• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2017

There are two kinds of body fluid metabolism in Traditional Korean Medicine based on 'Internal Classic'("內經"); one is metabolism of body fluid(津液) meaning metabolism of physiological substance, and another is metabolism of humor meaning a metabolic process that excretes waste out of the body. 'Phlegm-retained fluid'(痰飮) is a typical pathological condition caused by abnormal fluid metabolism in Traditional Korean Medicine. As a result of reviewing the literature on 'phlegm-retained fluid'(痰飮), the following facts were found; 'Phlegm-retained fluid'(痰飮) is formed by abnormal state of metabolism of body fluid(津液). In other words, because of the action of various etiologies, qi(氣) and body fluid(津液) metabolism can have abnormal conditions and these metabolic disorders cause formation of 'phlegm-retained fluid'(痰飮). Treatments for 'phlegm-retained fluid'(痰飮) include the following: Eliminating the causes of illness, recovery of metabolism of qi(氣) and body fluid(津液), and functional recovery of pancreas and kidney related to body fluid(津液) metabolism. These treatments are distinguished from promotion of sweating(發汗) and helping urination, the treatments for humor metabolism abnormality.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.1-16
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• 2012

Objectives : We aimed to analyze the meanings of the energy and fluid metabolism in the Discourse on Viscera and Bowels of Donguisusebowon, and to find the clues for the explanation of the pathology and symptomatology of Taeeumin. Methods : The Discourse on Viscera and Bowels of Donguisusebowon was reviewed and examined for relevant information on the energy and fluid metabolism from the structural and the functional point of view respectively. And, based on the derived meanings of the energy and fluid metabolism, the pathology and symptomatology of Taeeumin were analyzed. Results and Conclusions : 1. The meanings of the energy and fluid metabolism can be explained by the different attributes of the energy and fluid produced from the esophagus and the small intestine, and the different function of exhaling-dispersing and inhaling-concentrating in the different tract of circulation such as Lung affiliation (esophagus, skin, ear and lung) and Liver affiliation (small intestine, flesh, nose and liver). 2. The Exterior disease of Taeeumin starts with the weakness of exhaling-dispersing function at the skin, and leads to the dysfunction of the esophagus and the lung sequently. The dysfunction of the lung aggravates that of the skin and the esophagus. 3. The Interior disease of Taeeumin begins with excess of the inhaling-concentrating functions at the flesh and the small intestine, and leads to the dysfunction of the lung, which induces the dysfunction of exhaling-concentration at the skin and esophagus. And, this disparities between exhaling-dispersing and inhaling-concentrating functions exasperate the problem at the flesh and the small intestine.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.65-79
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• 2003

Many of the diseases that occur in a life being are either closely related to water, or they occur by loss or deterioration of water metabolism. There are six parts of study on this subject in ${\ulcorner}$Dongeubogam${\lrcorner}$. The parts are, the part of Jinaek the part of Dameum the part of Sobyeon the part of Bujong the part of Changman and the part of Seub. In these parts, it mentions loss of perspiration, abnormal urination, edema, abdominal dropsy, formation of abnormal body fluid and intrusion of dampness into the body and etc as the abnormal water metabolism. Loss of perspiration and urination is a process of eliminating the dampness in the body. Perspiration would be the abnormality of yanghwa[陽化]. Urination would be the loss of eumhwa[陰化]. Eum[飮] is the fluid accumulated in the body that failed to go through the process of Cihwa[氣化]. Dam[痰] is formed when the body fluid is heated by the smoking-fire. Meanwhile, the dampness occurs when the water penetrates into the bones, muscles and joints. Edema and abdominal dropsy are both outcomes of accumulated body fluid. Edema is the liquified body fluid congested on the surface or the peripheral ends of the body. Abdominal dropsy is congestion of fluid, that lost the characteristic of blood due to blood deterioration, in the abdominal part.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.1 s.61
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• pp.71-75
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• 2005

There are wide variations in the definition and functions of tri-jiao among investigators in the area of Chinese medicine. Given a wide spectrum of views, it is difficult to identify uniform opinions about the definition and functions of tri-jiao. This paper is intended to clarify the meaning of the tri-jiao, which was presented as 'it builds a waterway and serves as the passage for the flow of Shuidao' in ${\ulcorner}\;SuWen\;\cdot\;Linglanbidianlun\;{\lrcorner}$ a classic text of traditional Chinese medicine. Investigators have been divided in their opinions in interpreting this reference; some claim that tri-jiao regulates fluid metabolism in the entire body while others assert that the role of tri-jiao is limited to lower-jiao that controls urination function. However, this does not appear convincing given the description in other texts of ${\ulcorner}\;SuWen\;\cdot\;Linglanbidianlun\;{\lrcorner}$, in which functions of 12 organs were explained in a summarized manner. The assumption that the role of tri-jiao is closely linked with lower-jiao seems to have deviated from the meaning of the original texts. Besides, fluid metabolism involves the entire body, and any pathological changes caused by disorders of fluid metabolism can affect any part of the body, not only the lower area of the body cavity. The phrase, 'passage for the flow of Shuidao,' expressed in the texts of ${\ulcorner}\;SuWen\;\cdot\;Linglanbidianlun\;{\lrcorner}$ is likely to mean that body fluid is also distributed and transported to the whole body along with primordial-Qi via tri-jiao. The phrase, 'passage for the flow of Shuidao' means that tri-jiao is involved in regulating body fluid metabolism and that it plays an important role in fluid distribution.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.103-110
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• 2010

