• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 1993

The barley plant for whole crop forage is advantageous to have traits with higher photosynthetic rate, biomass, lodging resistance, and awnless spikes. The objective of this study is to investigate performance of near-isogenic line pairs for the awned and awnless in the field, and to observe the variations in photosynthetic rate, yield and their related traits under removal of flag leaf and awns. Grain yield was 6% higher, but biomass and photosynthetic rate were 6～16% and 6% lower in the awned line than those in the awnless grown in the field ,respectively. Defoliation of flag leaf resulted in approximately 3～4%, and 5～6% decreases in 1,000 kernels and grain weights, respectively. Deawning at the heading stage of the long awned line decreased 1,000 kernels and grain weights by 7% and 15%, respectively, The removal of both assimilative tissues caused 14 and 21% decrements in 1,000 kernels and grain weights. Apparent photosynthetic rate of leaf blade in awnless line was 6.1 -9. 7 $CO_2$$_2$ ${\mu}$mole $m^{-2}$ $s{-1}$, much higher than that in awned line. The relative rates in the second and third leaves were about 93% and 55～63%, respectively as compared with that in the flag leaf. The results of the experiments suggest that the awnless line selected for whole crop forage is a potential plant type with higher photosynthetic rate, leaf area and greater biomass.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1989.05a
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• pp.46-47
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• 1989

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-35
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• 1969

