• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 2002

Purpose : Plantar surfaces, calcaneal area, and region of Achilles insertion, which are extremely related with weight-bearing area and shoes application, must be reconstructed with glabrous and strong fibrous skin. Numerous methods of reconstructing defects of these regions have been advocated, but the transfer of similar local tissue as a cutaneous flap with preservation of sensory potential would best serve the functional needs of the weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing surfaces of this region. Therefore it is recommended to use the limited skin of medial surface of foot that is similar to plantar region and non-weight-bearing area. In this paper we performed the medial plantar flap transfered as a fasciocutaneous island as one alterative for moderate-sized defects of the plantar forefoot, plantar heel, and area around the ankle in 25 cases and report the result, availability and problem of medial plantar flap. Materials and methods : We performed proximally based medial plantar flap in 22 cases and reverse flow island flap in 3 cases. Average age was $36.5(4{\sim}70)$ years and female was 3 cases. The causes of soft tissue defect were crushing injury on foot 4 cases, small bony exposure at lower leg 1 case, posterior heel defect with exposure of calcaneus 8 cases, severe sore at heel 2 cases, skin necrosis after trauma on posterior foot 4 cases, and defect on insertion area of Achilles tendon 6cases. Average follow up duration was 1.8(7 months-9.5 years) years. Results: Medial plantar flaps was successful in 22 patients. 18 patients preserved cutaneous branches of medial plantar nerve had sensation on transfered flap but diminished sensation or dysesthesia. At the follow up, we found there were no skin ulceration, recurrence of defect or skin breakdown in all 18 patients. But there was one case which occurred skin ulceration postoperatively among another 4 cases not contained medial plantar nerve. At the last follow up, all patients complained diminished sensation and paresthesia at medial plantar area distally to donor site, expecially with 4 patients having severe pain and discomfort during long-time walking. Conclusion : Medial plantar island flap based on medial plantar neurovascualr pedicle have low failure rate with strong fibrous skin and preserve sensibility of flap, so that it is useful method to reconstruct the skin and soft tissue defect of foot. But it should be emphasized that there are some complications such like pain and paresthesia by neuropraxia or injury of medial plantar nerve at more distal area than donor site. We may consider that medial plantar flap have limited flap size and small arc of rotation, and require skin graft closure of the donor defect and must chose this flap deliberately.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1048-1052
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• 2007

그동안의 하천 유량자료는 주로 홍수방어를 목적으로 구축되어진 관계로 대부분 홍수기에만 의미있는 자료를 갖추고 있으며, 환경관리에 필요한 저갈수기 유량자료는 그 신뢰도가 매우 떨어지고 있다. 다행히 지난 2004년 하반기부터 4대강 물환경 연구소에서 직접 오염총량관리 단위유역 말단부에서 8일 간격으로 유량과 수질을 동시에 측정하기 시작하였고, 사업의 결과 건기 우기의 구별 없이 연중 일정한 간격으로 하천유황 및 수질의 변동여부를 확인하는 것이 가능하게 되었으나, 각 단위유역별 유황곡선을 작성할 목적으로 8일 간격 유량자료를 사용할 수 없다는 단점이 있다. 즉, 현재 관측 중인 8일 간격 유량자료만으로는 동시 관측이 진행 중인 수질항목과 유량 사이의 상관관계 정도를 파악한다거나, 어떤 방법으로든 수문모형을 구축한 후 이를 부분적으로 검정할 때 참고자료로 사용하는 정도로 그 용도가 한정될 수밖에 없는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 낙동강 오염총량관리 41개 단위유역 전체를 대상으로 관측된 8일 간격 유량자료를 이용하여 이를 1일 간격 유량자료로 확장을 시도하였다. 이를 위하여 기존의 TANK 모형에 하도추적기능을 추가한 보다 진보된 TANK 모형을 구성하였다. 낙동강 단위유역별 취수량과 방류량을 바탕으로 한 물수지 자료 또한 구비하여 모형에 고려되도록 하였다. 모형의 매개변수 추정을 위하여 국립환경과학원 낙동강물환경연구소에서 8일 간격으로 관측한 유량자료가 이용되었다. 분석결과 모의된 일유량이 실제 유량을 비교적 잘 재현하는 것으로 나타남에 따라 8일간격 유량관측자료의 일유량으로의 확장 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다. 구축된 모형은 적용에 앞서 10년 평균 저수량을 기준으로 1차 오염총량관리 기준유량과의 비교를 시도하였으며, 상류 댐 방류의 영향 및 물수지의 영향을 배제한 상태의 자연유량을 산정하여 이를 현재 유황과의 비교를 수행하였다. 현재유량과의 비교 결과 다목적 댐의 방류효과로 인한 유량 증가효과 및 대규모의 취수로 인한 유량 감소효과가 뚜렷하게 나타남을 알 수 있었다. 산정된 자연유량을 통하여 비유량을 산정한 결과 $5,000km^2$이하인 유역 면적의 경우 비유량 $0.0048m^3/s/km$를, $5,000km^2$이상인 경우에는 비유량 $0.0043m^3/s/km$를 적용하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 분석되었다. 여기에 유역의 물이용 및 상류의 댐 방류 효과가 고려되면 실제 유역의 저수량을 개략적으로 산정할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.215-230
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• 1984

