• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제23권7호
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• pp.1004-1011
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• 2016

본 연구에서는 국내산 대추나무의 잎과 열매의 flavonoid 배당체를 조사하기 위하여 선행 연구된 인용문헌을 바탕으로 대추나무, 묏대추나무, 야생대추나무 등 대추나무속(Zizyphus)에 따른 flavonoid의 화학적 정보 수집 및 정리하여 대추나무속의 flavonoid 라이브러리를 제작하였다. 각 flavonoid 개별성분은 UPLC-DAD-QTOF-ESI/MS를 사용하여 분석하였으며 제작된 라이브러리의 정보를 이용하여 국내산 대추나무로부터 총 6종의 flavonoid를 확인하였다. 이를 통하여 국내산 대추나무 잎의 주요 성분은 quercetin 배당체인 rutin임을 확인하였고, 특히 quercetin 3-O-robinobioside 및 isoquercitrin는 구축된 라이브러리를 바탕으로 대추나무 잎에서는 처음 확인된 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구와 같이 대추나무속 flavonoid의 화합물 정보를 포함하여 제작한 라이브러리는 선행된 연구와의 차이점 판단을 가능하게 할 것으로 사료된다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.25-28
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• 1993

Our previous report demonstrated that certain flavonoid aglycones such as apigenin (flavone), quercetin, morin (flavonols), and biochanin A (isoflavone) showed in vivo antiinflammatory activity via topical and oral routes of adminstation. As a continual study, the various flavonoid glycosides have been evaluated in mouse ear edema assay using archidonic acid or croton-oil as a inflammagen. Flavonoids were orally administered (2 mg/mouse) and ear edema inhibition was measured. Significant antiinflammatory activities were found esepcially in flavone and flavonol glycosides (15-29% inhibition) although the flavonoid derivatives tested showed less antiinflammatory activity than hydrocortisone or indomethacin. Chalcone and flavanone derivatives were not significantly active. And in general, flavonol glycosides of kaempferol-type were found to have a higher oral antiinflammatory activity than that of flavonol glycosides of quercetin-type in mice.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.193-198
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• 2000

Phytochemical study of the constitutive polyphenolics of the flower aqueous alcohol extract of Tamarix tetragyna was carried out. The new sulphated flavonol, quercetin 3',4'-dimethyl ether $3-O-KSO_3$ as well as the new natural galloyl glucose, $2-O-galloyl-({\alpha}/{\beta})-^4C_1-glucopyranose$ were isolated and characterized. The known sulphated flavonols, kaempferol 7,4-dimethyl ether $3,5-di-O-KSO_3$, quercetin 7-methyl ether $3,3',4'-tri-O-KSO_3$, quercetin 7,4'-dimethyl ether $3-O-KSO_3$ and quercetin $3-O-KSO_3$ and the known sulphated phenolics, isoferulic acid $3-O-KSO_3$ and ellagic acid 4,4'-dimethyl ether $3-O-KSO_3$ were also separated and identified. The structures were established by conventional methods of analysis and confirmed by $^1H-,\;^{13}C-NMR$ and negative ESI-mass spectrometry. 2D-homonuclear chemical shift correlation NMR experiment was applied for the new natural galloylglucose.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.170-178
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• 2000

Flavonoids are natural polyphenolic compounds widely distributed in plant kingdom. Although many flavonoids were found to show anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in vivo, the potency of anti-inflammatory activity was not enough for a clinical trial. Thus, a search for finding potential flavonoid molecules is continuing. In this review, in vivo anti-inflammatory activity of various flavonoid derivatives is summarized mainly based on the results obtained in authors' laboratories. Among them, several biflavonoids such as amentoflavone and ginkgetin were found to possess anti-inflammatory activity on animal models of acute/chronic inflammation comparable to nonsteroidal and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs currently used. In respect of their action mechanisms, the effects on arachidonic acid metabolism and nitric oxide production were described. Some flavonoids directly inhibit cyclooxygenase and/or lipoxygenase. Biflavones such as ochnaflavone and ginkgetin are inhibitors of phospholipase $A_2$. In recent studies, certain flavonoids were also found to suppress cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression induced by inflammatory stimuli. Therefore, it is suggested that anti-inflammatory activity of the certain flavonoids (mainly flavones, flavonols and biflavonoids) may be mediated by direct inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes as well as suppression of the enzyme expression involved in inflammatory responses.

• 생약학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.201-210
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• 1992

Scutellariae plants contain a large number of flavonoids and in addition, many of them are with unusual A- and/or B-ring substitutions. The total number of flavonoids reported up to the middle of 1991 are 137 including 89 of flavones, flavonols and their glycosides including 3 C-glycosides$(1{\sim}89)$, 39 of flavanones, dihydroflavonols and their glycosides $(90{\sim}128)$, 8 of chalcones $(129{\sim}136)$ and one biflavonoid, 8, 8'-bibaicalein(137). More than half of the flavonoids are with either unusual 5-metboxy(2'-methoxy in case of chalcones) in A-ring and/or 2'-oxygenation(2-oxygenation in case of chalcones) in B-ring substitutions. Four flavones, four flavanones and two chalcones are with methylation at 5-OH(2'-OH in case of chalcones) and six of them also have 2'-oxygenations(2- in case of chalcones). Sixtyeight out of total 137 flavonoids have oxygenated substitution at 2'-(2- in case of chalcones) position of B-ring and in addition, 27 of them have another oxygen function at 6'-(6- in case of chalcones) and 18 of them have additional oxygen substitutions either at 3'-, 5'-,3',6'-or 3', 4', 5'-(3, 4, 5- in case of chalcones) positions. The distribution and isolation of flavonoid components of Scutellariae plants are tabulated with references.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.387-390
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• 2009

