• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 2005

Finger millet straw and rice straw are the major source of dry roughage in southern India. They distinctly vary in their morphological and nutritional characters. Hence an effort was made to study the nutrient utilization, milk yield and composition in crossbred dairy cows fed either finger millet (group 1) or rice straw (group 2) as a source of dry roughage. The cows in both the groups were fed as per requirement with concentrate, green fodder and straw in the ratio of 30:45:25 parts (DM). At the end of 50 days of preliminary feeding a digestibility trial was conducted for 7 days and pooled samples of feed, fodder, feces, urine and milk were analysed for macro and micro nutrient content. Finger millet straw contained more CP, Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn and Co than rice straw and rice straw contained higher ADF, ash and silica. The intake of DM, CP, EE, NDF, ADF and most micronutrients (Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn and Co) was significantly higher in cows fed finger millet straw. The digestibility of DM, CP, NDF and ADF was significantly higher in cows fed finger millet straw and the gut absorption of Ca, Cu, Mn and Co was significantly higher in cows fed finger millet straw. The dietary requirement of all micronutrients in both the group of cows could be met irrespective of the type of roughage fed except that of Ca, which was low (0.61 and 0.40%) in rice straw fed cows. The average daily milk yield (L/cow) was also higher (7.0 L) in cows fed finger millet straw as compared to cows fed rice straw (6.3 L). The average milk composition also did not differ except that of milk fat which was significantly (4.7 and 4.5%) low in cows fed rice straw. The overall results of this study have indicated that finger millet straw is a better source of dry fodder than rice straw and while feeding rice straw as the sole roughage to dairy cows there is need to supplement additional calcium as this could be one of the limiting nutrients for milk production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2000

Data from a village household dairy survey was compared with technical parameters of three model farms (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 ha in extent) established by the Mid-country Livestock Development Centre (MLDC). In terms of land size, about 67% of the 250 dairy farmers interviewed corresponded with the MLDC models, but only 33% of the farmers were keeping dairy cattle under conditions comparable to the MLDC models (no regular off-farm income). In the 0.2 ha category, village farmers kept more cows, and in the other two categories the village farmers kept less cows than their MLDC model counterparts. In all three categories, the milk production per cow was higher in the model farms (1540 to 2137 vs. 1464 to 1508 litres/cow/year), and this could be attributed to higher feeding levels of concentrates in the model farms as compared to the village farmers (430 to 761 vs. 233 to 383 kg/cow/year). The amount of milk produced from fodder was higher in the village situation in comparison to the models. In the mid country, dairy production seems to depend on access to fodder resources rather than on the extent of land owned. Except in the 0.8 ha village category, the highest contribution to the total income was made by the dairy component (44 to 60%). With 0.8 ha village farmers, the income contribution from dairy and crops was similar (41%). Income from other livestock was important for the 0.2 ha MLDC model, but for all other categories their contribution to total income ranged from 0 to 10%. Access to fodder resources outside own-farm land is vital for economic dairy production. As such, an in-depth analysis of feed resources available and their accessibility needs to be further investigated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.203-206
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• 2004

Fodder supply condition was studied at 41 nomadic families in Gobi, Southern Semi-Desert area in Mongolia, from Dec. 1994 to Apr. 1995 to determine problems in cold, feed deficient season for establishment of sustainable livestock production system. The conditions of two family groups: those located in sparse vegetation (FG1), and those in comparably dense (FG2), were also compared. Commercial concentrate feed (concentrate), hay and Zoodoi were prepared for supplementation. Zoodoi was hand-made feed made mainly of Allium mongolicum and Allium polyrrhizum. Allium mongolicum tended to be used at FG1 frequently, and Allium polyrrhizum at FG2 depend on differences of micro vegetation. 44%, 90% and 39% of families prepared 165.6 kg of concentrate, 301.6 kg of hay and 6.8 kg of Zoodoi per sheep and goat (small livestock) on the average, respectively. The ratio of families that used concentrate at FG1 was smaller than those at FG2, though there were no significant differences on the amount. More hay was fed at FG1 than at FG2, and Zoodoi tended to be fed more in the FG1 group. Recipients were mostly restricted to young, female and sick small livestock that use the feeds effectively. More families gave concentrate and hay to the young than to the females and sick. They also gave more Zoodoi to young and sick animals than to females in this area. In the FG1 group, no differences were found between recipients on the concentrate supply. More families supplied hay to young animals than to sick ones, and Zoodoi was fed more to sick animals than to young and females. On the other hand, those in the FG2 found, more families fed fodders to young than to female and sick regardless of the kinds of feeds. The amount of fodder supplementation in the studied area was restricted, but accurate techniques of nomads to adapt the situation were clarified.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.613-620
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• 2021

