresh tissue and from the boiled tissue to compare differences in the components content among the preparations. The overall palatability of both the fresh and boiled extracts from the green part of the radish was higher than that of the same extracts from the white part. The sweetness of extract by boiling increased and its pungency decreased, thereby the palatability increased by being compared to the fresh radish extract. The sweetness was affected by sucrose not by glucose or fructose of monosaccharides by showing different sucrose contents according to treatment comparing palatability. Malic acid was identified as primary organic acid, and the content was higher in both the fresh and boiled extracts from the white part than in the extracts from the green part of the radish. The fresh extract from the green part of the radish contained more essential amino acids, such as threonine and valine, and more hydrophilic amino acids including glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and arginine than those of the fresh extract from the white part, suggesting the green fresh part is more palatable than the white fresh part. The main sulfur compound was ethylthiocyanate in radish, and others were butyl isothiocyanate, dimethyl-disulfide, and 4-methylthio-3-butylisothiocyanate. The four GLS were detected much more in the fresh green and fresh white parts of the radish because they evaporated during boiling. The contents of the four sulfur compounds were higher in the white fresh part than in the green fresh part, which is likely the reason the pungency was higher and the palatability was lower in the white fresh part than in the green fresh part of the radish. The ascorbic acid content was higher in the fresh extract compared to the boiled extracts from both the green and white parts. Taken together, these findings indicate that fresh radish extract is superior to obtain in terms of retaining desirable nutritional and functional components for health.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.419-429
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• 2022

Water accounts for the largest proportion of body weight and is an essential element for the physiological functioning of the human body. According to 2013-2017 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) data, the average water intake of Koreans was 2,167.3 mL/day and 62% of them did not meet the Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) for water. However, the consumption of beverages is continuously increasing. KDRIs sets the adequate intake (AI) for water, but tolerable upper intake level (UL) and chronic disease risk reduction intake (CDRR) are not provided. Compared to 2015, the AI of total water from both food and fluids in the 2020 KDRIs slightly increased or decreased according to age. The AI for children 1-2 years old, boys 6-8 years and 9-11 years old, and girls 6-8 years old decreased by 100 mL/day, while that of boys 12-14 years old increased by 100 mL/day. The AI of total water was the sum of the water intake from food and fluids reported by the KNHANES, with an extra milk intake of 200 mL/day. Therefore, it is not appropriate to use the AI of total water intakes for the reference of beverage intakes. It is preferable to consume water or milk rather than beverages containing sugar and others including caffeine, sodium, etc. when drinking fluid water. We suggest the following improvements in the future KDRIs for water: improving the adequacy of the water content ratio of Korean conventional foods, supplementing the fluid water intake survey, reflecting the current water intake status by life cycle, setting KDRIs for water for the elderly considering the physiological changes, health status and dietary habits, and promotion of research on the relationship between water intake and health for Koreans.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.7 s.80
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• pp.1164-1168
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the possible for utilization of garbage in pig feed by investigating the functional characteristics of pork from pigs fed dried citrus byproduct. The samples consisted of the pork loin from pigs not fed with dried citrus pulp (DCP-0) and fed with 6% and 10% dried citrus pulp during growing and fattening period (DCP-1) there is no respective comparison here The pH, VBN content, TBARS value, bacterial counts, surface color, water holding capacity, loss degree and rheological properties of the samples were determined by physicochemical properties, and the sensory scores were evaluated. The pH, VBN content, surface color, water holding capacity and loss degree were not different between the samples, but the TBARS value and bacterial counts of DCP-1 were significantly lower than those of the DCP-0 (p<0.05). The cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, shear forte value, taste, flavor, tenderness, juiciness and palatability were not different between the samples, but the hardness of DCP-0 was higher than that of the DCP-1 and the springiness of DCP-1 was higher than that of the DCP-0 (p<0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1304-1316
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• 2014

The aims of this study were to estimate daily intakes of artificial sweeteners from beverages and liquid teas as well as evaluate their potential health risks in Korean children and adolescents (1 to 19 years old). Dietary intake assessment was conducted using actual levels of aspartame, acesulfame-K, and sucralose in non-alcoholic beverages (651 beverages and 87 liquid teas), and food consumption amounts were drawn from "The Fourth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007~2009)". To estimate dietary intake of non-alcoholic beverages, a total of 6,082 children and adolescents (Scenario I) were compared to 1,704 non-alcoholic beverage consumption subjects (Scenario II). The estimated daily intake of artificial sweeteners was calculated based on point estimates and probabilistic estimates. The values of probabilistic artificial sweeteners intakes were presented by a Monte Carlo approach considering probabilistic density functions of variables. The level of safety for artificial sweeteners was evaluated by comparisons with acceptable daily intakes (ADI) of aspartame (0~40 mg/kg bw/day), acesulfame-K (0~15 mg/kg bw/day), and sucralose (0~15 mg/kg bw/day) set by the World Health Organization. For total children and adolescents (Scenario I), mean daily intakes of aspartame, acesulfame-K, and sucralose estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation were 0.09, 0.01, and 0.04 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, and 95th percentile daily intakes were 0.30, 0.02, and 0.13 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. For consumers-only (Scenario II), mean daily intakes of aspartame, acesulfame-K, and sucralose estimated by probabilistic estimates using Monte Carlo simulation were 0.52, 0.03, and 0.22 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, and 95th percentile daily intakes were 1.80, 0.12, and 0.75 mg/kg bw/day, respectively. For scenarios I and II, neither aspartame, acesulfame-K, nor sucralose had a mean and 95th percentile intake that exceeded 5.06% of ADI.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.81-87
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• 2018

