• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.316-322
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• 1996

Three medicinal species of the genus Polygala were examined by comparative morphology, anatomy and TLC analysis. They were classified into three species, and distinctly divided into two groups in this study. Group I is composed of P. japonica, P. sibirica and Group II P. tenuifolia. Considered on the relationships between two groups by the differences of leaf shape, adnated part of petal, flower colour, fruit shape etc., Group II may have been independently evolved from the common ancestor by having one raw of palisadelike chlorenchyma under the stem epidermis through the different pathway. It is also suggested that the taxa of Group II appear to be more advanced than those of Group I.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.647-651
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• 2016

SiC films were prepared on glassy carbon substrates by laser chemical vapor deposition under a high pressure of $10^4Pa$ using a diode laser (wavelength = 808 nm) and a polysilaethylene precursor. (111)-oriented SiC films were formed at a deposition temperature ($T_{dep}$) range of 1150 - 1422 K. At $T_{dep}=1262K$, the SiC film with a high Lotgering factor of above 0.96 showed an exhibited pyramid-like surface morphology and flower-like grains. The highest deposition rate ($R_{dep}$) was $220{\mu}m\;h^{-1}$ at $T_{dep}=1262K$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Powder Metallurgy Institute Conference
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• 2006.09a
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• pp.509-510
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• 2006

Correlations between in-flight particle, splat and coating microstructure of thermally sprayed Ni20Cr were investigated. Flame spray and arc spray systems were employed for spraying Ni20Cr powder and Ni20Cr wire, respectively. The results showed that the arc spray process produced a broader size distribution for both in-flight particles and splats compared to flame process. Flower-like splat morphology was obtained from the arc spray whereas a pancake-like splat was obtained by flame spray. Ni20Cr coating sprayed by arc process had a denser microstructure, lower porosity and better adhesion at the interface.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2015.08a
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• pp.236.1-236.1
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• 2015

The surface morphology of front transparent conductive oxide (TCO) films is very important to achieve high current density in amorphous silicon (a-Si) thin film solar cells since it can scatter the light in a better way. In this study, we present the low cost hydrothermal deposited uniform zinc oxide (ZnO) nano-flower structure with various aspect ratios for a-Si thin film solar cells. The ZnO nano-flower structures with various aspect ratios were grown on the RF magnetron sputtered AZO films. The diameters and length of the ZnO nano-flowers was controlled by varying the annealing time. The length of ZnO nano-flowers were varied from 400 nm to $2{\mu}m$ while diameter was kept higher than 200 nm to obtain different aspect ratios. The ZnO nano-flowers with higher surface area as compared to conventional ZnO nano structure are preferred for the better light scattering. The conductivity and crystallinity of ZnO nano-flowers can be enhanced by annealing in hydrogen atmosphere at 350 oC. The vertical aligned ZnO nano-flowers showed higher haze ratio as compared to the commercially available FTO films. We also observed that the scattering in the longer wavelength region was favored for the high aspect ratio of ZnO nano-flowers. Therefore, we proposed low cost and vertically aligned ZnO nano-flowers for the high performance of thin film solar cells.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.141-154
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• 2005

The following is a taxonomic list of the specific features of external and internal shape and pattern analysis of Paeonia lactiflora PALL. and P. obovata MAX as the standard of herbal medicine. 1. External shape of original plant P. lactiflora has lancelate and elliptical leaves with no hair on both sides. It bears a flower bud at the shoot apex or leaf axil. On the other hand, P. obovata has obovate leaves with hair on the back side. It has a single flower bud at the shoot apex. 2. Physical characteristics of herbal states P. lactiflora has a bright and smooth external surface whose color is light red brown, light gray on its section and it is not easy to cut. On the other hand, P. obovata has a coarse external surface whose color is dark brown, pinkish on its section and it is easy to cut. 3. Physical characteristics of herbal state in currents Paeonia Radix Alba is brown on the external surface, and whitish on its section. On the other hand, Paeonia Radix Rubra is dark brown on the external surface, and yellowish-white on its section. 4. Internal characteristics Internal shape is correspond to that of Paeonia Radix described in literatures. Only P. lactoflora has a concentrated vascular bundle toward centeral cylinder. On the other hand, P. obovata has a scattered vascular bundle at the cortex. 5. Physicochemical pattern by HPLC Both P. lactoflora and P. obovata showed the same pattern. Paeoniforin, a main component, appears upon 13.68 in retention time (Rt) in both. In addition, both contain a large amount of paeoniflorin. Such results will, in the future, be used as basic source for the additional research, such as biological reactions and genetic discrimination.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.39-48
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• 2006

