• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.248-256
• /
• 1999

Many tribological components in automobile engine undergo high load and sliding speed with thin film thickness. The lubrication characteristics of the components are regarded as ether hydrodynamic lubrication or boundary lubrication, whereas in a working cycle they actually have both characteristics. Many modem engine lubricants have various additives for better performance which make boundary film formation even under hydrodynamic lubrication regime. Conventional Reynolds equation with the viewpoints of continuum mechanics concerns only bulk viscosity of lubricant, which means that its simulation does not give insights on boundary lubrication characteristics. However, many additives of modern engine lubricant provide mixed modes of boundary lubrication characteristics and hydrodynamic lubrication. Especially, high molecular weight polymeric viscosity index improvers form boundary film on the solid surface and cause non-Newtonian fluid effect of shear thinning. This study has performed the investigation about journal bearing system with the mixed concepts of boundary lubrication and hydrodynamic lubrication which happen concurrently in many engine components under the condition of viscosity index improver added.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
• /
• 1998.10a
• /
• pp.196-202
• /
• 1998

Because the journal and bearing surface are fully separated by the oil film during the normal operation, fluid film bearings operating in the hydrodynamic lubrication region are expected to have an infinite life. However, there are many parameters that lead to interfere with the normal operation of the bearing and lead to its failure. In this paper, both the causes and countermeasures of the bearing failure are described. Also, the characteristics of wiped bearing surface are investigated through mechanical and chemical test.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
• /
• 1991.06a
• /
• pp.1-30
• /
• 1991

The lubrication state between contacting bodies with rolling and sliding under loaded condition is generally understood by the conception shown in Figure 1. When the lubricating oil film formation between facing bodies is good enough to separate these bodies by the hydrodynamic pressure, this state is called by the expression of "hydrodynamic lubrication". The thickness of oil film is so large that the lubricating oil between facing bodies behaves as fluid and metal-to-metal contact between surface roughness asperities on facing bodies does not occur. When the oil film thickness becomes thinner or when the surface roughness height becomes larger, top of surface roughness asperities on facing bodies reaches very near to each other and there the oil or absorbed oil molecules on the surface of facing bodies behave no more as fluid. Partly metal-to-metal contact of surface roughness asperities occurs. Such lubrication state is called by the expression "mixed-lubrication". When the oil film thickness becomes more thinner or surface roughness height becomes larger, metal-tometal contact or contact via absorbed oil molecules dominate at most of the part in contact zone. Such state is called by the expression "boundary lubrication". Schematic representation of these three regimes of lubrication is shown in Figure 1.rication is shown in Figure 1.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
• /
• 1998.10a
• /
• pp.82-90
• /
• 1998

Machines that normally operate under fluid film lubricated condition also experience surface damage. This is largely due to the failure of the lubricant film which leads to boundary lubrication. Thus, it is important to have a good understanding of boundary lubrication behavior. In this paper the major tribological parameters that influence the boundary lubrication properties are evaluated. It is shown that disk roughness, hardness and normal load affect the friction and wear of metals in boundary lubrication. Also, the mechanism of surface damage is attributed to abrasion and wear particle interaction.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.28 no.1
• /
• pp.12-18
• /
• 2012

This application study of a swash-plate type axial piston pump was concerned about the lubrication characteristics between cylinder barrel and valve plate which are the main rotating body and its opposite sliding part respectively. A computer simulation was implemented to assess bearing and sealing functions of the fluid film between cylinder barrel and valve plate. A numerical algorithm was developed to facilitate simultaneous calculations of dynamic cylinder pressure, 3 degree-of-freedom barrel motions considering inertia effect, and fluid film pressure assuming full fluid film lubrication regime. Central clearance, tilt angle, and azimuth angle of the rotating body were calculated for each time step. Surface waviness was found to be an influential factor due to the small fluid film thickness which can appear in flat land bearings. Five surface lays which can form on the lubrication surface in accordance with machining process were defined and analyzed using the simulation tool. Oil leakage flow and frictional torque in the fluid film between cylinder barrel and valve plate were also calculated to discuss in the viewpoint of energy loss. The simulation results showed that in actual sliding conditions proper surface non-flatness can make a positive effect on the energy efficiency and reliability of the thrust bearing.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers Conference
• /
• 2004.11a
• /
• pp.283-288
• /
• 2004

