• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.19-26
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to classify roof styles about high-rise apartment complexes in these days. Specially, it is focused on those in Daegu city. It has analyzed for 75 apartment complexes in Daegu city. Those complexes are all over 300 houses each and were built from 2004 to 2007. Generally, roof styles about high-rise apartment complexes are classed as a flat roof style and a slope-sided roof style. Types of the flat roof style were divided a flat roof style and a eyebrows roof style. And, types of the slope-sided roof style were divided a single slope-sided roof style, a gable roof style, and a hipped roof style. The curved roof style didn't show up at these cases. According to this study, the slope-sided roof style including the gable roof style was revealed the most common roof style about high-rise apartment complexes in Daegu city from 2004 to 2007. Among 76 cases of roof styles, the number of the gable roof style is 52, and the number of flat roof style is 18. Each roof style was changed for more decorative shape. Specially, in case of the flat roof style, 17 cases for 18 cases are built as a decorative flat roof style. and, 15 for 52 gable roof style cases are built as a decorative style, too. According this case study, we are able to know that the sort of roof style was advanced variously and decoratively, and the shape of roof style was combined more than 2 decorative factors. The roof style of high-rise apartment complex in future will be more various and decorative than this time and will be develop compositively.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.289-294
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• 2002

Cellulose production by Acetobacter pasteurianus was investigated in static culture using four bioreactors with silicone rubber membrane submerged in the medium. The shape of the membrane was flat sheet, flat sack, tube and cylindrical balloon. Production rate of cellulose as well as its yield on consumed glucose by the bacteria grown on the flat type membranes was approximately ten-fold greater than those on the non-flat ones in spite of the same membrane thickness. The membrane reactor using flat sacks of silicone rubber membrane as support of bacterial pellicle can supply greater ratio of surface to volume than a conventional liquid surface culture and is promising for industrial production of bacterial cellulose in large scale.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• autumn
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• pp.237-242
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• 1999

In this study, a design method using plane actuator is developed to make new speaker system, whose shape is much thinner than that of conventional loudspeaker. Piezofilm(PVDF) is used as plane actuator of flat speaker. To avoid the distortion of sound radiated from flat speaker, the frequency response of radiated sound to be flat is taken as the design objective. The electrode pattern and orientation angle of piezofilm actuator is optimized to satisfy the design objective. The formulation is based on the coupled finite element and boundary element method. Genetic algorithm is used in the optimization process, which is useful in the optimization of discrete design variables. Frequency response with optimized piezofilm actuator is made flat enough to satisfy the design objective. For the enhancement of sound power, double-layered piezofilm actuators are also considered. The sound power with double-layered actuator becomes larger than that with single-layered actuator as expected.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.124-129
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• 1999

In this study, a design method for the flat sound radiator is developed to make new sound radiator system, whose shape is much thinner than that of conventional loudspeaker. Piezofilm (PVDF) is used as actuators of flat sound radiator. To avoid the distortion of sound radiated from flat sound radiator, the frequency response of radiated sound to be flat is taken as the design objective. The electrode pattern and orientation angle of piezofilm actuator is optimized to satisfy the design objective. The formulation is based on the coupled finite element and boundary element method. Genetic algorithm is used in the optimization process, which is useful in the optimization of discrete design variables. Frequency response with optimized piezofilm actuator is made flat enough to satify the design objective. For the enhancement of sound power, double-layered piezofilm actuators are also considered. The sound power with double-layered actuator becomes larger than that with single-layered actuator as expected.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Mechanical Technology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2011

The flat type automotive cross members with high strength steel have advantages in light weight and fewer parts compared to the hump type cross members. But the complex part shape of the flat type cross member and the poor formability of high strength steel make it difficult to form the parts without forming defects, such as splits and wrinkles. The purpose of this study is to develop the flat type automotive cross member with high strength steel. For that purpose, drawing processes are evaluated using PAM-$STAMP^{TM}$ and proper draw die and blank designs are proposed. Using the proposed die and blank design, the flat type upper and lower cross member could be formed successfully without forming defects.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.672-678
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• 2014

