Majidha Fathima K. M.;M. Suganthi;N. Santhiyakumari
KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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v.17
no.8
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pp.2188-2208
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2023
Quality of Service (QoS) is a critical feature of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with routing algorithms. Data packets are moved between cluster heads with QoS using a number of energy-efficient routing techniques. However, sustaining high scalability while increasing the life of a WSN's networks scenario remains a challenging task. Thus, this research aims to develop an energy-balancing component that ensures equal energy consumption for all network sensors while offering flexible routing without congestion, even at peak hours. This research work proposes a Gravitational Blackhole Search Optimised splay tree routing framework. Based on the splay tree topology, the routing procedure is carried out by the suggested method using three distinct steps. Initially, the proposed GBSO decides the optimal route at initiation phases by choosing the root node with optimum energy in the splay tree. In the selection stage, the steps for energy update and trust update are completed by evaluating a novel reliance function utilising the Parent Reliance (PR) and Grand Parent Reliance (GPR). Finally, in the routing phase, using the fitness measure and the minimal distance, the GBSO algorithm determines the best route for data broadcast. The model results demonstrated the efficacy of the suggested technique with 99.52% packet delivery ratio, a minimum delay of 0.19 s, and a network lifetime of 1750 rounds with 200 nodes. Also, the comparative analysis ensured that the suggested algorithm surpasses the effectiveness of the existing algorithm in all aspects and guaranteed end-to-end delivery of packets.
Gao, Guangyong;Shi, Yun-Qing;Sun, Xingming;Zhou, Caixue;Cui, Zongmin;Xu, Liya
KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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v.10
no.9
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pp.4603-4624
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2016
In this paper, a new reversible watermarking algorithm with adaptive embedding threshold matrix is proposed. Firstly, to avoid the overflow and underflow, two flexible thresholds, TL and TR, are applied to preprocess the image histogram with least histogram shift cost. Secondly, for achieving an optimal or near optimal tradeoff between the embedding capacity and imperceptibility, the embedding threshold matrix, composed of the embedding thresholds of all blocks, is determined adaptively by the combination between the composite chaos and the average energy of Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) block. As a non-liner system with good randomness, the composite chaos is suitable to search the optimal embedding thresholds. Meanwhile, the average energy of IWT block is calculated to adjust the block embedding capacity, and more data are embedded into those IWT blocks with larger average energy. The experimental results demonstrate that compared with the state-of-the-art reversible watermarking schemes, the proposed scheme has better performance for the tradeoff between the embedding capacity and imperceptibility.
Composite beams with corrugated steel webs represent a new innovative system which has emerged in the past decade for medium span in the construction technology. The use of composite beams with corrugated steel webs results in a range of benefits, including flexible spaces and reduced foundation costs in the construction technology. The thin corrugated web affords a significant weight reduction of these beams, compared with hot-rolled or welded ones. In the current research, an optimal designed I-girder beam with corrugated web has been proposed to improve the structural performance of continuous composite girder under bending moment. The experimental program has been conducted for six simply supported composite beams with different loading conditions. The tested specimens are designed by using one of the stochastic techniques called hunting search algorithm. In the optimization process, besides the thickness of concrete slab and studs, corrugated web properties are considered as design variables. The design constraints are respectively implemented from Eurocode 3, BS-8110 and DIN 18-800 Teil-1. The last part of the study focuses on performing a numerical study on composite beams by utilizing finite element analysis and the bending behavior of steel girders with corrugated webs experimentally and numerically verified the results. A nonlinear analysis was carried out using the finite element software ANSYS on the composite beams which were modelled using the elements ten-node high order quadrilateral type.
By having accurate knowledge of the magnetic field distribution and the thrust calculation in linear synchronous motors, assessing the performance and optimization of the motor design are possible. In this paper, after carrying out a performance analysis of a single-sided wound secondary linear synchronous motor by varying the motor design parameters in a layer model and a d-q model, machine single- and multi-objective design optimizations are carried out to improve the thrust density of the motor based on the motor weight and the motor efficiency multiplied by its power factor by defining various objective functions including a flexible objective function. A genetic algorithm is employed to search for the optimal design. The results confirm that an overall improvement in the thrust mean, efficiency multiplied by the power factor, and thrust to the motor weight ratio are obtained. Several design conclusions are drawn from the motor analysis and the design optimization. Finally, a finite element analysis is employed to evaluate the effectiveness of the employed machine models and the proposed optimization method.
KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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v.12
no.9
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pp.4560-4575
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2018
Since smartphone contains various personal data, security is one of the important aspects in smartphone technologies. Up to now, various authentication techniques have been proposed to protect smartphones. The pattern lock on the Android system is one of the most widely used authentication methods for low-cost devices but it is known to be vulnerable to smudge attack or shoulder surfing attack. LG's smartphone uses its own technique, which is called "Knock Code." The knock code completes the authentication by touching the user defined area in turn on the screen. In this paper, we propose the new, enhanced version of knock code by adding the sliding operation and by using flexible area recognition. We conducted security analysis, which shows that under the same password size, the search space is overwhelmingly larger than the original algorithm. Also, by using the sliding operation, the proposed scheme shows resilience against smudge attacks. We implemented the prototype of our scheme. Experimental results show that compared with the original Knock Code and Android pattern lock, our scheme is more convenient while providing better security.
Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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v.18
no.3
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pp.193-200
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2012
Mobility is one of the most important issues for search and rescue robots. To increase mobility for small size robot we have focused on the mechanism and algorithm inspired from centipede. In spite of small size, using many legs and flexible long body, centipede can overcome high obstacles and move in rough terrains stably. This research focused on those points and imitated their legs and body that are good for obstacle negotiation. Based on similarity of a centipede's legs and tracks, serially connected tracks are used for climbing obstacles higher than the robot's height. And a centipede perceives environments using antennae on its head instead of eyes. Inspired from that, 3 IR sensors are attached on the front, top and bottom of the first module to imitate the antenna. Using the information gotten from the sensors, the robot decides next behavior automatically. In experiments, the robot can climb up to 45 cm height vertical wall and it is 600 % of the robot's height and 58 % of the robot's length.
Purpose: In spite of many arguments on the result of WHI (Women's Health Initiative) study, no one can deny the necessity for researches on the alternative treatment to HRT (hormone replacement therapy). In this study, the author wanted to investigate the method of precedent acupuncture RCTs (randomized controlled trials) to make out the appropriate acupuncture study design on postmenopausal and perimenopausal hot flashes in Korea. Methods: Precedent studies were investigated using Pubmed search and key-words "acupuncture and hot flash", "acupuncture and menopause", "acupuncture and vasomotor", limited to RCT, from 2000 to 2008 April. Results: As a result. 10 studies were searched. In the hereafter studies, multi-center clinical trials which consist of population group of postmenopausal and perimenopausal women that would be pre-stratified and more than 50 patients per treatment arm seem adequate. Sham control study can make out the proper consequence because many people are get used to acupuncture in Korea. Flexible choice of acupoints addressed an individual's symptoms using standardized algorithm is recommended. Treatment consist of 4 weeks' observation, 11 acupuncture sessions during 7 weeks, follow-up of 3 months or more after treatment and hot flash score as a primary outcome measure seem appropriate. After all, higher level of description according to global standard must be obtained in the study report and publishing. Conclusion: The researchers should develope the methodology of acupuncture clinical trial on the postmenopausal and perimenopausal hot flashes.
The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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v.23
no.2
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pp.1-6
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2023
The purpose of this study is to research and develop so that users who are gradually progressing in the popularization of smartphones and the calculation of agricultural quality can use more active and flexible applications than existing application fields. People use event management applications to remember what they need to do, and maps applications to get to their appointments on time. You will need to build a glue-delivered application that leverages the Maps API to be able to recommend the glove's path for events so that the user can use the application temporarily. By comparing and analyzing currently used calendar, map, and schedule applications, several Open Maps APIs were compared to supplement the weaknesses and develop applications that converge the strengths. The results of application development by applying the optimal algorithm for recommending traffic routes according to time and place for the schedule registered by the user are described.
Nowadays, XML has been favored by many companies internally and externally as a means of sharing and distributing data. there are many researches and systems for modeling and storing XML documents by an object-oriented method as for the method of saving and managing web-based multimedia document more easily. The representative tool for the object-oriented modeling of XML documents is UML (Unified Modeling Language). UML at the beginning was used as the integrated methodology for software development, but now it is used more frequently as the modeling language of various objects. Currently, UML supports various diagrams for object-oriented analysis and design like class diagram and is widely used as a tool of creating various database schema and object-oriented codes from them. This paper proposes an Efficinet Query Modelling of XML-GL using the UML class diagram and OCL for searching XML document which its application scope is widely extended due to the increased use of WWW and its flexible and open nature. In order to accomplish this, we propose the modeling rules and algorithm that map XML-GL. which has the modeling function for XML document and DTD and the graphical query function about that. In order to describe precisely about the constraint of model component, it is defined by OCL (Object Constraint Language). By using proposed technique creates a query for the XML document of holding various properties of object-oriented model by modeling the XML-GL query from XML document, XML DTD, and XML query while using the class diagram of UML. By converting, saving and managing XML document visually into the object-oriented graphic data model, user can prepare the base that can express the search and query on XML document intuitively and visually. As compared to existing XML-based query languages, it has various object-oriented characteristics and uses the UML notation that is widely used as object modeling tool. Hence, user can construct graphical and intuitive queries on XML-based web document without learning a new query language. By using the same modeling tool, UML class diagram on XML document content, query syntax and semantics, it allows consistently performing all the processes such as searching and saving XML document from/to object-oriented database.
