• 교육시설
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.48-55
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• 2006

This paper considered the situation of the school building facilities in the university classified by the campus characteristics. Data were collected from 224 universities campus of 180 4 year colleges. The results are as follows: 1) The floor area of school building facilities increases continuously in 2001-2003 in the campuses studied. The floor area of school building facilities per 1 student increase $15.85m^2$ in 2001, $17.62m^2$ in 2002, and $17.79m^2$ in 2003. 2) The floor area of school building facilities is distributed widely, also the floor area of school building facilities is below $130,000m^2$ and the floor area per 1 student is below $23m^2$ in 75% of the campuses studied. 3) The floor area of school building facilities per 1 student increases $16.07m^2$ in 2001, $17.41m^2$ in 2002 and $17.62m^2$ in 2003. 4) The floor area of school building facilities per 1 student is large but tends to decrease every year in the university of education. Medical, arts and physical type campus has the large floor area per 1 student and the distribution of area is wide owing to the campus having a hospital. The floor area per 1 student is large and the distribution of area is wide in the sub campus.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.288-292
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to improve the refuge safety area in the high-rise building type. Each simulation was conducted to evaluate the performance of three types in improving the refuge safety area. Targeting the first 63 floors (no refuge safety area), secondly, to target up to the $30^{th}$ floor (refuge safety area on the $30^{th}$ floor, $47^{th}$ floor) specified in domestic laws, and finally, the $20^{th}$ floor (evacuation safety area on the $20^{th}$ floor, $42^{th}$ floor) were considered as targets. Through this analysis, the following results were obtained : The floor for the refuge safety area through simulations showed that the evacuation time is low. It is necessary to improve the floor for the refuge safety area by using the characteristics of the domestic fire fighting vehicle. The first floor for the refuge safety area from the ground floor differs according to the distance and height of the building floor. However, in the case of a business facility it is 15F, and in the case of apartment housing, it is 20F.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.533-539
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• 2012

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of pelvic floor muscle contraction with image feedback on Abdominal muscle thickness. METHODS: Twenty three adults participated in this study. Abdominal muscle thickness was measured by ultrasound in three condition(rest, pelvic floor muscle contraction, pelvic floor muscle contraction with image feedback). Subjects was contraction pelvic floor muscle by general method. And ultrasound(convex probe, 3.5MHz) was used to image feedback for selective pelvic floor muscle contraction. One-way ANOVA was used to compare abdominal muscle thickness in three condition. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in external oblique(p=.514) and internal oblique muscle(p=.250) thickness by three condition. There was significant difference in transverse abdominis thickness by three condition (Transverse abdominis thickness was highest while Pelvic floor muscle contraction than pelvic floor muscle contraction with image feedback and rest.)(p=.000). CONCLUSION: This study shows that pelvic floor muscle contraction with image feedback increase the thickness of transverse abdominis lesser than general pelvic floor muscle contraction.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.237-255
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• 2015

From the related engineering principles, analytical solutions for horizontal crack initiation and propagation on a coal panel floor-underlying strata interface due to coal panel excavation are derived in this paper. Two important concepts, namely the critical panel width of horizontal crack initiation on the panel floor-underlying strata interface and the critical panel width of vertical fracture (crack) initiation in the panel floor, have been presented. The resulting analytical solution indicates that: (1) the first criterion can be used to express the condition under which horizontal plane cracks (on the panel floor-underlying strata interface or in the panel floor because of delamination) due to the mining induced vertical stress will initiate and propagate; (2) the second criterion can be used to express the condition under which vertical plane cracks (in the panel floor) due to the mining induced horizontal stress will initiate and propagate; (3) this orthogonal set of horizontal and vertical plane cracks, once formed, will provide the necessary weak network for the flow of gas to inrush into the panel. Two characteristic equations are given to quantitatively estimate both the critical panel width of vertical fracture initiation in the panel floor and the critical panel width of horizontal crack initiation on the interface between the panel floor and its underlying strata. The significance of this study is to provide not only some theoretical bases for understanding the fundamental mechanism of a longwall floor gas inrush problem but also a benchmark solution for verifying any numerical methods that are used to deal with this kind of gas inrush problem.