Petrological, paleomagnetic, geomorphological and structural studies on the southern part of, so called, Chugaryeong rift valley, have been carried out in order to clarify the nature of the rift valley. Three stages of volcanic activities characterized by Jijangbong acidic volcanic rocks and tholeiitic and andesitic basalt of Cretaceous age(?), and Jongok Quaternary olivine basalt occurred along the Dongducheon fault line. Jijangbong acidic volcanic rocks distributed in the central part of the studied area consist of rhyodacite, acidic tuff and tuff breccia, which are bounded by Dongsong fault on the east and Daegwangri fault on the west. The Jongok basalt differs from those of Ulrung and Jeju islands in mineralogy, chemical composition and differentiation. Jongok basalt distributed along the Hantan river dilineates the vesicles curved toward downstream direction and increment of numbers and thickness of lava flow toward upstream direction. These facts suggest that lava flowed from upstream side of the river. Rectangular drainage patterns also support the presence of the Dongducheon, Pocheon, Wangsukcheon and Kyonggang faults which were previously known. LANDSAT image, however, does not show any lineaments which could be counted as a graben or rift valley. Displacement of Precambrian quartzite and Jurassic Daedong supergroup along the southwestern extension of the Dongducheon fault shows the right lateral movement. The Paleomagnetic study of the tholeiitic and andesitic basalts from Baegeuri, Jangtanri and Tonghyeonri located at 2. 3km east, 0km east, and 1.5km west of Dongducheon fault respectively shows that their VGP(Virtual Geomagnetic Pole) being to intermediate geomagnetic field of short duration which suggests that they formed in almost same period. Mean VGP of Jongok basalt is located 82.4N and 80.6E. This is in good coincidence with worldwide VGP of Plio-Pleistocene indicating that Jongok basalt was extruded during Plio-Pleistocene epoch, and suggesting that the studied area has been tectonically stable since then. From the present study, the tectonic episode of the region is concluded as following three stages. 1. The 1st period is worked by the Daebo orogeny of Jurassic during which granodiorite was intruded in Precambrian basement. 2. The 2nd period is the time when right lateral strike-slip fault of NNE-SSW direction was formed probably during late Cretaceous to Paleogene and the Jijangbong acidic volcanic rocks and the older basalts were extruded. 3. The 3rd period is the time when the fault was rejuvenated during Pliocene or Pleistocene accompanied by the eruption of Jongok basalt. As a conclusion, geologic structure of the studied area is rather fault line valley than graben or rift valley, which is formed by differential erosion along the Dongducheon fault suggesting a continuation of the Sikhote-Alin fault. The volcanic rocks including the Jijangbong acidic rocks, tholeiitic-andesitic basalt and olivine basalt are associated with this fault line.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.11 no.1_2
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• pp.19-29
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• 1996

