• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.1414-1420
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• 2013

Five novel spiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluorene] based dyes, including 5-[spiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluoren]-5-yl] spiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluorene] (7), 5-[spiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluoren]-9-yl] spiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluorene] (8), 5-[spiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluoren]-2'-yl] spiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluorene] (9), 9-[spiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluoren]-9-yl] spiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluorene] (10), and 2'-[spiro[benzo[c]-fluorene-7,9'-fluoren]-2'-yl] spiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluorene] (11) were successfully prepared from the corresponding halogen and boronic acid derivatives through the Suzuki coupling reaction, respectively. Chemical structures were confirmed by $^1H$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), $^{13}C$ NMR, Fourier transforminfrared spectrscopy, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The thermal properties were determined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermal gravimetric analysis. The relationships between the optical and electrochemical properties and the combined positions between these dimers were systematically investigated using UV-vis, photoluminescence (PL), and photoelectron spectroscopy. These five dimers exhibited high fluorescent quantum yields and good morphological stability with high glass transition states > $174^{\circ}C$. Dimer 7 showed a UV absorbance peak at 353 nm, emission PL peak at 424 nm, and quantum efficiency of 0.62 in a cyclohexane solution.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.2287-2294
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• 2012

Deep blue fluorescent host materials based on a novel spiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluorene] core structure with side aromatic wings in the 5- and 9-positions, namely, 5,9-di(naphthalen-2-yl)spiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluorene] (DN-SBFF), 5,9-bis(4-t-butylphenyl)spiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluorene] (BP-SBFF), and 5,9-bis(4-fluorophenyl)spiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluorene] (FP-SBFF), were designed and successfully prepared using the Suzuki reaction. The physical properties of these materials and their EL characteristics as blue host materials doped with N,N,N',N'-tetraphenylspiro[benzo[c]fluorene-7,9'-fluorene]-5,9-diamine (TPA-SBFF) were investigated. The device used comprised ITO/N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'-bis[4-(phenyl-m-tolyl-amino)phenyl]-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (DNTPD)/N,N'-di(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenylbenzidine (NPB)/(FP-SBFF):dopant x%/tris(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum ($Alq_3$)/LiF. The device obtained using FP-SBFF doped with TPA-SBFF showed high color purity (0.13, 0.18) and an efficiency of 6.61 cd/A at 7 V.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.159-164
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• 2011

We describe a method for effectively pretreating soil highly that has been contaminated with fluorene (${\gg}$ 120 mg/kg soil), i.e., we apply Fenton oxidation in which ethanol is added to increase fluorene removal. To obtain maximum fluorene removal efficiency, a minimum of 1.0 ml of ethanol, 0.35 ml of $H_2O_2$, and 0.2 ml of 0.5M $Fe^{2+}$ was needed per 1 g of fluorene-contaminated soil. Under optimal Fenton oxidation conditions, 13% of 9-fluorene was generated during Fenton oxidation of 43% fluorene. The biodegradability of 9-fluorenone was subsequently confirmed to be much more rapid than that of fluorene, i.e., biodegradability of 96% versus 35% over 31 days. These results demonstrate that the proposed treatment method can be effectively applied to remove fluorene prior to disposal at industrial waste sites.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.74-81
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• 2011

The fluorene-degrading strain Sphingobacterium sp. KM-02 was isolated from PAHs-contaminated soil near a mineimpacted area by selective enrichment techniques. Fluorene added to the Sphingobacterium sp. KM-02 culture as sole carbon source was 78.4% removed within 120 h. A fluorene degradation pathway is tentatively proposed based on identification of the metabolic intermediates 9-fluorenone, 4-hydroxy-9-fluorenone, and 8-hydroxy-3,4-benzocoumarin. Further the ability of Sphingobacterium sp. KM-02 to bioremediate 100 mg/kg fluorene in soil matrix was examined by composting under laboratory conditions. Treatment of microcosm soil with the strain KM-02 for 20 days resulted in a 65.6% reduction in total amounts. These results demonstrate that Sphingobacterium sp. KM-02 could potentially be used in the bioremediation of fluorene from contaminated soil.

• 분석과학
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.393-398
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• 2002

수용액 중의 fluorene 과 anthracene을 동시화 형광분광법을 이용하여 동시에 정량하는 방법에 대하여 연구하였다. 두 화합물 용액에서의 형광특성을 조사하였고, 화합물 혼합용액을 이용하여 동시화 형광스펙트럼을 측정할 때에 파장차이 (${\Delta}{\lambda}$)가 봉우리의 분리에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과 ${\Delta}{\lambda}$가 50 nm일 때 가장 좋은 봉우리의 분리가 일어났다. 혼합 수용액으로 최적 ${\Delta}{\lambda}$에서 동시화 형광스펙트럼을 측정하여 검정곡선을 작성하였을 때 fluorene의 경우에는 $5.0{\times}10^{-8}M$에서 $1.0{\times}10^{-3}M$, anthracene의 경우에는 $5.0{\times}10^{-8}M$에서 $1.0{\times}10^{-3}M$까지 직선범위 가 성립하였다. Fluorene과 anthracene의 검출한계는 각각 $3.0{\times}10^{-9}M$과 $7.0{\times}10^{-9}M$이었다.

• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보디스플레이학회 2002년도 International Meeting on Information Display
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• pp.724-727
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• 2002

2,7-dibromo-9, 9-dialkyl-substituted-fluorene derivatives were prepared by the alkylation of 2,7-dibromofluorene with various alkyl groups under two-phase phase transfer catalysis (PTC) conditions, as monomers for synthesizing poly(dialkylfluorene)s. Tetra-nbutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (TBAHS) was used as a phase transfer catalyst to enhance nucleophilic substitution. In addition, NaOH in water (25M) was used as a base to generate anions. Compared to conventional alkylation using butyllithium(BuLi), the reaction using the PTC technique attained high selectivity and substantial conversion of reactants, due to the enhanced reaction rate, while the reaction was carried out under moderate conditions. An approximately 90% yield was obtained from the reaction and the reaction time was remarkably reduced. 2,7-dibromo-9,9-dihexyl-fluorene, 2,7-dibromo-9,9-dioctyl-fluorene, and 2,7-dibromo-9,9-di(2-ethylhexyl)-fluorene were effectively synthesized by phase transfer catalytic reaction.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.82-91
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• 2012

The heavy metal effects on the degradation of fluorene by Sphingobacterium sp. KM-02 was determined in liquid cultures. The results showed that 10 mg/L cadmium, copper, zinc, and lead not only affected the growth of KM-02 with fluorene but also the ability of growing or resting cells to degrade this compound. Growth and fluorene degradation were strongly inhibited by cadmium and copper at 10 mg/L, while the inhibitory effect of zinc and lead at the same concentration or at 100 mg/L were not significant. In contrast, arsenic did not affect degradation or growth, even at very high concentrations of 100 mg/L. Subsequent analyses additionally revealed that concentrations of arsenic remained unchanged following incubation, while those of cadmium and copper decreased significantly.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.647-652
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• 2009

A novel spiro-type host material, 5-[4-(1-naphthyl)phenyl]-spiro[fluorene-7,9'-benzofluorene] (BH-1PN) and three new dopants, namely, 5-[diphenylamino)phenyl]-spiro[fluorene-7,9'-benzofluorene] (BH-1TPA), 5-[4-(N-phenyl (m-tolyl)amino]-spiro[fluorene-7,9'-benzofluorene] (BH-1MDPA) and 5-[(N-phenyl)-2-naphthyl]amino-spiro[fluorene- 7,9'-benzofluorene] (BH-1NPA) were designed and successfully prepared using the Suzuki or amination reactions. The electroluminescence characteristics of BH-1PN as a blue host material doped with each of the blue dopants were evaluated. The structure of the device is ITO/DNTPD/NPB/BH-1PN:5% dopant/Alq3/Al-LiF. The device obtained from BH-1PN doped with diphenyl-[4-(2-[1,1;4,1]terphenyl-4-yl-vinyl)phenyl]-amine (BD-1) showed good color purity, efficiency, luminance, and current-density characteristics.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.863-868
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• 2009

New spiro[fluorene-7,9′-benzofluorene]-based blue host material, 5-phenyl-spiro[fluorene-7,9′-benzofluorene] (BH-1P), was successfully prepared by reacting 5-bromo-spiro[fluorene-7,9′-benzofluorene] (1) with phenyl boronic acid through the Suzuki reaction. 5-(N,N-Diphenyl)amino-spiro[fluorene-7,9′-benzofluorene] (BH-1DPA) and diphenyl-[4-(2-[1,1;4,1]terphenyl-4-yl-vinyl)-phenyl]amine (BD-1) were used as dopant materials. 2,5-Bis-(2',2"- bipyridin-6-yl)-1,1-diphenyl-3,4-diphenylsilacyclopentadiene (ET4) and Alq3 were used as electron transfer materials. Their UV absorption, photoluminescence and thermal properties were examined. The blue OLEDs with the configuration of ITO/DNTPD/$\alpha$-NPD/BH-1P:5% dopant/$Alq_3$ or ET4/LiF-Al prepared from the BH-1P host and BH-1DPA and BD-1 dopants showed a blue EL spectrum at 452 nm at 10 V and a luminance of 923.9 cd/$m^2$ with an efficiency of 1.27 lm/W at a current density of 72.57 mA/$cm^2$.

• 청정기술
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.325-328
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• 2011

플로렌 구조를 가진 다양한 아크릴계 에폭시 고분자화합물 합성의 전구물질인 9, 9'-비스[4-(2'-하이드록시-3'-아크릴로일옥시프로폭시)페닐]플루오렌 (3)에 대한 원자 효율적 (atom-efficient) 제조방법을 연구하였다. 사차 암모늄 또는 인산염을 촉매를 사용하여 9, 9'-비스[4-(글라이시딜옥시)페닐]플루오렌 (1)을 아크릴산과 개환 에스터화의 효율적 반응을 통하여 9, 9'-비스[4-(2'-하이드록시-3'-아크릴로일옥시프로폭시)페닐]플루오렌 (3)을 높은 수율로 얻을 수 있었다. 알킬 사차염의 종류와 반응조건이 반응에 미치는 영향에 대해 조사한 결과, 촉매의 종류가 반응에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 브롬화사부틸인 촉매(3 mol%) 존재 하에 플로레닐에폭사이드를 아크릴산과 $110^{\circ}C$에서 반응시켰을 때 원하는 생성물을 90% 수율로 얻을 수 있었다. 이 반응은 반응물질 사용량과 화학적 폐기물의 생성량을 최소화한 청정반응이다.