• 한국산업정보학회논문지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2018

국내 저상버스 서비스는 2004년부터 최근까지 이동이 불편하고 휠체어를 탑승한 교통약자를 위해 전국적으로 보급되고 있다. 하지만, 저상버스 운행 정보가 미비하여 교통약자가 이를 이용하기에는 어려운 점이 많은 실정이다. 따라서 휠체어를 탑승한 교통약자의 저상버스 이용률을 증가하기 위해 교통약자를 위한 저상버스 이용 서비스 개선이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 휠체어를 탑승한 교통약자의 저상버스 이용 서비스를 개선하기 위해 저상버스의 운행 정보와 탑승하고자 하는 저상버스에 탑승예약을 할 수 있는 서비스를 제공하기 위한 저상버스 탑승예약 시스템을 설계하고 구현하였다. 본 논문의 시스템을 적용하게 되면 저상버스를 이용하는 교통약자들에게 보다 좋은 서비스를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2022

Moving among multiple floors is one of the most challenging tasks for indoor autonomous robots. Most of the previous researches for indoor mapping and localization have focused on singular floor environment. In this paper, we present an algorithm that creates a multi-floor map using 3D point cloud. We implement localization within the multi-floor map using a LiDAR and an IMU. Our algorithm builds a multi-floor map by constructing a single-floor map using a LOAM-based algorithm, and stacking them through global registration that aligns the common sections in the map of each floor. The localization in the multi-floor map was performed by adding the height information to the NDT (Normal Distribution Transform)-based registration method. The mean error of the multi-floor map showed 0.29 m and 0.43 m errors in the x, and y-axis, respectively. In addition, the mean error of yaw was 1.00°, and the error rate of height was 0.063. The real-world test for localization was performed on the third floor. It showed the mean square error of 0.116 m, and the average differential time of 0.01 sec. This study will be able to help indoor autonomous robots to operate on multiple floors.

• 한국건설관리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건설관리학회 2008년도 정기학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.914-917
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 공동주택 바닥 나무 마루판 공사의 하자 사례를 조사하고 이중 가장 많은 발생빈도를 보이는 들뜸 현상에 대하여 원인분석 및 방지 방안을 검토하고자 하였다. 사례조사 결과 목질마루판 공사에서 하자요인으로써는 마루판 들뜸, 찍힘, 틈새, 갈라짐 등이 나타났고, 극중 마루판 들뜸 현상이 전체 하자비율의 72 %정도로서 가장 큰 문제점으로 나타났다. 마루판 들뜸현상이 발생하는 가장 큰 원인으로써 는 바닥 모르터의 건조수축과 목질마루판의 팽창을 특수 있는데, 모르터의 건조수축의 경우 바닥 모르터를 충분히 건조시키지 않은 상태에서 목질마루판을 시공함으로써 발생하게 되고, 목질 마루판의 팽창의 경우 목재 하지 및 주위 환경의 수분에 영향을 받아 발생하게 된다. 따라서, 목질마루판을 시공하기 전에 바닥 모르터의 양생시간을 충분히 고려하여 (약 4주간) 마루판 시공을 실시하고, 목질 마루판의 함수율이 목재 하지의 함수율로부터 4 %이상 벗어나지 않게 하며 목질마루판의 함수율을 5 % 이내로 관리하게 되면, 목질마루판의 가장 큰 문제점인 마루판 들뜸 현상은 방지할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국경영과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한산업공학회/한국경영과학회 1995년도 춘계공동학술대회논문집; 전남대학교; 28-29 Apr. 1995
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• pp.515-528
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• 1995