Human exposure to volatile compounds in tap water can occur from inhalation and dermal absorption as well as direct ingestion. The relative contribution to total human exposure from these pathways has been considered to be important especially for VOC's (volatile organic compounds). In an attempt to reduce the uncertainty of the risk assessment, it has been suggested that the exposure assessment process could be significantly improved by adopting Monte-Carlo simulation. However, there is no actual data in Korea for each exposure parameter to determine the level of exposure, and the distributional pattern. Therefore, we surveyed water use patterns and behavior related to multi-route exposure to VOC's in household tap water in Korea, and compared these values to the those in western countries. In the first survey, we calculated daily water intake using data from a sample of 1322 persons of several cities in Korea. In the second survey, we obtained questionnaire data on exposure time for showering, bathing and household activities, and tap water intake from 851households in Korea. In the last survey, we measured the exposure parameters (exposure time, water use rate etc.) related to showers, baths, toilets, dish washing, washing and cooking, and tap water intake was surveyed. Also, the subjects were measured their body weight, height and tidal volume, etc. A diary, a flow meter and a measuring cup were used to measure these values as precisely as possible. Average daily water intake was ranged 0.79-1.71 L/day for adults in three surveys. Tap water intake measured by log-sheet during one week in third survey was 1.26 (average), 1.98 L/day (90 percentlie), respectively. These results were comparable with results from EPA (1.4, 2L/day). The average amount of water used by housewives in the third survey was 515.0 $\pm$ 564.6L/day. In usual activity, the amount of water used in the bathroom, the laundry and the kitchen was 140.0 $\pm$ 538.9, 148.0 $\pm$ 174.5, 229.3 $\pm$ 205.4 L/day, respectively. Exposure parameters such as water intake rate, exposure duration, body weight, inhalation rates in surveyed data of Korean people differed from those published from western countries. This could be attributed to variations in lifestyle, dietary habits and physiological characteristics.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.348-358
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• 2015

Impacts of climate change are being observed in the globe as well as the Korean peninsula. In the past 100 years, the average temperature of the earth rose about 0.75 degree in celsius, while that of Korean peninsula rose about 1.5 degree in celsius. The fifth Assessment Report of IPCC(Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change) predicts that the water pollution will be aggravated by change of hydrologic extremes such as floods and droughts and increase of water temperature (KMA and MOLIT, 2009). In this study, future runoff was calculated by applying climate change scenario to analyze the future water quality for each targe period (Obs : 2001 ~ 2010, Target I : 2011 ~ 2040, Target II : 2041 ~ 2070, Target III : 2071 ~ 2100) in Hongcheon river basin, Korea. In addition, The future water quality was analyzed by using multiple linear regression analysis and artificial neural networks after flow-duration curve analysis. As the results of future water quality prediction in Hongcheon river basin, we have known that BOD, COD and SS will be increased at the end of 21 century. Therefore, we need consider long-term water and water quality management planning and monitoring for the improvement of water quality in the future. For the prediction of more reliable future water quality, we may need consider various social factors with climate components.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.309-323
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• 2010

As climate changes and abnormal climates have drawn research interest recently, many countries utilize the GCM, which is based on SRES suggested by IPCC, to obtain more accurate forecast for future climate changes. Especially, many research attempts have been made to simulate localized geographical characteristics by using RCM with the high resolution data globally. To evaluate the impacts of climate and landuse change on water resources in the Han-river basin, we carried out the procedure consisting of the CA-Markov Chain, the Multi-Regression equation using two independent variables of temperature and rainfall, the downscaling technique based on the RegCM3 RCM, and SLURP. From the CA-Markov Chain, the future landuse change is forecasted and the future NDVI is predicted by the Multi-Regression equation. Also, RegCM3 RCM 50 sets were generated by the downscaling technique based on the RegCM3 RCM provided by KMA. With them, 90 year runoff scenarios whose period is from 2001 to 2090 are simulated for the Han-river basin by SLURP. Finally, the 90-year simulated monthly runoffs are compared with the historical monthly runoffs for each dam in the basin. At Paldang dam, the runoffs in September show higher increase than the ones in August which is due to the change of rainfall pattern in future. Additionally, after exploring the impact of the climate change on the structure of water circulation, we find that water management will become more difficult by the changes in the water circulation factors such as precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, and runoff in the Han-river basin.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.2 s.271
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• pp.136-139
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• 2007