The Following is a list of specific external and internal morphology of Rheum palmatum L. and R. undulatum L. in Rhei Rhizoma. 1. For the original plants of Rhei Rhizoma in the literatures. 18 plants are reported. 2. The external characteristics of original plant : R. palmatum has a large palmate leaf, its petiole of radical leaf has a simple bristle and its flower is purple and pink color. Whereas R. undulatum has a medium ovate leaf, its petiole of radical leaf is purphish, its stem leaf surrounds a half of stem and its flower is yellowish white color. 3. The character of herbal states : a. diameter and size-- R. palmaum is bigger and heavier than R. undulatum. b. in section--R. palmatum is dark brown color, R. undulatum is bright brown color Fibrovascular bundle is arranged in circle shape in R. patmatum. R. undulatum shows a distingushed wheel shape. 4. The internal characteristics : R. palmatum has a large intercellular space of cork layer, its cambium is clear and a xylem medullary ray is comparatively tight, Whereas R. undulatum has a tight intercettular space of cork layer., its cambium is a few clear and xylem medullary ray is verty tight. As these results, additional study is required to distinguish herbs and their effect among many kinds of same genus-degree of relatedness.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.62-75
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• 2022

Background: Pollinators help plants to reproduce and support economically valuable food for humans and entire ecosystems. However, declines of pollinators along with population growth and increasing agricultural activities hamper this mutual interaction. Nectar and pollen are the major reward for pollinators and flower morphology and volatiles mediate the specialized plant-pollinator interactions. Limited information is available on the volatile profiles attractive to honey bees and bumblebees. In this study we analyzed the volatile organic compounds of the flowers of 9 different plant species that are predominantly visited by honey bees and bumblebees. The chemical compositions of the volatiles were determined using a head space gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method, designed to understand the plant-pollinator chemical interaction. Results: Results showed the monoterpene 1,3,6-octatriene, 3,7-dimethyl-, (E) (E-𝞫-ocimene) was the dominating compound in most flowers analyzed, e.g., in proportion of 60.3% in Lonicera japonica, 48.8% in Diospyros lotus, 38.4% Amorpha fruticosa and 23.7% in Robinia pseudoacacia. Ailanthus altissima exhibited other monoterpenes such as 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol (𝞫-linalool) (39.1%) and (5E)-3,5-dimethylocta-1,5,7-trien-3-ol (hotrienol) (32.1%) as predominant compounds. Nitrogen containing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were occurring principally in Corydalis speciosa; 1H-pyrrole, 2,3-dimethyl- (50.0%) and pyrimidine, 2-methyl- (40.2%), and in Diospyros kaki; 1-triazene, 3,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl (40.5%). Ligustrum obtusifolium flower scent contains isopropoxycarbamic acid, ethyl ester (21.1%) and n-octane (13.4%) as major compounds. In Castanea crenata the preeminent compound is 1-phenylethanone (acetophenone) (46.7%). Conclusions: Olfactory cues are important for pollinators to locate their floral resources. Based on our results we conclude monoterpenes might be used as major chemical mediators attractive to both honey bees and bumblebees to their host flowers. However, the mode of action of these chemicals and possible synergistic effects for olfaction need further investigation.