Purpose - The perception of the quality of the consumer's distributor's brand(PBs) is generally perceived to be lower than that of the manufacturer's brand(NB), although it is a critical factor in determining the success of PBs. Accordingly, this study examines the characteristics of the convenience store PB products and their correlation with brand trust and purchase intent in the consumers who have had experience purchasing the convenience store PBs to expand the sales variables. Further, this research shows that the marketing strategy is to increase the share of PBs by providing an empirical analysis on the effect of the product attribute factors on the sales volume associated with brand trust, purchase intent, and others. Research design, data, and methodology - The survey period of this study was approximately three weeks from December 1, 2017 to December 21, 2017. The study samples that were taken from 100 random people extracted. The statistical analysis was carried out with multiple regression analysis using the SPSS statistical package. Results - The analysis shows that the brand credibility and purchasing intention were statistically significant differences between the private convenience store private brand products. Specifically, brand trust showed a statistically significant relationship the brand images and quality levels, but the perceived value was not affected statistically. Although the intent of the purchase showed a statistically significant relationship the quality level and the perceived value, the brand image was not statistically significant in its relationship. Conclusions - Overall, it has been established that the perception value does not statistically affect brand trust for convenience store PB products, and that the brand image has no statistically significant effect on the purchase intent. These results are analyzed to be due to the influence of brand in convenience stores themselves rather than brand trust and purchase intentions that affect sales performance, which is the property of private brand food and beverage products, the perceived value of their products. Accordingly, the study found that not only did the marketing performance of the convenience store PB products be improved statistically, but also the cause of the product attributes that were not statistically significant was identified.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 2013

Glass bottle lightness index has been used as a guideline for the lightness of glass bottle. In this study, we developed a glass bottle lightness index (L) by modifying Emhart's lightness index. Domestic and foreign glass bottle products were collected in Korean market and classified into two groups, returnable bottle and one way glass bottle. Emptied glass bottle weight and volume were measured and written product's content volume were recorded to calculate the L value. Based on L value, 'acceptable' and 'optimum' criteria for design guideline of glass bottle were established for both returnable and one way glass bottles. Many of one way glass bottles failed to meet acceptable criteria (L=1.0), while returnable glass bottles mostly satisfied acceptable range (L=1.4). Few of one way glass bottles were even heavier than returnable glass bottles. Generally lightness index (L) of small size drink glass bottles (100 ml) were above 1.0, while these of juice glass bottles (180 ml) were close to acceptable criteria. Most foreign sauce glass bottles met the acceptable level, however most domestic souse glass bottles failed to satisfy acceptable criteria. A few foreign beer glass bottles satisfied optimum criteria, while most domestic beer glass bottles were acceptable level. Our results reveal that domestic glass bottles are mostly heavier than foreign glass bottles. In this paper, we suggest the use glass bottle lightness index as a design guideline for material resource reduction of glass bottle for Korean food and beverage industries.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1723-1727
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• 2008

Chlorella sp. CMS-1 strain was isolated from the outdoors cultivation pools in Culmansa Co., Ltd. This strain was found to be a rounded type of 3 ${\mu}m$. Phylogenetic analysis by the 18S rRNA sequencing using isolated strain is most similar to Chlorella sp. IFRPD 1018 gene at the level of nucleotide sequence identity at 99%. Accordingly, the isolated Chlorella strain was named as Chlorella sp. CMS-1 based on its morphological and phylogenetic properties. The concentrations of crude protein and fat were 59% and 0.01%, respectively. Major compositional amino acids (mg%) were glutamic acid 6.21, alanine 5.76, aspartic acid 5.44%, glycine 4.29%, and threonine 3.09% and major free amino acids (mg%) were ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (GABA) 7.13%, L-alanine 1.44%, L-glutamic acid 0.90, L-leucine 0.26% and L-glycine 0.20%. The concentrations of major minerals were P 2.25%, K 2.25%, Na 1.09%, Mg 0.63%, and Ca 0.28%.