• Title/Summary/Keyword: flux material

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A Study on the Relationship between Factors Affecting Soldering Characteristics and Efficiency of Half-cell Soldering Process with Multi-wires (Half-cell 기반 multi-wires 접합 공정에서 접합 특성에 영향을 주는 요인과 효율의 상관관계 연구)

  • Kim, Jae Hun;Son, Hyoung Jin;Kim, Sung Hyun
    • Current Photovoltaic Research
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    • v.7 no.3
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    • pp.65-70
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    • 2019
  • As a demand of higher power photovoltaic modules, shingled, multi-busbar, half-cell, and bifacial techniques are developed. Multi-busbar module has advantage for large amount of light havesting. And, half-cell is high power module for reducing resistive losses and higher shade tolerance. Recently, researches on multi-busbar is focused on reliability according to adhesion and intermetallic compound between Sn-Pb solder and Ag electrode. And half-cell module is researched to comparing with full-sized cell module for structure difference. In this study, we investigated the factors affecting to efficiency and adhesion of multi-wires half-cell module according to wire thickness, solder thickness, and flux. The results of solar simulator and peel test was that peel strength and efficiency of soldered cell is not related. But samples with flux including high solid material showed high efficiency. The results of FE-SEM and EDX line scan on cross-section between wire and Ag electrode for different flux showed thickness of solder joint between wire and Ag electrode is increasing through solid material increasing. Flux including high solid material would affect to solder behavior on Ag electrode. Higher solid material occurred lower growth of IMC layer because solder permeate to sider of wire ribbon than Ag electrode. And it increased fill factor for high efficiency. In soldering process, amount of solid material in flux and solder thickness are the factor related with characteristic of soldered photovoltaic cell.

Analysis of Quench Generation in Fault Types According to Inductance Variation in Integrated Three-Phase Flux-Lock Type Superconducting Fault Current Limiting (삼상일체화된 자속구속형 고온초전도 전류제한기의 인덕턴스 변화에 따른 사고유형별 퀜치발생 분석)

  • Park, Chung-Ryul;Lim, Sung-Hun;Park, Hyoung-Min;Cho, Yong-Sun;Choi, Hyo-Sang;Han, Byoung-Sung
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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    • 2005.11a
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    • pp.165-166
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    • 2005
  • In this paper, we investigated the quench generation of HTSC elements in fault types according to inductance variation in the integrated three-phase flux-lock type SFCL. The integrated three-phase flux-lock type SFCL was the upgrade version of the single-phase flux-lock type SFCL. The structure of the integrated three-phase flux-lock type SFCL consisted of three-phase flux-lock reactor wound on an iron core with the ratio of the same turn between coil 1 and coil 2 in each phase. When the SFCL is operated under the normal condition, the flux generated in the iron core is zero because the flux generated between two coils of each single phase is canceled out. Therefore, the SFCL's impedance is zero, and the SFCL has negligible influence on the power system. However, if a fault occurs in any single-phase among three phases, the flux generated in the iron core is not zero any more. The flux makes HTSC elements of all phases quench irrespective of the fault type, which reduces the current of fault phase as well as the current of sound phase. It was observed that the fault current limiting characteristics of the suggested SFCL were dependent on the quench characteristics of HTSC elements in all three phases.

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Analysis of Fault Current limiting Characteristics According to Fault Type in Integrated Three-Phase Flux-Lock Type Superconducting Fault Current limiting (사고종류에 따른 삼상 일체화된 자속구속형 SFCL의 사고전류제한특성 분석)