Bilateral popliteal artery entrapment syndrome is a rare vascular disease, which leads to ischemic claudication as a result of disturbance to the blood flow from the abnormal relationship of the popliteal artery to the gastrocnemius muscle, a fibrous band or the popliteus muscle in the young male population. A 58-years-old male patient, complaining of ischemic claudication, coldness and 3rd toe gangrene of left leg of 1 month's duration was admitted to our institution. His left ankle-brachial index was decreased; therefore, a femoral artery angiography was peformed, which revealed a total occlusion below the distal superficial femoral artery of the left leg. An EKG revealed atrial fibrillation, suggestive of a thromboembolism of the popliteal artery due to atrial fibrillation; therefore, Urokinase thrombolysis was attempted. After the Urokinase thrombolysis, popliteal artery entrapment syndrome was diagnosed, with MRI then performed for an anatomical diagnosis. The popliteal artery entrapment was type 1, where the popliteal artery was displaced medial to the Gastrocnemius head. After complete removal of the popliteal artery aneurysm, interposition was performed with a contra lateral greater saphenous vein graft. A mild right popliteal artery aneurysm still remained, but surgery was not performed. Currently, the patent is surviving, without complications. Herein, the good results obtained for the surgical treatment of a severely affected leg, and the conservative treatment of a mildly affected leg, are reported.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.19-33
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• 2018

This study proposed a rainfall-runoff model for the purpose of real-time flood warning in urban basins. The proposed model was based on the shot noise process, which is expressed as a sum of shot noises determined independently with the peak value, decay parameter and time delay of each sub-basin. The proposed model was different from other rainfall-runoff models from the point that the runoff from each sub-basin reaches the basin outlet independently. The model parameters can be easily determined by the empirical formulas for the concentration time and storage coefficient of a basin and those of the pipe flow. The proposed model was applied to the total of three rainfall events observed at the Jungdong, Guro 1 and Daerim 2 pumping stations to evaluate its applicability. Summarizing the results is as follows. (1) The unit response function of the proposed model, different from other rainfall-runoff models, has the same shape regardless of the rainfall duration. (2) The proposed model shows a convergent shape as the calculation time interval becomes smaller. As the proposed model was proposed to be applied to urban basins, one-minute of calculation time interval would be most appropriate. (3) Application of the one-minute unit response function to the observed rainfall events showed that the simulated runoff hydrographs were very similar to those observed. This result indicates that the proposed model has a good application potential for the rainfall-runoff analysis in urban basins.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.406-414
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• 2015

In this study, partially fluorinated cation exchange membranes were prepared by direct sulfonation of Poly(VDF-co-hexafluoropropylene) copolymers (PVDF-co-HFP) followed by a casting method for application in the Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI). The structure of sulfonated PVDF-co-HFP (SPVDF) was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and $^1H$ Nuclear magnetic resonance ($^1H$ NMR) analysis. For quantitative analysis of the chemical composition, the X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) was used. The membrane properties such as water uptake, ion exchange capacity and electrical resistance were measured. It was suggested that the optimum direct sulfonation condition of PVDF-co-HFP ion exchange membranes was $60^{\circ}C$ and 7 hours for temperature and duration of sulfonation, respectively. The water uptake of the SPVDF ion exchange membrane was 21.5%. The ion exchange capacity and electrical resistance were 0.89 meq/g and $3.70{\Omega}{\cdot}cm^2$, respectively. It was investigated that if it is feasible to apply these membranes in MCDI at various cell potentials (0.9~1.5 V) and initial flow rates (10~40 mL/min). In the MCDI process, the maximum salt removal rate was 62.5% in repeated absorption-desorption cycles.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.15 no.4 s.48
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• pp.277-283
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• 2006

In this study, butane 100% was used as fuel to verify the real fuel effect such as vapor pressure variation due to temperature change. A MPI fuel injection system for V-6 engine, which has reverse 'L' type cross section to minimize the possibility of liquid phase injection, was composed and one bank was operated under sequential injection scheme. Flow rate were measured according to injection duration, interval, and pressure. Also occurring of liquid phase injection was monitored with varying vaporizer and fuel rail temperature. The result shows that basic characteristics of injection is a relatively difference between air and LPG injection. Under cold start condition, however, the occurrence of liquid injection becomes more severe as the pressure increases, and sufficiently high temperature both in vaporizer and fuel rail is very important to insure gaseous injection. In addition, the temperature of vaporizer plays more important role in keeping LPG vapor state and the reverse 'L' type cross section of the rail is available to prevent liquid injection.