Slips and falls are the major causes of the pedestrian injuries in the industry and the general community throughout the world. With the awareness of these problems, the friction coefficients of the interface between floorings and footwear have been measured for the evaluation of slip resistant properties. During this measurement process, the surface texture has been shown to be substantially effective to the friction mechanism between shoe heels and floor surfaces under various types of walking environment. Roughness, either of the floor surface or shoe heels, provides the necessary drainage spaces. This roughness can be designed into the shoe heel but this is inadequate in some cases, especially a wear. Therefore, it is essential that the proper roughness for the floor surface coverings should be provided. The phenomena that observed at the interface between a sliding elastomer and a rigid contaminated floor surface are very diverse and combined mechanisms. Besides, the real surface geometry is quite complicate and the characteristics of both mating surfaces are continuously changing in the process of running-in so that a finite number of surface parameters can not provide a proper description of the complex and peculiar shoe - floor contact sliding mechanism. It is hypothesised that the interface topography changes are mainly occurred in the shoe heel surfaces, because the general property of the shoe is soft in the face of hardness compared with the floor materials This point can be idealized as sliding of a soft shoe heel over an array of wedge-shaped hard asperities of floor surface. Therefore, it is considered that a modelling for shoe - floor contact sliding mechanism is mainly depended upon the surface topography of the floor counterforce. With the model development, several surface parameters were measured and tested to choose the best describing surface parameters. As the result, the asperity peak density (APD) of the floor surface was developed as one of the best describing parameters to explain the ambiguous shoe - floor interface friction mechanism. It is concluded that the floor surface should be continuously monitored with the suitable surface parameters and kept the proper level of roughness to maintain the footwear slip resistance. This result can be applied to the initial stage of design for the floor coverings.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2020

This study analyzed the appropriate placement method by floor for evacuating all occupants during the nighttime through evacuation simulation. The analysis results are as follows. First, when non-self evacuating patients were placed on the first floor, 266 patients and 6 workers were found to be evacuated after 460 seconds. This result shows that it is meaningful to place non-self evacuating patients on the lower floor with a time that is faster than 540 seconds, which is an evaluation criterion set using life Safety standards for human. This result is a time faster than the evaluation criteria of 540 seconds, which is set using the life safety standards, and it can be confirmed that it is meaningful to place non-self evacuating patients on the lower floor. Next, as a result of placing non-self evacuating patients from the first floor to the fourth floor, it was found that evacuation of all occupants required 460 seconds for the first floor, 834 seconds for the second floor, 1,508 seconds for the third floor, and 1,915 seconds for the fourth floor. These results indicate that the placement of non-self evacuating patients on the rest of the floors, except for the first floor, can lead to dangerous results in excess of 540 seconds, which is a flashover time. As a result, it is necessary to place non-self evacuating patients on a lower floor for safe evacuation. The study has limitations except for comparative analysis of changes in evacuation time due to changes in the number of workers at eldery care hospitals and situations in which fire-fighting facilities such as sprinkler facilities operated. It is necessary to study the evacuation time linked to the operation of the fire-fighting facilities and the evacuation time according to the change in the number of workers in the future.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.149-156
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• 2014

최근 들어, 다층 건물 내 층간 위치 측위(Floor Determination)는 다양한 위치 기반 응용 서비스를 만족하기 위해 빠르게 해결해야 되는 문제가 되었다. 본 논문에서는 다층 건물 환경에서 Wi-Fi 신호를 기반으로 한 저복잡도 층간 위치 측위 기법을 제안한다. 제안 기법에서는 WAP(Wireless Access Point)에 대한 자세한 좌표 정보가 필요 없이, 사용자 단말기에 나온 각 WAP의 층수와 각 WAP의 수신 신호 세기(Received Signal Strength) 값만을 이용한다. 제안 기법의 성능을 검증하기 위해 본 논문에서는 Multi-Wall-Floor 모델을 사용하였으며, 모의실험 결과를 통해 각층의 WAP 배치 밀도가 충분히 높을 경우 제안 기법의 정확도가 100%에 도달함을 보였다. 그리고 각층의 WAP 수가 적은 경우에서도 우수한 층간 위치 측위 성능을 보였으며, 특히 심지어 WAP 가 하나도 없는 층이 있어도 층간 위치 측위가 가능한 것을 보임으로써 제안된 기법의 우수성을 확인하였다.