• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2014

The Korean government plans to introduce the building energy performance standard which regulates the annual energy consumption of buildings. This paper aimed to set up the reference building from database based on the building design trends for non-residential buildings. We surveyed the design data of 435 non-residential buildings which were granted building permission from 2007 to 2011. And we conducted estimation on the heating & cooling load and the energy consumption of the reference building using ECO2 program. From results, the reference building of non-residential buildings was office building which had a total 7 floors and $20,838m^2$ gross floor area. And it suggests the design reference data of building envelope, HAVC, heat source equipment and lighting system for the reference building. The total annual energy use of the reference building was $151.9kWh/m^2yr$.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.559-569
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• 2017

Various studies examining how to conserve building energy have been conducted recently. From such studies it has been determined that insulation performance of an aircap is viable and therefore aircaps are used as material for improving insulation performance of windows. However, the aircap for improving insulation performance of a window is attached on the front, causing infringement of the prospect right. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop an aircap module attached to the window through rolling, conducting performance verification throughfull-scale testbed and verifying its effectiveness. Findings of this study are as follow : 1) The module suggested in this study enables setting of an area wherein the aircap is attached through rolling so that the aircap rolls up using Velcro tape, and an insulation bar is suggested to block the gap between the aircap and window glass. 2) When the aircap is applied to the window, consumption of lighting energy increased during summer and winter by 2.8%~16.4% and 0%~76.2% respectively in comparison to no aircap application, indicating that it is unsuitable for conserving lighting energy. 3) In terms of conserving cooling and heating energy, an advantageous or effective aircap attachment method is the method whereby an aircap is attached to the front surface of a window. However, the method whereby an aircap is attached to a part of a window and where no aircap is attached increases consumption of cooling and heating energy during summer and winter by 6.0%~35.7% and 2.7%~41.6% respectively in comparison to the method wherein an aircap is attached to the front surface of a window. 4) In consideration of conserving cooling, heating and lighting energy, the attachment of an aircap to the front surface of window is the most appropriate method, and it is appropriate to attach the aircap at a position that is 1,500 mm or higher from the floor to secure the prospect right and minimize energy loss.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.218-223
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• 2016

The calculation method of ground heat exchange in greenhouses has different ideas in each design standard, so there is a big difference in each method according to the size of greenhouses, it is necessary to establish a more accurate method that can be applied to the domestic. In order to provide basic data for the formulation of the calculation method of greenhouse heating load, we measured the soil temperature distribution and the soil heat flux in three plastic greenhouses of different size and location during the heating period. And then the calculation methods of ground heat exchange in greenhouses were reviewed. The soil temperature distributions measured in the heating greenhouse were compared with the indoor air temperature, the results showed that soil temperatures were higher than room temperature in the central part of greenhouse, and soil temperatures were lower than room temperature in the side edge of greenhouse. Therefore, it is determined that the ground heat gain in the central part of greenhouse and the perimeter heat loss in the side edge of greenhouse are occurred, there is a difference depending on the size of greenhouse. Introducing the concept of heat loss through the perimeter of building and modified to reflect the size of greenhouse, the calculation method of ground heat exchange in greenhouses is considered appropriate. It was confirmed that the floor heat loss measured by using soil heat flux sensors increased linearly in proportion to the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor. We derived the reference temperature difference which change the direction of ground heat flow and the perimeter heat loss factor from the measured heat flux results. In the heating design of domestic greenhouses, reference temperature differences are proposed to apply $12.5{\sim}15^{\circ}C$ in small greenhouses and around $10^{\circ}C$ in large greenhouses. Perimeter heat loss factors are proposed to apply $2.5{\sim}5.0W{\cdot}m^{-1}{\cdot}K^{-1}$ in small greenhouses and $7.5{\sim}10W{\cdot}m^{-1}{\cdot}K^{-1}$ in large greenhouses as design standard data.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.95-105
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• 2005

This study was carried out to file up using effect and requirement of energy for environmental design data of Pleurotus eryngii growing houses. Heating and cooling Degree-Hour (D-H) were calculated and compared for. some Pleurotus eryngii growing houses of sandwich-panel (permanent) o. arch-roofed(simple) type structures modified and suggested through field survey and analysis. Also thermal resistance (R-value) was calculated for the heat insulating and covering materials of the permanent and simple-type, which were made of polyurethane or polystyrene panel and $7\~8$ layers heat conservation cover wall. The variations of heating and cooling D-H simulated for Jinju area was nearly linearly proportional to the setting inside temperatures. The variations of cooling D-H was much more sensitive than those of heating D-H. Therefore, it was expected that the variations of required energy in accordance with setting temperature or actual temperature maintained inside of the cultivation house could be estimated and also the estimated results of heating and cooling D-H could be effectively used far the verification of environmental simulation as well as for the calculation of required energy amounts. When the cultivation floor areas are all equal, panel type houses to be constructed by various combinations of materials were found to by far more effective than simple type pipe house in the aspect of energy conservation maintenance except some additional cost invested initially. And also the energy effectiveness of multi-span house compared to single span together with the prediction of energy requirement depending on the level insulated for the wall and roof area could be estimated. Additionally, structural as well as environmental optimizations are expected to be possible by calculating periodical and/or seasonal energy requirements for those various combinations of insulation level and different climate conditions, etc.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.47-63
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• 2009