Attempts were made to obtain the fundamental knowledge on the quantitative constitution status of leaves and stem of elongating node-part, and the relationships between these morphological characteristics along with the nitrogen contents of leaves and grain yield were examined varing application amounts of nitrogen in rice plant. I. The agronomic characteristics of leaves and nodes of elongation node-part (4-node parts from the top of stem) were observed at heading stage with 20 leading rice varieties of Kang Won district. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Leaf area magnitude of the flag and the fourth leaf was smaller than that of the second and the third with the average value of flag leaf 18.61 $cm^2$, the second leaf 21.84 $cm^2$, the third 21.52 $cm^2$ and the fourth 18.56 $cm^2$. The weight of leaf blade showed an isotonic tendency with the magnitude of leaf area with the value of the flag leaf 97.0 mg, the second leaf 117.1 mg, the third 115.4 mg, and the fourth 95.3 mg. The weight of each leaf sheath was remarkably larger at the higher node-part than at the lower node-part of the stem with the value of flag leaf sheath 176.3 mg, the second 163.7 mg, the third 163.4 mg and the fourth 123.9 mg. Accordingly, the total leaf weight of each part was larger at the second and the third leaf than at the first and the fourth. Total plant weight of each part (weight of leaf blade, leaf sheath, and culm) also was larger at the middle node-part. 2. Coefficients of variation for the varietal differences of the morphological characteristics of elongating node-part were 12.75% for the leaf area, 15.29% for the weight of leaf blade, 15.90%, for the weight of leaf sheath, 11.42% for the weight of internode, 15.45% for the leaf weight (leaf blade ＆ leaf sheath) and 13.24% for the straw weight. And these coefficient values of the most characteristics were, on the whole, smaller at the second and the third node-part than at the first and the fourth node-part, but the coefficient value of the internode weight was rather small at the third and fourth node-part. 3. Constitutional ratio of each plant organ to the total plant weight in term of dry matter weight (excluding head and root wight) was 39.2% for the leaf sheath, 34.2% for the culm, 26.6% for the leaf blade. And ocnstitutional ratio of leaf sheath in term of dry matter weight was larger at the higher position in contrast with that of culm. 4. Average weight ration of leaf blade to culm, leaf sheath to culm, leaf blades to sheath and the leaf blades to culm plus leaf sheath were 77.7 %, 114.5%, 67.9% and 36.2%, respectively. With regard to the position of the plant organ, the weight ratio of leaf blade to culm and that of leaf sheath to culm were larger at higher part in contrast with that of leaf blade to leaf sheath. 5. Generally, there founded deep relationships between grain yield and each morphological characteristics of plant organ of elongating node-part as follows; Correlation coefficient between total area of 4 leaves (from flag to the fourth leaf) and grain yield was ${\gamma}$=0.666$^{**}$ In regard to the position of leaves, correlation coefficient values of flag, the second, the third and the fourth leaf were ${\gamma}$=0.659$^{**}$, ${\gamma}$=0.609$^{**}$, ${\gamma}$=0.464$^{*}$ and ${\gamma}$=0.523$^{*}$, respectively. Correlation coefficient between total weight of leaf blades and the grain yield was ${\gamma}$=0.678$^{**}$. In regard to the position of leaves, that of flag leaf was ${\gamma}$=0.691$^{**}$, and ${\gamma}$=0.654$^{**}$ for the second leaf, ${\gamma}$=0.570$^{**}$ for the third, and ${\gamma}$=0.544$^{**}$ for the fourth. Correlation between the weight of leaves (blade weight plus sheath weight) and the grain yield showed similar values. In the relationship between plant weight and grain yield there also was significant correlation, but with highly significant value only for the first node-part. There appeared correlation between total weight of leaf sheath and grain yield with the value of ${\gamma}$=0.572$^{**}$ and in regard to the position of each leaf sheath the values were ${\gamma}$=0.623$^{**}$ for the flag leaf, ${\gamma}$=0.486$^{**}$ for the second leaf, ${\gamma}$=0.513$^{**}$ for the third, ${\gamma}$=0.450$^{**}$ for the fourth. However, there was no significant correlation between culm weight and grain yield. 6. With respect to in gain yield, varietal differences in magnitude of leaf area, weight of leaf blade, leaf weight per unit area, weight of leaf sheath, culm weight, total leaf and stem weight were larger in the case of high yielding varieties and decreased in accordance with decreasing yield. And this tendency also was shown in the varietal differences of magnitude of each part. Variation in magnitude of each part for the leaf area, weight of leaf blade, culm weight was significantly small in high yielding varieties compared to low yielding varieties. 7. Plant constitutional ratio of each organ of the elongating node-part in term of weight magnitnde varied to som extent according to varieties indicating leaf blade 27.6%, leaf sheath 39.5%, culm 32.9% in the case of high yielding varieties, leaf blade 25.5%, leaf sheath 38.1%, culm 36.4% in the case of low yielding varieties, and medium yielding varieties showed intermadiate values. 8. Far higher values of the weight ration of leaf blade to culm and leaf sheath to culm were given to the high yielding varieties compared to low yielding varieties. And medium yielding varieties showed intermadiate values. II. Effects of application rate of nitrogen on the morphological characteristics of the elongating node-part, nitrogen content of leaf blade, and their relation with the grain yield of the rice were observed with 3 rice varieties; Shin No.2, Shirogane, and Jinheung varying application amounts of nitrogen as 8kg, 12kg and 16kg per 10 are. 1. As for the variation of morphological magnitude s affected by the amounts of nitrogen application, total leaf area (4 leaves from the flag leaf) increased to 16.5% at 12kg N plot, and about 30% at 16kg N polt compared to 8kg N plot and total weight of leaf blade also increased to similar extent, respectively, in contrast with weight of leaf sheath increasing 4.9% and 7.8%, respectively. However, the weight of culm decreased to 1.5% and 11.2%at the 12kg N plot and 16kg N plot, respectively, and these decreasing rate was noted at the nodes of lower part. 2. As for the verietal differences in variation of morphological magnitude as affected by the amount of nitrogen fertilization, leaf area coefficient value of variation of the total leaf area was 15.40% for Shin No. 2, 12.87% for Shirogane, and 10.99% for Jinheung. With respect to the position of nodes, the largest variation of leaf blade magnitude was observed at the fourth for Shin No. 2, the second for Shirogan, and flag leaf for Jinheung. And there also was an isotonic varietal difference in the weight of leaf blade. Variation in total culm weight showed varietal differences with the coefficient value of 7.72% for Shin No.2, 12.11% for Shirogane, and 0.94% for Jinheung. There also was varietal differences in the variation according to the position of nodes. 3. Variation of each elongating node-part related to the fertilization amount decreased with the increase of fertilization amount in the items of leaf area, weight of leaf sheath, culm weight, but weight of leaf sheath varied more at heavier fertilization than at others. 4. Constitutional ratio of each organ excluding head also varied with fertilization amount; constitutional ratio of leaf blade increased much with the increasing amount of fertilization in contrast with the response of culm eight. However, constitutional ration of the weight of leaf sheath was not much affected. 5. Lower value of the ration of leaf blade to culm was given to the 8kg N per 10 are plot, and the ratio of leaf blade to leaf sheath decreased with the increasing amount of fertilization in contrast with the increase in the ratio of leaf sheath to culm. however, the ration of leaf blade to culm plus leaf sheath decreased. 6. With the increase of nitrogen fertilization, leaf area, weight of leaf blade and leaf sheath increased. Accordingly, grin yield also increased to some extent. It was noted that culm weight was changed inversely to the changes in grain yield, but the degree of this variation varied with varietal characteristics. 7. Nitrogen content of leaves at heading and fruiting stage varied with the fertilization amount, and average nitrogen content of leaves of the varieties used 2.19%, 2.49% and 2.74% at the plot of 8kg N, and 12kg N and 16kg N per 10 are, respectively, at heading time, and 0.80%, 0.92% and 1.03% at each plot at fruiting stage. Thus, nitrogen content of leaves increased much with the increasing amount of fertilization, and higher value was given to the leaves on the higher position of elongating node-part. 8. There also was variation of nitrogen content of leaves in accordance with the varieties. However higher grain yield was obtained from the plants retaining higher nitrogen content in leaves at heading or fruiting stage.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 1981