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.363-373
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• 1986

We developed a giant colony test system with rapidly growing mycobacteria by stab-culture with a loopful inoculum of cells into Middlebrook 7H10 agar medium containing soluble extracts of the fruits of Gardenia jasminoides(7H10-crocin agar medium) and assessed the significance of the giant colony test with 28 strains of 10 clusters of rapidly growing mycobacteria classified by the simple biological 5-test characters. Of the 10 clusters of mycobacteria tested, some of strains which belonged to cluster No. 1a, 5a and 11a did grow as gravis types, whereas most of other clusters gave mitis or intermedius types in their colonial sizes at 12 days culture. By this test, pathogenic strains of M. fortuitum-chelonei complex which belonged to cluster No. 5a, b, 7a and 8a, b could be divided into gravis, intermedius and mitis colony types and the gravis ones were characterized by bluish-white "mushroom-shaped" colonies with central complexes in the texture, whereas the intermedius gave grayish-white "flower-shaped" colonies with radiated folds, but without any central complexes. The mitis colonies were characterized by grayish-white smooth or smooth mucoid colonies and were common among the clusters in their shapes. The colony of M. chelonei was bluish-white mitis type and was characterized by its hilly rhizoid colony. The gravis colony of cluster No. 1a identified as M. phlei was characterized by yellow "round straw- mat-shaped" or "chrysanthemum-shaped" colony with whole complexes in the texture, and the gravis colonies of the cluster No. 11a gave grayish-white "flower-shaped" colonies with central stamens, radiating trough and fine cup-shaped strands in the texture. The four colony types of pathogenic species of M. fortuitum-chelonei complex on 7H10-crocin agar medium were distinctive from those of other clusters of rapidly growing mycobacteria and these results indicated that the giant colony test, in conjunction with the simple 5-test characters, would be of value in the differentiation of M. fortuitum complex from other clusters of rapidly growing mycobacteria.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.21-29
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• 2008

Objectives: To determine the standards for discrimination of Magnoliae Cortex, the experiment of specific external-internal characters and the physicochemical pattern analysis were performed. Methods: External characteristics was observed using a stereoscope. Paraffin-mediated sectioned materials were stained by Ju's method. Physicochemical patterns of materials were analyzed using HPLC. Results: 1. Botanical characteristics: Magnolia officinalis had one seed and a white flower, while M. obovata had two seeds and a white flower. Machilus thunbergii had berry and spherical fruits and yellowish green panicles. 2. External characteristics: M. officinalis and M obovata were dark and thick. M. officinalis was gray brown and greasy while M. obovata was light-gray, less oily and smoothly sectioned. Machilus thunbergii was thin and relatively light or yellow-brown, coarsely sectioned and faintly specific scents. 3. Internal characteristics: The bast parts of M. officinalis and M. obovata were commonly wider than Machilus thunbergii The cork cortex of M. officinalis was $10{\sim}mg/L$ cell layers with many oil cells, while that of M. obovata was $4{\sim}7$ cell layers with less oil cells. Machilus thunbergii's xylem which consisted of ring-shaped cambium at 1st and 2nd part was occupied in large portion. 4. Physicochemical pattern: Both M. officinalis and M. obovata involved honokiol and magnolol. All kinds of M. officinalis involved Magnatriol B but one kind of M. ovobata and all of Machilus thunbergii didn't. Machilus thunbergii showed different pattern of chromatogram from that of 2 species above. Conclusions: These results could be used as standards for discrimination of Magnoliae Cortex and as the method of objectification in medicinal herbs giving the basic resource for bioactivity research.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.464-470
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• 2022

In this study, the morphological characteristics of flower and fruit in five varieties (Hancho 915ho, 930ho, 10ho, 1020ho, 1030ho) from Zanthoxylum schinifolium were investigated as new varieties with different fruiting seasons. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics were investigated, spectively. For quantitative characteristics can be measured numerically, such as size and number, the varieties were identified using ANOVA and Scheffe's multiple range test. In addition, the validity of whether the quantitative characteristics of five varieties can be explained by factor analysis was reviewed. Using UPGMA, the relationship between the five varieties was confirmed by dendrogram. As a result of ANOVA and Scheffe's multiple range test there was significant difference in inflorescence width and female flower length. It had a high contribution to distinguishing varieties, which was similar to the PCA results using factor analysis. As a result of dendrogram using cluster analysis, Hancho 915ho, 1020ho and 1030ho were similar, but there was a distinct difference in the characteristics of different flowering and fruiting periods, confirming that they were different varieties.