This study focused on changes in form and spatial uses of Urban Hanok in Bukchon, Seoul. There are 10 representative cases which have been renovated through the policy of 'Preservation & Regeneration of Bukchon' by Seoul metropolitan government and other experts. Changes in form and spatial uses of Urban Hanok in Buckon are as follows. First, Changes of scale. Trough removing extension parts, facade of renovated Hanoks are 'transformed' into recovering their identity. Using basements or lofts, intensive application of spaces is transformation which promotes the vitality of Hanoks. Second, changes of space organization. As Hanok changes its function from residence to commercial or cultural use, il a1so changes space character or reorganizes space organization. It is important that deciding function of Hanok has to adjust its scale and organization. Third, changes of construction performance. Through introducing new material and constructing method, performance of wall has been changed respecting its wooden structure and interior-exterior figure. However, technical studies must back it up not to destroy its value of eco-friendly architecture. Fourth, changes of facility systems, like floor heating system. They changes floor level of Hanok equally, and then sections of Hanok have became simple. Furthermore, inserting new facility space, such as boiler room, stand-up kitchen, bathroom and toilet, organization of space also changed. It is necessary that wise alternative proposal through the method of transformation or mutation must be presented. These four changes can be classification into method of 'transformation' and 'mutation'. Changes of scale are method of transformation and changes of space organization are method of mutation. Also, while changes of construction performance are mutation, changes of facility systems are transformation. Recently, as price of lots have been increased, a lot of Hanoks have been commercialized. Thc commercial energy threat 'the identity of Bukchon as residential area'. From now on, to operate 'identity' and 'vitality' complementary, it is necessary to make up for the preservation policy of Hanok and consolidate renovating standards of Hanok which correspond to character of particular region and building usage.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.115-127
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of change in the composition of indoor spaces in Korean-style houses which have been repaired and improved extensively through the 'Bukchon Improvement Project' and are being utilized for public purposes. For this, we conducted a field survey through visiting the house sites from the 5th to the 26th of May, 2006. Conclusions drawn from this study are as follows. Bukchon Korean-style houses maintain centripetal space composition, in which the rooms surround the court. Centering on the court, the hierarchy of spaces is determined, and the hierarchy of spaces and the composition of internal layout are restructured centering on the court and the main hall without change in direction and position. The main hall is sometimes converted to a room, but it maintains an open space relation with other spaces centering on the court, and therefore, even after its use has been changed, it is still the most Korean-style space. In addition, with floor heating, the common sitting-style life is maintained continuously although the rooms have been converted and standing-style furniture is used. In this way, publicly promoted policies for Korean-style houses are allowed within the limit that the appearance is maintained and the internal spaces do not change the overall structure. However, in order to maintain the tradition of Korean-style houses and utilize them as various spaces, the following supplementations are necessary. First, the main hall and the inner court of a Koreanstyle house should be utilized actively. The court sometimes keeps individuals' privacy or expands the space by extending the view to outdoor spaces, and is sometimes used as an open space through interconnection between the inside and the outside of the house. Second, consideration should be given to vertical spaces. Horizontal expansion causes a change of floor plan. Thus, space should be secured using various cross-sectional changes, such as a kitchen and a loft over the kitchen. Third, structure should be changeable in order to adjust the size of spaces. Thus, through research on traditional windows, we need to develop changeable walls that can be installed and removed easily according to the use of spaces.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.15-26
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• 2007

Immigrant workers in Korea who have a multi-cultural background are increasing a need is arising to support them with housing that considers their housing culture. The purpose of this study is to gather information to formulate a plan of ChoSun-Tribe Immigrant Workers in Korea. For this purpose, we investigated to the usage of domestic space and the seating style of ChoSun-Tribe members in China and Korea. Ethnographic research with a questionnaire was used to analyze 16 households in China and 17 in Korea. The study results were as follows. 1. Most of the ChoSun-Tribe members in China and Korea thought that the kitchen had to be separated from other areas and also they wanted to have a large kitchen in which they can work comfortably. 2. ChoSun-Tribe members in China used a bathroom as a laundry normally while and ChoSun-Tribe members in China and Korea didn't think that a bathtub was indispensable in the bathroom. 3. The most uncomfortable feature for ChoSun-Tribe members in Korea was having to use a toilet outside so a toilet should be considered inside of the house. 4. ChoSun-Tribe members in China and Korea were accustomed to sitting on the floor for their living usually and ChoSun-Tribe members in China used the living room as a multi-purpose room for the family. 5. A modified Ondol system using water pipes under the floor was gaining popularity in China and was the most desirable heating system for ChoSun-Tribe members in China and Korea also. 6. ChoSun-Tribe members in China and Korea all took off their shoes inside of the house for hygienic reasons so the space for taking on-off shoes was indispensable. 7. Housing for ChoSun-Tribe immigrant workers in Korea needs to be planned with a good environment lots of sunshine and better ventilation.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.314-320
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• 2001