Diurnal changes in leaf stomatal resistances were measured on leaf positions and both surfaces to investigate the stomatal response to irradiance in wheat, var. Chokwang and barley, var. Dongbori 1. Stomatal frequency and size were also determined to explain the control mechanism of gas exchanges in two species. The leaf diffusive resistances of two species decreased, as the sun rose, to minimum at 10 to 11 o'clock a.m. and increased gradually in the afternoon, even faster at sunset. As the adaxial irradiance increased, stomatal resistances decreased sensitively in the range of 30uEm$^{-2}$ㆍsec$^{-1}$ to 150uEm$^{-2}$ㆍsec$^{-1}$ quantum flux density. The stomatal opening of the abaxial surface began at lower irradiance and was completed earlier than the adaxial surface. The adaxial irradiances decreased in order of leaf position, flag, the 2nd, the 3rd leaf, and the stomatal resistances increased in the same order. Even under the same irradiance, the stomatal resistance of lower leaves were higher than those of upper leaves. The stomatal frequencies of lower leaves were less, but the stomatal size was greater than those of upper leaves. Consequently, the relative leaf area occupied by stomatal pores were constant among leaf positions in two species.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.439-444
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• 1983

Effects of temperature and soil moisture on the growth and grain-filling of two wheat cultivars were investigated. Two levels of temperature; day 3$0^{\circ}C$/night $25^{\circ}C$ and day 2$0^{\circ}C$/night 15$^{\circ}C$ and two levels of soil moisture; stressed (45-50% of F.C.) and non-5tressed (50-60% of F.C.) were imposed in the green house from heading date to the maturity and grain weight, chlorophyll content of flag leaf and leaf area index(LAI) were observed at weekly interval. Grain maturation was faster in the high temperature than those in the lower temperature. Chlorophyll content of flag leaf and LAI decreased rapidly in the high temperature and chlorophylls disappeared at the 20 days after heading. In lower temperature condition, slower decrements were shown in chlorophyll content and it remained until 45 days after heading. Grain weights in the high and optimum temperature conditions reached to maximum values at 29 days and 45 days after heading, respectively. Differences of grain weight and chlorophyll content of flag leaf were not significant between stressed and non-5tressed soil moisture condition.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.32-32
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• 2017