We propose a method to estimate the 3-D shape of surfaces with specular reflection, using a model of the difference in appearance between images reflected from a flat surface and a curved surface. First, we analyze the geometry of spatial reflection from a specular surface and how reflected light varies due to a curved surface. This is used to estimate 3-D shape. The proposed method is shown to be effective in experiments using illumination from spatially distributed light sources and a camera capturing the reflected light from curved, specular surfaces.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.181-196
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• 2016

This study intended to suggest criteria for selection of subjects by lower body shape types necessary for evaluating slacks. For this, the characteristics were examined by lower body parts which would influence the fit of slacks on 3D human body shape data of the front and sides of the lower body for lower body shaping. The frequency of subjects by lower body shape types and the boundary points for discrimination of each type were suggested so that they could be available in selecting subjects. Using the data from Size Korea(2004), indirect measurement values measured on the front and sides of the lower body among 3D human body shape data of 175 subjects were analyzed. Their height, waist, and hip circumference fell under the range of standard deviation based on the mean of women aged 18~24 years, and then lower body shaping was conducted by combining the front and side shapes of the lower body. The front of the lower body was classified into four sections: average waist/average hip type(F1), average waist/narrow hip tyle(F2), narrow waist/narrow hip type(F3) and narrow waist/wide hip type(F4) and the sides of the lower body were divided into four sections: average abdomen/average hip type(S1), flat abdomen/average hip type(S2), average abdomen/protrude hip type(S3)and round abdomen/flat hip type(S4), and thus total 16 lower body types were created by cross analysis. Besides, discriminant analysis suggested the boundary points for each shape type of the front and sides of the lower body as a criterion for deciding lower body shape type of each subject

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.946-957
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• 2012

The objective of this paper is to investigate into the development of a thin flat panel photo-bioreactor case with characteristics shapes. The thin flat panel photo-bioreactor case was designed to be manufactured from a plastic thermoforming process. A proper design with a relatively high rigidity was obtained through the structural analyses for different designs of the photo-bioreactor case. The thermoforming analyses were performed. From the results of the thermoforming analyses, a proper forming condition and the formability of the designed plastic photo-bioreactor case were estimated. The thermoforming moulds for the flat panel photobioreactor cases were manufactured. The thermoforming experiments were performed to examine the manufacturability of the designed flat panel photo-bioreactor cases. From the results of the thermoforming experiments, it was shown that thin flat panel photo-bioreactor cases with characteristic shapes can be manufactured from the designed thermoforming mould and process.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.194-202
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• 2006

In the present study, stiffness prediction methodologies for flat-plate structures were evaluated in comparison with the experimental results on the full-scale slab-column connections of flat-plate structures. The methodologies are as follows: the methodology proposed by Jacob S. Grossman and the methodology proposed by Choi & Song. The former does not predict the stiffness change of the slab-column connection due to the change in the column section shape and the latter overestimates the stiffness when edge length of the column section in the loading direction is long. In the present study, the equation to calculate the effective width of slabs was modified to reflect the effect of the change in the column section shape.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.575-578
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• 2000

Die design to minimize the die wear in the cold forging process is very important as it reduce the production cost and the increase of the production rate. The quantitative estimation for the die wear is too hard because the prediction of the die wear is determined with many process variables. So, in this paper, the optimal shape of the backward extrusion punch is newly designed through the FE-analysis considering the surface expansion and Archard's wear model in order to reduce the rapid wear rate that is generated for the backward extrusion product exceeding the forming limit. The main shape variables of the backward extrusion punch are the flat, angle, and round of the punch nose part. As the flat and angle of the punch nose are larger, the surface expansion is reduced. and, the wear rate is decreased according to the reduction of the punch round. These results obtained through this study are applied to the real manufacturing process, it is implemented the reduction of the wear rate.