  • Park, Chung-Ryul;Lim, Sung-Hun;Park, Hyoung-Min;Cho, Yong-Sun;Choi, Hyo-Sang;Han, Byoung-Sung
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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    • 2005.07a
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    • pp.54-56
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    • 2005
  • In this paper, we investigated the quench characteristics of HTSC elements in the integrated three-phase flux-lock type SFCL according to fault types such as the single-line-to-ground fault, the double-line-to-ground fault, the line-to-line fault and the three-line-to-ground fault. The integrated three-phase flux-lock type SFCL was the upgrade version of the single-phase flux-lock type SFCL. The structure of the integrated three-phase flux-lock type SFCL consisted of three-phase flux-lock reactor wound on an iron core with the ratio of the same turn between coil 1 and coil 2 in each phase. When the SFCL is operated under the normal condition, the flux generated in the iron core is zero because the flux generated between two coils of each single phase is canceled out. Therefore, the SFCL's impedance is zero, and the SFCL has negligible influence on the power system. However, if a fault occurs in any single-phase among three phases, the flux generated in the iron core is not zero any more. The flux makes HTSC elements of all phases quench irrespective of the fault type, which reduces the current of fault phase as well as the current of sound phase. It was observed that the fault current limiting characteristics of the suggested SFCL were dependent on the quench characteristics of HTSC elements in all three phases.

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Current Limiting Characteristics According to the Increase of Voltage in Separated Three-Phase Flux-Lock Type Superconducting Fault Current Limiter Using YBCO CC (YBCO CC를 이용한 분리된 삼상 자속구속형 고온초전도 전류제한기의 전압 증가에 따른 전류제한 특성)

  • Doo, Seung-Gyu;Du, Ho-Ik;Kim, Min-Ju;Kim, Yong-Jin;Lee, Dong-Hyeok;Han, Byoung-Sung
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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    • 2009.06a
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    • pp.355-356
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    • 2009
  • In this paper, we investigated the fault current limiting characteristics according to the increase of voltage in the separates three-phase flux-lock type high-Tc superconducting fault current limiter using YBCO CC. The separated three-phase flux-lock type SFCL consists of single-phase flux-phase type SFCL in each phase. Superconductor was using the YBCO CC. To analyze the current limiting characteristics of a three-phase flux-lock type SFCL, the short circuit experiments were carded out fault such as the triple line-to-ground fault. The experimental result shows that fault current limiting characteristics was improved on the high voltage level.

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Current Limiting Characteristics of flux-lock Type High-lc Superconducting Fault Current Limiter According to fault Angles (사고각에 따른 자속구속형 전류제한기의 전류제한특성)

  • Park, Hyoung-Min;Choi, Hyo-Sang;Cho, Yong-Sun;Lim, Sung-Hun;Park, Chung-Ryul;Han, Byoung-Sung
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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    • v.18 no.8
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    • pp.747-753
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    • 2005
  • We Investigated the current limiting characteristics of the flux-lock type superconducting fault current limiter(SFCL) by fault angles. The flux-lock type SFCL consists of the primary and the secondary copper coils wound in parallel through the iron core and YBCO thin film. In this paper, the current limiting characteristics of the flux-lock type SFCL by fault angles in case of the subtractive and the additive polarity windings were compared and analyzed. The flux-lock type SFCL limited fault current more quickly as the fault angles increased. On the other hand, the initial power burden of the superconducting element during the fault increased as the fault angles increased. In addition, we found that the resistance of the flux-lock type SFCL in case of the subtractive polarity winding was more increased than that of the additive polarity winding. The peak current of the fault current in case of the subtractive polarity winding was larger than that of the additive polarity winding.

Analysis of fault Current Limiting Characteristics due to Ratio of Inductances between Coil 1 and coil 2 in a Flux-lock Type SFCL (자속구속형 고온초전도 전류제한기의 인덕턴스 변화에 따른 전류제한 특성 분석)

  • Park, Chung-Ryul;Lim, Sung-Hun;Park, Hyoung-Min;Choi, Hyo-Sang;Han, Byoung-Sung
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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    • v.18 no.9
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    • pp.856-862
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    • 2005
  • A flux-lock type SFCL consists of two coils, which are wound in parallel each other through an iron core, and a HTSC thin film connected in series with coil 2. If the current of the HTSC thin film exceeds its critical current by the fault accident, the resistance generated of the HTSC thin film, and thereby the fault current can be limited by the impedance of the flux-lock type SFCL. The amplitude of fault current can be set by the impedance of the flux-lock type SFCL. In this paper, we investigated the variance of the limiting current due to the ratio of inductances between coil 1 and coil 2 in the flux-lock type SFCL through the computer simulations and short circuit tests. In addition, both the simulation results and experimental ones were compared each other. From the comparison of both the results, the simulation results agreed well with the experimental ones.