Internet commerce has been growing at a rapid pace for the last decade. Many firms try to reach wider consumer markets by adding the Internet channel to the existing traditional channels. Despite the various benefits of the Internet channel, a significant number of firms failed in managing the new type of channel. Previous studies could not cleary explain these conflicting results associated with the Internet channel. One of the major reasons is most of the previous studies conducted analyses under a specific market condition and claimed that as the impact of Internet channel introduction. Therefore, their results are strongly influenced by the specific market settings. However, firms face various market conditions in the real worlddensity and disutility of using the Internet. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of various market environments on a firm's optimal channel strategy by employing a flexible game theory model. We capture various market conditions with consumer density and disutility of using the Internet.
shows the channel structures analyzed in this study. Before the Internet channel is introduced, a monopoly manufacturer sells its products through an independent physical store. From this structure, the manufacturer could introduce its own Internet channel (MI). The independent physical store could also introduce its own Internet channel and coordinate it with the existing physical store (RI). An independent Internet retailer such as Amazon could enter this market (II). In this case, two types of independent retailers compete with each other. In this model, consumers are uniformly distributed on the two dimensional space. Consumer heterogeneity is captured by a consumer's geographical location (ci) and his disutility of using the Internet channel (${\delta}_{N_i}$).
shows various market conditions captured by the two consumer heterogeneities.
(a) illustrates a market with symmetric consumer distributions. The model captures explicitly the asymmetric distributions of consumer disutility in a market as well. In a market like that is represented in
(c), the average consumer disutility of using an Internet store is relatively smaller than that of using a physical store. For example, this case represents the market in which 1) the product is suitable for Internet transactions (e.g., books) or 2) the level of E-Commerce readiness is high such as in Denmark or Finland. On the other hand, the average consumer disutility when using an Internet store is relatively greater than that of using a physical store in a market like (b). Countries like Ukraine and Bulgaria, or the market for "experience goods" such as shoes, could be examples of this market condition.
summarizes the various scenarios of consumer distributions analyzed in this study. The range for disutility of using the Internet (${\delta}_{N_i}$) is held constant, while the range of consumer distribution (${\chi}_i$) varies from -25 to 25, from -50 to 50, from -100 to 100, from -150 to 150, and from -200 to 200.
summarizes the analysis results. As the average travel cost in a market decreases while the average disutility of Internet use remains the same, average retail price, total quantity sold, physical store profit, monopoly manufacturer profit, and thus, total channel profit increase. On the other hand, the quantity sold through the Internet and the profit of the Internet store decrease with a decreasing average travel cost relative to the average disutility of Internet use. We find that a channel that has an advantage over the other kind of channel serves a larger portion of the market. In a market with a high average travel cost, in which the Internet store has a relative advantage over the physical store, for example, the Internet store becomes a mass-retailer serving a larger portion of the market. This result implies that the Internet becomes a more significant distribution channel in those markets characterized by greater geographical dispersion of buyers, or as consumers become more proficient in Internet usage. The results indicate that the degree of price discrimination also varies depending on the distribution of consumer disutility in a market. The manufacturer in a market in which the average travel cost is higher than the average disutility of using the Internet has a stronger incentive for price discrimination than the manufacturer in a market where the average travel cost is relatively lower. We also find that the manufacturer has a stronger incentive to maintain a high price level when the average travel cost in a market is relatively low. Additionally, the retail competition effect due to Internet channel introduction strengthens as average travel cost in a market decreases. This result indicates that a manufacturer's channel power relative to that of the independent physical retailer becomes stronger with a decreasing average travel cost. This implication is counter-intuitive, because it is widely believed that the negative impact of Internet channel introduction on a competing physical retailer is more significant in a market like Russia, where consumers are more geographically dispersed, than in a market like Hong Kong, that has a condensed geographic distribution of consumers. illustrates how this happens. When mangers consider the overall impact of the Internet channel, however, they should consider not only channel power, but also sales volume. When both are considered, the introduction of the Internet channel is revealed as more harmful to a physical retailer in Russia than one in Hong Kong, because the sales volume decrease for a physical store due to Internet channel competition is much greater in Russia than in Hong Kong. The results show that manufacturer is always better off with any type of Internet store introduction. The independent physical store benefits from opening its own Internet store when the average travel cost is higher relative to the disutility of using the Internet. Under an opposite market condition, however, the independent physical retailer could be worse off when it opens its own Internet outlet and coordinates both outlets (RI). This is because the low average travel cost significantly reduces the channel power of the independent physical retailer, further aggravating the already weak channel power caused by myopic inter-channel price coordination. The results implies that channel members and policy makers should explicitly consider the factors determining the relative distributions of both kinds of consumer disutility, when they make a channel decision involving an Internet channel. These factors include the suitability of a product for Internet shopping, the level of E-Commerce readiness of a market, and the degree of geographic dispersion of consumers in a market. Despite the academic contributions and managerial implications, this study is limited in the following ways. First, a series of numerical analyses were conducted to derive equilibrium solutions due to the complex forms of demand functions. In the process, we set up V=100, ${\lambda}$=1, and ${\beta}$=0.01. Future research may change this parameter value set to check the generalizability of this study. Second, the five different scenarios for market conditions were analyzed. Future research could try different sets of parameter ranges. Finally, the model setting allows only one monopoly manufacturer in the market. Accommodating competing multiple manufacturers (brands) would generate more realistic results.
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