• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.19 no.4 s.68
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• pp.69-73
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• 2004

The flash point is one of the most important combustible properties used to determine the potential for the fire and explosion hazards of industrial material and the fire point is the temperature of the flammable liquid at which there will be flaming combustion, sustained 5 seconds in response to the pilot flame. In this study, the flash point and fire point were measured to present raw data of the flammable risk assessment for alcohols, using Tag open-cup apparatus(ASTM D 1310-86). The measured values were compared with the calculated values based on 0.78 times stoichiometric concentration. The values calculated by the proposed equations were in good agreement with the measured values.

• Clean Technology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.279-285
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• 2020

Laboratories and industrial processes typically involve the use of flammable substances. An important property used to estimate fire and explosion risk for a flammable liquid is the flash point. In this study, flash point data at 101.3 kPa were determined using a SETA closed cup flash point tester on the following solvent mixtures: {2,2,4-trimethylpentane + methylcyclohexane}, {2,2,4-trimethylpentane + ethylbenzene}, and {2,2,4-trimethylpentane + p-xylene}. The purpose of this work is to obtain flash point data for binary mixtures of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane with three hydrocarbons (methylcyclohexane, ethylbenzene, and p-xylene), which are representative compounds of the main aromatic hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum. The measured flash points are compared with the predicted values calculated using the GE models' activity coefficient patterns: the Wilson, the Non-Random Two-Liquid (NRTL), and the UNIversal QUAsiChemical (UNIQUAC) models. The non-ideality of the mixture is also considered. The average absolute deviation between the predicted and measured lower flash point s is less than 1.99 K, except when Raoult's law is calculated. In addition, the minimum flash point behavior is not observed in any of the three binary systems. This work's predicted results can be applied to design safe petrochemical processes, such as identifying safe storage conditions for non-ideal solutions containing volatile components.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.11-17
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• 2013

For the safe handling of n-undecane, the lower flash points and the upper flash point, fire point, AITs (auto-ignition temperatures) by ignition delay time were experimented. Also lower and upper explosion limits by using measured the lower and upper flash points for n-undecane were calculated. The lower flash points of n-undecane by using closed-cup tester were measured $59^{\circ}C$ and $67^{\circ}C$. The lower flash points of n-undecane by using open cup tester were measured $67^{\circ}C$ and $72^{\circ}C$, respectively. The fire point of n-undecane by using Cleveland open cup tester was measured $74^{\circ}C$. This study measured relationship between the AITs and the ignition delay times by using ASTM E659 apparatus for n-undecane. The experimental AIT of n-undecane was $198^{\circ}C$. The estimated lower and upper explosion limit by using measured lower flash point $59^{\circ}C$ and upper flash point $83^{\circ}C$ for n-undecane were 0.65 Vol.% and 2.12 Vol.%.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.20 no.3 s.63
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• pp.29-34
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• 2006

The flash and fire point are the most important combustible properties used to determine the potential for the fire and explosion hazards of flammable material. The flash point is defined as the lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid gives off sufficient vapor to form an ignitable mixture with air near its surface or within a vessel. The fire point is the temperature of the flammable liquid at which there will be flaming combustion, sustained 5 seconds in response to the pilot flame. In this study, the flash points and fire points were measured to present raw data of the flammable risk assessment for acids, using Pensky-Martens Closed Cup(C.C.) apparatus (ASTM-D93) and Tag Open-cup (O.C.) apparatus(ASTM D 1310-86). The measured fire points were compared with the estimated values based on 1.11 times stoichiometric concentration. The values calculated by the proposed equation were in good agreement with measured values.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2003

In this paper, computer simulation was used for researching into the estimate of flash over result from compartment fire and the characteristics operation of sprinkler RTI. Computing simulation, we analyzed and verified the path of the flame in compartment fire and the adaptation of sprinkler system concerned with sprinkler RTI.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.65-69
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• 2008

An accurate knowledge of the flash point is important in developing appropriate preventive and control measures in industrial fire protection. The lower flash points for the n-propanol+formic acid system were measured by Pensky-Martens closed cup apparatus. This binary mixture exhibited MFPB (minimum flash point behavior), which leads to the minimum on the flash point vs composition curve. The Raoult's law and optimization method using Wilson equation were used to predict the lower flash points and were compared with experimental data. The calculated values based on the optimization method were found to be better than those based on the Raoult's law.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.45-50
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• 2015

The flash point is one of the most important properties for characterizing the fire and explosion hazard of liquid solutions. In this study, a Tag open-cup apparatus was used to measure the flash points of two flammable binary mixtures, n-decane + n-octanol and acetic acid + n-butanol. The flash point temperature was estimated using the UNIFAC (Universal Functional Activity Coefficient) group contribution model and optimization method. The experimentally derived flash point was also compared with the predicted flash point. The two methods can estimate the flash point fairly well for the n-decane + n-octanol and acetic acid + n-butanol systems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.62-67
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• 2014

This study was performed to analyze the vulnerability of the situation in which combat system is shot by external projectile impacts. In developing combat system, it is vital to consider the survivability as well as its mission capability because it is directly connected with loss of lives. Especially, when the parts which are susceptible to fire are shot under battle situation, the system is exposed to the dangerousness and the situation when the parts such as fuel tanks are impacted by external projectile impacts can lead to flash fire as a result of the leakage of fuel. Therefore, in this study the possibility of flash fire was calculated by analyzing a variety of variables supposing that fuel tank in the combat system is shot. The aim of this study is to suggest effective methods in the basic steps when combat system is designed.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.1-6
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• 2015

Flash point is one of the most important variables used to characterize fire and explosion hazard of liquids. The lower flash point data were measured for the binary systems {methanol + 1-butanol}, {ethanol + 1-butanol} and {2-propanol + 1-butanol} at 101.3 kPa. Experiments were performed according to the standard test method (ASTM D 3278) using a SETA closed cup flash point tester. The measured flash points were compared with the predicted values calculated using the following activity coefficient models: Wilson, Non-Random Two Liquid (NRTL), and UNIversal QUAsiChemical (UNIQUAC). The measured FP data agreed well with the predicted values of Raoult's law, Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC models. The average absolute deviation between the predicted and measured lower FP was less than 1.14 K.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.70-76
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• 2012

For the safe handling of n-tetradecane, the lower flash points and the upper flash point, fire point, AITs (auto-ignition temperatures) by ignition delay time were experimented. Also lower and upper explosion limits by using measured the lower and upper flash points for n-tetradecane were calculated. The lower flash points of n-tetradecane by using closed-cup tester were measured $104^{\circ}C$ and $112^{\circ}C$. The lower flash points and fire point of n-tetradecane by using open cup tester were measured $113^{\circ}C$ and $115^{\circ}C$, respectively. This study measured relationship between the AITs and the ignition delay times by using ASTM E659 apparatus for n-tetradecane. The experimental AIT of n-tridecane was $207^{\circ}C$. The calculated lower and upper explosion limit by using measured lower $104^{\circ}C$ and upper flash point $140^{\circ}C$ for n-tetradecane were 0.63 Vol.% and 3.18 Vol%.