Effect of $N_2$ flow rate on properties of GaN thin films ($N_2$ flow rate가 GaN 박막의 특성에 미치는 영향)

  • 허광수;박민철;명재민
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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    • 2001.07a
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    • pp.66-69
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    • 2001
  • Effect of $N_2$ flow rate on properties of GaN thin films grown by plasma-enhanced molecular beam epitaxy(PEMBE) was discussed to optimize the quality of thin films. It was found that at low $N_2$ flow rate indicating high III/V flux ratio, the growth rate of GaN thin films was controlled by $N_2$ flux, and at high $N_2$ flow rate the growth rate was not controlled by $N_2$ flux any longer. It was also found that III/V flux ratio affected film quality. The film grown at higher $N_2$ flow rate showed low background carrier concentration, higher carrier mobility, and narrow FWHM in band-edge emission of low temperature PL. It is thought that the film in more Ga flux region was grown by 2-dimensional layer-by-layer growth mode, and the film in more nitrogen region was grown by 3-D island growth mode. All samples exhibited a good crystallinity.

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Comparison of Operating Characteristics between Flux-lock Type and Resistive Type Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (자속구속형과 저항형 초전도 전류제한기의 특성비교)

  • Park, Hyoung-Min;Lim, Sung-Hun;Park, Chung-Ryul;Chol, Hyo-Sang;Han, Byoung-Sung
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.363-369
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    • 2005
  • we compared the operating characteristics between flux-lock type and resistive type superconducting fault current limiters(SFCLs). Flux-lock type SFCL consists of two coils, which are wound in parallel each other through an iron core, and a high-Tc superconducting(HTSC) element is connected with coil 2 in series. The the flux-lock type SFCL can be divided into the subtractive polarity winding and the additive polarity winding operations according to the winding directions between the coil 1 and coil 2. It was confirmed from experiments that flux-lock type SFCL could improve both the quench characteristics and the transport capacity compared to the resistive type SFCL, which means, the independent operation of HTSC element.

Transient Current Limiting Characteristics of Flux-Lock Type SFCL Using Double Quench (이중퀜치를 이용한 자속구속형 초전도한류기의 과도전류제한 특성)

  • Choi, Sang-Jae;Lim, Sung-Hun
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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    • v.30 no.2
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    • pp.96-100
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    • 2017
  • In this paper, the flux-lock type superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) using double quench was suggested and its transient current limiting characteristics were analyzed. The suggested flux-lock type SFCL using double quench consists of two magnetically coupled windings and two $high-T_{c}$ superconducting (HTSC) elements connected in series with each winding. To analyze the transient current limiting characteristics of the flux-lock type SFCL using double quench, the short-circuit tests according to the fault angles, which affect the transient component of the fault current right after the fault occurs, were executed. From the comparative analysis for the short-circuit tests at both $0^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ fault angles, the useful transient current limiting operations of the suggested flux-lock type SFCL through the double or the single quench occurrence were confirmed.

Simulation of Operational Characteristics in Integrated Three-Phase Flux-Lock Type SFCL (3상 일체화된 자속구속형 고온초전도 전류제한기의 동작특성 시뮬레이션)

  • Lim, Sung-Hun;Park, Chung-Ryul;Han, Byoung-Sung;Park, Hyoung-Min;Cho, Yong-Sun;Choi, Hyo-Sang
    • Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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    • 2005.11a
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    • pp.167-168
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    • 2005
  • The operational characteristics of the integrated three-phase flux-lock type superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) were analyzed. The suggested three-phase SFCL consisted of a three-phase flux-lock reactor and three high-Tc superconducting (HTSC) elements. The former has three windings wound on an iron core, each of which has the same turn's ratio between coil 1 and coil 2. The latter are connected in series with coil 2 of each phase. The integrated three-phase flux-lock type SFCL showed the operational characteristics that the fault phase could affect the sound phase, which resulted in quenching the HTSC element in the sound phase. Through the computer simulation applying numerical analysis for its three-phase equivalent circuit, the fault current limiting characteristics of the integrated three-phase flux-lock type SFCL according to the ground fault types were compared.

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