Objective: This study aimed at studying the potential use of Flemingia (Flemingia macrophylla) as a protein source fodder to improve nutrients digestibility and ruminal fermentation efficiency in beef cattle. Methods: Four, Thai native beef cattle were randomly assigned in a 4×4 Latin square design. Four levels of Flemingia hay meal (FHM) were used to replace soybean meal (SBM) in the concentrate mixtures in four dietary treatments replacing levels at 0%, 30%, 60%, and 100% of SBM. Results: The experimental findings revealed that replacements did not effect on intake of rice straw, concentrate and total dry matter (DM) intake (p>0.05). However, the apparent digestibilities of DM, organic matter, crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber were linearly increased up to 100% replacement levels. Moreover, the production of total volatile fatty acids, and propionate concentration were enhanced (p<0.05) whereas the concentration of acetate was reduced in all replacement groups. Consequently, the CH4 production was significantly lower when increasing levels of FHM for SBM (p<0.05). Furthermore, rumen bacterial population was additionally increased (p<0.05) while protozoal population was clearly decreased (p<0.05) in all replacement groups up to 100%. In addition, microbial nitrogen supply and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis were enhanced (p<0.05), as affected by FHM replacements. Conclusion: The findings under this experiment suggest that 100% FHM replacement in concentrate mixture enhanced rumen fermentation efficiency, nutrients digestibilities, bacterial population, microbial protein synthesis, and subsequently reduced CH4 production in beef cattle fed on rice straw.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.48-53
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• 1988

진주조가 우리나라 자연환경조건에서 재배될 때의 생산성과 사료가치를 조, 기장, 옥수수, 수수/수단그라스 교잡종과 비교, 분석하기 위하여 1985∼86년에 수원 작물시험장 전작포장에 파종, 시험한 결과를 다음과 같이 종합, 요약하여 보고한다. 1. 진주조는 26품종 평균 청취수량이 10.7∼12.8t/10a 생산되어 조, 기장, 옥수수에 비하여 월등히 다수확되었다. 옥수수는 조와 기장에 비하여 증수되었고 기장은 조에 비하여 청취 및 건물수량이 높았다. 2. 진주조 우량교잡종 수원 001는 3회 예취한 청예수량이 14.9t/10a로 옥수수 6.6t/ 10a, 수수/수단그라스 교잡종 9.5t/10a에 비하여 월등히 증수되었다. 엽면적지수도 3회 예취시 합계 32.4로 옥수수 5.8, 수수/수단그라스 20.8에 비하여 월등히 높았다. 조단백질함량에서도 진주조의 종실에서는 16.3%로 옥수수와 수수/수단그라스에 비하여 6∼5% 높았다. 청예용 식물체의 조단백질함량도 진주조 1회 11.8%, 4회 예취에서 평균 16.1 %로 월등히 높았다. 조지방함량도 진주조 종실 3.8% 옥수수와 수수/수단그라스에 비하여 약간 높았으나 청예용 식물체에서는 1.3∼1.4%로 옥수수와 비슷하였고 수수/수단그라스보다는 약간 낮았다. 종실의 조섬유함량은 진주조가 1.9%로 옥수수 2.6%, 수수/수단그라스 4.3%에 비하여 월등히 낮았다. 청예용 식물체의 조섬유함량은 진주조 24.4∼26.8%로 옥수수보다 낮았으나 수수/수단그라스와는 비슷하였다. 조회분은 진주조 종실에 2.4%, 청예용 식물체에 10.8∼11.6% 함유되어 있었으며 옥수수와 수수/수단그라스와 큰 차이가 없었다. 소비율도 진주조가 57.6∼63.4%로 옥수수 46.3%, 수수/수단그라스 47.3∼57.6%에 비하여 높았다. 3. 질소증시에 따라 진주조 자식계통 T 186의 청예수량이 증가되었다. 식물체의 조단백질함량은 N0∼10kg/10a구에서 5.2∼5.0%, N 20∼40kg/10a구에서 8.9∼8.4%. N 60kg/10a구에서 12.4%로 증가되었으나 조지방함량은 질소증시에 따라서 감소되는 경향이었다. 조섬유함량은 27.7∼30.5%로 질소증시에 따른 일정한 경향이 없었고 조회분함량은 낮아지는 경향이었다. 소화율은 N0∼10kg/10a구의 49.4∼49.7%에 비하여 N20∼30kg/10a구에서는 56.6∼60.9 %로 증가하였으며 N40∼60kg/10a구는 50.2∼55.0%로 약간 낮아졌다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.103-114
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• 1995