Conceptions about functions of bladder in Oriental Medicine are focused on excretion of urine, such as "Somun(素問)" "Yeong-ranbijeonron(靈蘭秘典論)". However, functions of bladder cannot be in those. In Oriental Medicine, there are sentences in "Naegyeong", the fluid and humor is dispersed to whole body. It means that bladder has a function by reabsorption of the fluid and humor in metabolism with gi transformation, besides excretion of urine. In that reason, I try to find out meanings of bladder's functions in metabolism of the fluid and humor through bibliographic review. As a result, bladder has a 2 types of function. 1st, it is a excretion of urine that we have already mentioned. 2nd, it is a reabsorption of the fluid and humor.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.130-137
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• 2003

Water, in a living being, is as essential as the essence derived from food is in maintaining one's life. The concepts are expressed in forms of "food and drink" and "drink-food" in the ${\mathbb{\ulcorner}}Hwangjenakyoung{\mathbb{\lrcorner}}$ and most of the other oriental medicine related references. Following the steps of the human body's metabolism, the water source builds up characteristic formations, such as bodily fluids (blood/perspiration/urine/essence), in each transforming phase according to the nature of the Ki that propels the transformation. Furthermore, each characteristic formations has its' own suitable duties, distinctive features and its field of activation. The vital energy of life is identified as a positive property due its fluidity and its formless nature. In order for this vital energy to come into its own, it needs to weld into one with the material-natured body of the negative property which will embrace the positive property and transform it into body fluid. Water taken into a body will undergo the first activation of Ki, dissolving the Wigi and the Wongi and transforming into the primary body fluid. The delicates among the dissolved Ki will once again go through a transformation in the Jungcho. It will turn into red blood, with influence of the vital function. When the vital energy completes its duties in all parts of the body, it combines with water again and transforms into the secondary bodily fluid. This is when the Takgi gets filtered and the new enriched essence is created.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.141-145
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• 1995

Omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, was given intravenously (iv), orally (po), intraperitoneally (ip), hepatoportalvenously (pv), and intrarectally (ir) to rats at a dose of 72mg/kg in order to investigate the bioavailability of the drug, The extent of bioavailabilities of omeprazole administered through pv, ip, po, and ir routes were 88.5, 79.4, 40,8, and 38.7%, respectively. Pharmacokinetic analysis in this study and literatures (Regardh et al., 1985 : Watanabe et al., 1994) implied significant dose-dependency in hepatic first-pass metabolism, clearance and distribution, and acidic degradation in gastric fluid. The high bioavailability from the pv administration (88.5%) means that only 11.5% of dose was extracted by the first-pass metabolism through the liver at this dose (72 mg/kg). The low bioavailability from the oral administration (40.8%) in spite of minor hepatic first-pass extraction indicates low transport of the drug from GI lumen to portal vein. From the literature (Pilbrant and Cederberg, 1985), acidic degradation in gastric fluid was considered to be the major cause of the low transport. Thus, enteric coating of oral preparations would enhance the oral bioavailability substantially. The bioavailability of the drug from the rectal route, in which acidic degradation and hepatic first-pass metabolism may not occur, was low (38.7%) but comparable to that from the oral route (40.8 %) indicating poor transport across the rectal membrane. In this case, addition of an appropriate absorption enhancer would improve the bioavailability. Rectal route seems to be an possible alternative to the conventional oral route for omeprazole administration.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

Objective & Method : By investigating physiological function of tri-energizer, symptoms, and organ coordination, we obtained following conclusion. Tri-energizer is the membrane structure that surrounds the five visceral organs and six hollow organs, and filled with fluid. Tri-energizer acts as the passage for the flow of qi energy. Result & Conclusion : Therefore, dysfunction of the tri-energizer is caused by abnormal evaporation and metabolism. Upper-energizer regulates cardiopulmonary function, middle-energizer regulates spleen and stomach functions, and lower-energizer regulates liver, kidneys, small and large intestines, and bladder functions. Such a functional specialization is possible by receiving the source of qi through the wall wrapping around the internal organs. Tri-energizer represents the exterior and interior relationship by acting as the membrane structure supporting the five visceral organs and six hollow organs and at the same time, as the pericardium surrounding the heart.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.481-486
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• 2008

Hiccup is one of common symptoms clinically and caused by various etiologies. We have tried researching the effect of herbal medicines(Taeumjowi-tang) to treat a Taeumin patient with severe hiccup, who is presumed cerebral vascular disease, and evaluated hiccup's a time in a minute and hiccup's total time in a day. The symptoms, not only the patient's hiccup, also his general condition including the dysphagia and right side hemiparesisis, are improved considerably. The constitutional treatment with Taeumin herbal medicines(Taeumjowi-tang) may have an effect on the management of hiccup by control of Qi and Fluid Metabolism.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.111-119
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• 2010

The maintenance of the osmolality of body fluids within a very narrow physiologic range is possible by water balance mechanisms that control the intake and excretion of water. Main factors of this process are the thirst and antidiuretic hormon arginine vasopressin (AVP), secretion regulated by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus. Body water is the primary determinant of the osmolality of the extracellular fluid (ECF), disorders of body water homeostasis can be divided into hypo-osmolar disorders, in which there is an excess of body water relative to body solute, and hyperosmolar disorders, in which there is a deficiency of body water relative to body solute. The sodium is the predominant cation in ECF and the volume of ECF is directly proportional to the content of sodium in the body. Disorders of sodium balance, therefore, may be viewed as disorders of ECF volume. This reviews addresses the regulatory mechanisms underlying water and sodium metabolism, the two major determinants of body fluid homeostasis for a good understanding of the pathophysiology and proper management of disorders with disruption of water and sodium balance.