In this paper, the properties of an expansive agent (CaO-CaS $O_4$) for dry shrinkage compensation were investigated by a series of experimental program, which might be used at On-Dol heating system as mortar type. The expansion principle of the CaO-CaS $O_4$ was mainly verified. As a result of this study, the correlation between the content of the expansive agent and the compressive strength was obtained in the form of exponential function(Y = A $e^{-x}$), showing that as the content of expansive agent increased as the expansion performance with the compressive strength increased by only a certain amount. Also, as a results of the analysis of a correlation between the expansive performance and the chemical properties which generally accompanied a part of quality management in manufacturing the expensive cement, the expansive performance was relative to only the contents of the F-CaO among chemical properties(Blaine, +44$\mu\textrm{m}$R, F-CaO, S $O_3$,L.O.I). And it was clarified that the results were relative to the second order function, showing that if the contents of the F-CaO increased the expansive performance Increased.d.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2011

On the view point of renewable energies as energy sources of district heating and cooling plant, the purpose of this study is to develop, classify and map the 500m${\times}$500m mesh, of which is treated as normal size in DHC regulations for evaluation process. Followings are the results. Various building and geographical informations including 13 districts and 108 counties are re-defined to create 500m${\times}$500m meshes, and it is find out that 3,289 meshes among 8,463 meshes have meaningful floor areas. Only 59 meshes(1.8%) are evaluated as mesh which has more than 50% of building volume ratio per mesh. 5 clusters classified by principal analysis and cluster analysis with building needs' characteristics are defined. Gwang-an Dong is representative of cluster 1 characterized as commercial area, and the cluster 4, 5 which has mainly residential needs are distributed in Yong-ho dong. Because there are a lot of cluster 3 meshes, which has complex needs area based on residential, cluster 3 could be defined as representative of Busan metropolitan city.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.131-143
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to understand the living culture of transnational married women and to analyze the out door play of children in their hometown. The data was collected through observation from 27th June to 7th July 2008 in Jian, Jilin Province China. The children's play and lifestyles were observed, and data pertaining to the culture of the people were collected by a teacher and staff. We also visited the residents for housing information. The results are given below. 1. They dressed in Korean clothes on festive days and the boys put on a hood. They had eating habits which included cooking for themselves or buying semi-manufactured goods but did not use, instant food. The housing habits involved a combination of cooking and heating by Korean floor heating system(Ondol). They utilized outdoor space to grow vegetables. Those with a fulltime job(teacher) preferred to live in an apartment but an apartment was too expensive. Public utility charges and traffic expenses were cheap. 2. The main festive days are the lunar New Year's Day and Chuseok. The children returned home and enjoyed the festive day with their parents. The language used are Korean language and Chinese. Some Korean words and phrases in Jian Joseonjok have different meanings as compared to how they are used in Korea. A capping ceremony did not to celebrate becoming an adult from an adolescent. Couples performed a wedding ceremony at a wedding hall attended by their parents and invited relatives from both families. The relatives gave the couple a wedding gift. They did not go on a wedding trip as it was not affordable but instead spent their wedding night at a hotel in this culture. When someone dies, they bury the body after cremation. They perform a memorial service for three years on the birthday of the departed. They have a banquet on the 60th birthdays with their relatives and neighbours and are typically presented with a carp for longevity. 3. They understand capitalism and therefore send their children to school to improve their social position. The Korean and Chinese languages are required subjects in school. The students choose a second language(English or Russian). They prefer English class but at the time of this study an English class was not offered at the school in Jian Joseonjok. Therefore the children entered a Chinese school. 4. The children play outdoor games such as Y$\acute{a}$o J$\grave{i}\bar{a}$(要家), X$\grave{i}$ang g$\grave{i}$(象棋), T$\grave{i}\grave{a}$o p$\acute{i}$ j$\grave{i}$n(r)(跳皮節), D$\grave{o}$uch ing g$\grave{u}$n 凍冷根, B$\bar{e}$i B$\bar{e}$i 背背, and soccer. They play games according to the season.