Microbial UDP-glycosyltransferases can convert many small lipophilic compounds into glycons using uridine-diphosphate-activated sugars. The glycosylation of flavonoids affects solubility, stability, and bioavailability. The gene encoding the UDP-glycosyltransferase from Bacillus cereus, BcGT-3, was cloned by PCR and sequenced. BcGT-3 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) with a glutathione S-transferase tag and purified using a glutathione S-transferase affinity column. BcGT-3 was tested for activity on several substrates including genistein, kaempferol, luteolin, naringenin, and quercetin. Flavonols were the best substrates for BcGT-3. The enzyme dominantly glycosylated the 3-hydroxyl group, but the 7-hydroxyl group was glycosylated when the 3-hydroxyl group was not available. The kaempferol reaction products were identified as kaempferol-3-O-glucoside and kaempferol-3,7-O-diglucoside. Kaempferol was the most effective substrate tested. Based on HPLC, LC/MS, and NMR analyses of the reaction products, we conclude that BcGT-3 can be used for the synthesis of kaempferol 3,7-O-diglucose.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.51-60
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• 2006

가래나무 수피를 채취하여 건조시킨 후 분말로 제조하고 3.2 kg을 아세톤-물(7:3, v/v) 혼합용액으로 추출하여 유기용매를 제거한 후 헥산, 메틸렌클로라이드, 에틸아세테이트 및 물을 사용하여 네 개로 분획하고 에틸아세테이트 및 수용성 분획물에 대하여 칼럼 크로마토그래피를 수행하였으며 용리용매로는 메탄올 수용액과 에탄올-헥산 혼합액을 사용하였다. 그 결과 flavanol 화합물인 pinobanksin, taxifolin 및 ampelopsin, flavonol 화합물인 kaempferol, quercetin 및 myricetin 과 flavone glycoside 화합물인 afzelin, astragalin, quercitrin, isoquercitrin 및 myricitrin을 단리하였으며 NMR 및 MS 스펙트럼을 이용하여 구조를 결정하였다.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.13-16
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• 2008

Five anthraquinones, emodin (1), ${\omega}$-hydroxyemodin (2), chrysophanol-8-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside (3), emodin-8-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside (4), and physcion-8-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside (5), and five flavonoids, kaempferol-3-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside (6), quercetin (7), quercitrin (8), isoquercitrin (9), and (+)-catechin (10), were isolated from the EtOAc-soluble extract of the fruits of Rumex japonicus. The structures of 1-10 were identified by spectroscopic methods including NMR studies. This is the first report on the isolation of compounds 3-5 from this plant. The isolates were subjected to in vitro bioassays to evaluate their inhibitory activities on the rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR), among which two anthraquinones (1 and 4), and five flavonols (5-9) showed significant activities on RLAR.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.1280-1285
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• 2005

Using the nodY::lacZ fusion system in Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA 110, 22 flavonoids, which have structurally different features, were tested to define the role of the substituted functional groups as an inducer or inhibitor for the nod gene expression. A functional ,group of 4'-OH on the B-ring and the double bond between 2-C and 3-C on the C ring were required to induce the nod gene expression in B. japonicum USDA 110. In the case of isoflavones, the 4'-methoxyl group, which blocks the open 4'-OH functional group, did not significantly lower inducing activity, as compared with isoflavones with 4'-OH. However, all flavonols tested, which have a 3-OH functional group on the C-ring, did not induce, but inhibited the nod gene expression. Flavone, 7-hydroxyflavone, and kaempferol (5,7,4'-trihydroxyflavonol) at $1\;{\mu}M$ concentration significantly inhibited the nod gene expression induced by 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone. However, 7-hydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone at $1\;{\mu}M$ concentration showed a synergistic effect with genistein and 7,4'-dihydroxyflavone on the induction activity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.283-292
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• 2012

Flavonoids have been hypothesized to reduce the risk of chronic diseases, but the lack of a flavonoid database hampered epidemiological studies addressing this issue in Korea. In this study, we developed a flavonoid database, based on a systematic review. A total of 1549 food items containing flavonoids were selected using the Korean Nutrient Database. Among them, flavonoid contents for only 649 food items were evaluated with analytical values and the remaining 900 items were replaced with adaptations or calculations from similar items. The developed flavonoid database covered 93.2% of fruits and fruit juices, 76.1% of vegetables, 98.4% of legumes and legume products, and 85.0% of all plant foods overall (1,549 items) as reported by the 24-hr dietary recall method regarding the 2008 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We found that this flavonoid database, overall, included 95.6% of all mainly consumed plant foods by Koreans. This flavonoid database is expected to be useful in regards to the correlation study of flavonoid intake and chronic diseases.