The measurement of ultra low aspect ratio fluid film thickness is very crucial technique both for the verification of lubrication media characteristics and for the clearance design in many precision components such as MEMS, precision bearings and other slideways. Many technologies are applied to the measurement of ultra low aspect ratio fluid film thickness (i.e. elastohydrodynamic lubrication film thickness). In particular, in-situ optical interferometric method has many advantages in making the actual contact behaviors realized with the experimental apparatus. This measurement method also does the monitoring of the surface defects and fractures happening during the contact behavior, which are delicately influenced by the surface conditions such as load, velocity, lubricant media as well as surface roughness. Careful selection of incident lights greatly enhances the fringe resolutions up to $\~1.0$ nanometer scale with digital image processing technology. In this work, it is found that coaxial aligning trichromatic incident light filtering system developed by the author can provide much finer resolution of ultra low aspect ratio fluid film thickness than monochromatic or dichromatic incident lights, because it has much more spectrums of color components to be discriminated according the variations of film thickness. For the measured interferometric images of ultra low aspect ratio fluid film thickness it is shown how the film thickness is finely digitalized and measured in nanometer scale with digital image processing technology and space layer method. The developed measurement system can make it possible to visualize the contact deformations and possible fractures of contacting surface under the repeated loading condition.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.343-353
• /
• 1999

The role of viscosity index improver's(Ⅶ) additives for modem engine lubrication is complex. Under the condition of atmosphere or low shear rate, the characteristics of Ⅶ added lubricant is verified and quoted frequently for mathematical model of lubricant behavior. However, recent research shows that added lubricant has the characteristics of shear thinning at high shear rate condition although it performs well enough over the whole range of working temperature. At high shear rate, they show significant decrease of apparent viscosity irrespective of temperature. Many experimental researches verify that Ⅶ added lubricant shows boundary film layer formation on the solid surface as well as shear thinning effect by its polymeric molecular characteristics. The intend of our research is to verify the effects of Ⅶ from the viewpoint of continuum mechanics, because conventional Reynolds'equation with only pressure-viscosity relation cannot fully predict the lubricant behavior under the Ⅶ added condition. In these aspects, Reynolds'equation of Newtonian fluid model lacks the reflection of real fluid behavior and there is no way to explain the non-linear characteristics of Ⅶ added lubricant. In this research, we mathematically modeled the Ⅶ added lubricant behaviors which are the characteristics of non-Newtonian fluid behavior at high shear rate and boundary film formation on the solid surface. The consideration of elastic deformation in the contact region is also included in our computation and finally the converged film pressure and the film thickness with elastic deformation are obtained. The results are compared with those of Newtonian fluid model.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.16 no.5
• /
• pp.341-350
• /
• 2000

The study reported in this paper deals with the development for parametric investigation of the influence of the rheological properties of the lubricant in the thermohydrodynamic (THD) film conditions which occur in slider and journal bearings. A parametric investigation based on a Bingham model with a shear yield stress which best fit the experimental pressure is performed for predicting the thickness of the shear Bone in lubricating films with fixed geometry between the stationary and moving surfaces. The results suggest that the shear yield stress for the lubricating film is proportional to the pressure developed in the film within the range of the investigated cases and the shear zone thickness which is of the same order of magnitude as that obtained by the empirical formula is significantly smaller than the fluid film thickness in the lubrication zone.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.119-125
• /
• 2017

In this study, we perform a numerical analysis to predict the film thickness and lubrication regions for a thrust ball bearing under different operating conditions. Film thinning and replenishment affect the film thickness in starved lubrication. As the inlet meniscus position is brought to the edge of the Hertz contact, the thin film thickness is calculated as starved equation. We use a film replenishment model to determine the recovery film thickness between rolling elements. We use a hydrodynamic model to describe film recovery, that results from the effects of surface tension. In this model, we consider the surface tension gradient in fluid depression as the driving force for fluid recovery. We use Fourier transform method to determine the time-dependent depth of depressed oil. We calculate the change in the central film thickness graphically by using the recovery equation in starved elastohydrodynamic lubrication(EHL) under operating conditions that include numbers of balls, sliding velocity, applied force, and ambient film thickness. We evaluate the degree of starvation by using the distance from the center of the contact area to the meniscus position. Parched lubrication, a phenomenon where the film thickness decreases consistently, occurs at the severe condition. We determine optimal values with respect to the numbers of balls, and sliding velocity. The investigation can contribute to the design operating conditions for proper lubrication.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
• /
• v.19 no.12
• /
• pp.2179-2186
• /
• 2005

The lubrication modes of line contact between the vane and the camring in an oil hydraulic vane pump have been investigated. First, variations of the radial acting force of a vane were calculated from previously measured results of the dynamic internal pressure in four chambers surrounding a vane. Next, distinctions of the lubrication modes were made using Hooke's chart, which represents an improvement over Johnson's chart. Finally, the influence of boundary conditions in the lubrication region on fluid film lubrication was examined by calculating film pressure distributions. The results show that the lubrication modes of the vane tip are a rigid-variable viscosity region. This region discharges pressure higher than 7 MPa, and exerts a great influence on oil film pressure in the large arc section due to the Piezo-viscous effect.