현재 미국이나 캐나다에서는 고농도 유기성 폐수의 처리에 대한 고온 호기성 소화 공정의 여러 가지 장점으로 인하여 활발한 연구 및 적용이 진행되고 있으며, 국내에서도 고농도 유기성 폐수 처리의 여러 문제점으로 관심이 고조되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 돈 분뇨 폐수를 대상으로 고온 호기성 소화 공정의 적용 타당성을 평가하기 위한 실험을 수행하였다. 그 결과 호기성 소화 슬럿지는 악취 및 부패 등의 측면에서는 상당히 안정화됨으로서 소화슬럿지의 습식사료화 및 액비화의 가능성을 보여주었다. 그러나 습식사료화는 국내 양돈 농가가 대부분 건식 사료 급이 체제를 이루고 있으므로 사료 급이 체제의 전환이 요구되고, 액비화의 경우는 초지 확보가 가능한 단위 농장에서만 적용이 가능하리라고 사료된다. 한편 고온 호기성 소화조의 온도 상승 원인을 조사한 실험 결과에 의하면 생물학적 활성으로 인하여 발생한 에너지보다 교반 에너지에 의한 온도상승이 훨씬 큰 것으로 나타나고 있어 ATAD의 기본 원리에 어긋나고 있어 고온 호기성 소화를 거친 돈 분뇨 폐수가 습식 사료화 될 수 없는 여건하에서 단순한 폐수 처리의 목적만으로 고온 호기성 소화조를 적용하는 것은 비경제적이라고 할 수 있다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.720-727
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• 2009

Bacillus polyfermenticus KJS-2 (B. polyfermenticus KJS-2)를 이용하여 발효된 콩(BP2FS)은 8가지의 병원성균에 대해 항균활성을 가졌다. BP2FS는 돌돔의 배양에 있어 사료첨가제로 사용되었다. 돌돔의 배양시 BP2FS를 투여한 군($6{\times}10^{4}$ cfu $g^{-1}$ 사료)과 투여하지 않은 군으로 나누었으며, 투여한 군은 120일 동안 하루에 두 번씩 투여 하였다. 120일 후에 투여한 군의 돌돔의 몸무게는 67.29${\pm}$12.62 g이었으며 그렇지 않은 군의 몸무게는 56.56${\pm}$8.21 g으로 나타났다. 생존율은 투여한 군(80%)과 투여하지 않은 군(40%)이었다. 폐사한 돌돔의 축적된 양은 투여한 군(18.95%)과 투여하지 않은 군(60.98%)이었다. BP2FS를 투여한 군에서 B. polyfermenticus KJS-2를 돌돔의 장내에서 검출한 결과 $1.04{\times}10^{4}$ cfu $g^{-1}$으로 나타났다. BP2FS를 투여 하지 않은 군의 돌돔에서는 iridovirus에 감염되었을 경우 나타나는 전형적인 증상인 비장과 간에서 비대세포가 관찰 되었다. 이 결과들은 BP2FS는 돌돔의 이리도바이러스에 대한 감염 시 예방효과를 가져온다 할 수 있다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권5호
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• pp.548-557
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• 2009

For centuries, forests have been a key component of rural livelihood. They are important both socially and economically in Nepal. Firewood and fodder are the basic forest products that are extracted daily or weekly basis in most of the rural areas in Nepal. In this study, a field survey of 100 households was conducted to examine the degree of forest dependency and forest resource availability, households' livelihood strategy and their relationship with forest dependency in Chitwan, Nepal. A household' response indexes were constructed, Gini coefficient, Head Count Poverty Index (HCI) and Poverty Gap Index (PGI) were calculated and one way ANOVA test was also performed for data analysis. Data revealed that 82/81% of all households were constantly used forest for firewood and fodder collection respectively while 42% of households were used forest or forest fringe for grazing. The Forest Product Availability Indexes (FPAI) showed a sharp decline of forest resources from 0.781 to 0.308 for a 20-yr time horizon while timber wood was noticeably lowered than the other products. Yet, about 33% of households were below the poverty threshold line with 0.0945 PGI. Income distribution among the household showed a lower Gini coefficient 0.25 than 0.37 of landholdings size. However, mean income was significantly varies with F-statistics=246.348 at P=0.05 between income groups (rich, medium and poor). The extraction of firewood, fodder and other forest products were significantly different between the income group with F-statistics=16.480, 19.930, 29.956 at P=0.05 respectively. Similarly, landholdings size and education were also significantly different between the income groups with F-statistics=4.333, 5.981 at P=0.05 respectively. These findings suggested that income status of households was the major indicator of forest dependency while poor and medium groups were highly dependent on the forests for firewood, fodder and other products. Forest dependency still remains high and the availability of forest products that can be extracted from the remaining forestlands is decreasing. The high dependency of households on forest coupled with other socioeconomic attributes like education, poverty, small landholders and so on were possibly caused the forest degradation in Chitwan.Therefore, policy must be directed towards the poor livelihood supporting agenda that may enhance the financial conditions of rural households while it could reduce the degree of forest dependency inspired with other income generating activities in due course.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1996년도 International Conference on Agricultural Machinery Engineering Proceedings
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• pp.711-714
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• 1996

The energy saving base technological processes were substantiated and high efficient equipment for the wet fractionation of the leafstalk biomass of the annual and perennial sown grasses into the multipurpose products was designed.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 1988년도 춘계 학술대회지
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• pp.70-71
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• 1988