To increase rice production, manipulating plant architecture, especially developing new high-yielding cultivars with erect leaves, is crucial in rice breeding programs. Leaf inclination angle determines the light extinction coefficient (k) of the canopy. Erect leaves increase light penetration into the canopy and enable dense plantings with a high leaf area index, thus increasing biomass production and grain yield. Because of erect leaves, the high-yielding indica rice cultivar 'Takanari' has smaller k during ripening than 'Koshihikari', a japonica cultivar with good eating quality. In our previous study, using chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) derived from a cross between 'Takanari' and 'Koshihikari', we detected seven quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for leaf inclination angle on chromosomes 1 (two QTLs), 2, 3, 4, 7, and 12. In this study, we developed a near-isogenic line (NIL-3) carrying a 'Takanari' allele for increased leaf inclination angle on chromosome 3 in the 'Koshihikari' genetic background. We compared k, dry matter production, and grain yield of NIL-3 with those of 'Koshihikari' in the field from 2013 to 2016. NIL-3 had higher inclination angles of the flag, second, and third leaves at full heading and 3 (- 4) weeks after full heading and smaller k of the canopy at the ripening stage. Biomass at full heading and leaf area index at full heading and at harvest did not significantly differ between NIL-3 and 'Koshihikari'. However, biomass at harvest was significantly greater in NIL-3 than in 'Koshihikari' due to a higher net assimilation rate at the ripening stage. The photosynthetic rates of the flag and third leaves did not differ between NIL-3 and Koshihikari at ripening. Grain yield was higher in NIL-3 than 'Koshihikari'. Higher panicle number per square meter in NIL-3 contributed to the higher grain yield of NIL-3. We conclude that the QTL on chromosome 3 increases dry matter and grain production in rice by increasing leaf inclination angle.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.18
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• pp.1-27
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• 1975

Experiment I: A field experiment was conducted in an attempt to find the effect of top-dressing at heading time in different levels of nitrogen application and of different positioned leaf blades formed by the treatment of leaf defoliation at heading time on the ripening and the yield of rice. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Average number of ears per hill and average number of grains per ear in different levels of nitrogen application were increased as the amount of nitrogen applied was increased. while the rate of ripened grains the yield of rough rice and the weight of 1, 000 kernels of brown rice were decreased respectively as the amount of nitrogen applied was increased. 2. The rate of ripened grains and the weight of 1.000 kernels of brown rice in different levels of nitrogen, top-dressing at heading time were larger than those in control and increased. The yield of rough rice although statistically significant differences were not recognized, were numerically increased. 3. The rate of ripened grains, the yield of rough rice, the weight of 1, 000 kernels of brown rice and the rate of hulling in different treatments of leaf defoliation were remarkably decreased as the degree of leaf-defoliation became larger. 4. The rate of ripened grains, the yield of rough rice, the weight of 1, 000 kernels of brown rice and the rate of hulling in different combinations of number of remained leaves positioned differently, formed the order of $L_1(flag leaf)>L_2>L_3>L_4$ when only one leaf blade was remained, and were increased as the positions of leaves were higher when two leaf blades. were, remained. 5. In case of decrease in the number of leaf blades positioned differently, by the treatment of leaf. defoliation, rate of ripened grains, the yield of rough rice, the weight of 1, 000 kernels of brown rice and the rate of hulling were increased as the area of remained leaves became larger and the nitrogen content of a leaf blade was increased. 6. There was a tendency that the increase in the amount of fertilizer application made the rate of ripened grains and the weight of 1, 000 kernels of brown rice reduced in any number of remained leaf blades, but the application of top-dressing at heading. time resulted in the reverse tendency. The yield of rough rice showed a tendency to be increased as the amount of basal dressing and top-dressing increased and for the application of top-dressing at heading time, the yield of rough rice was less at the smaller number of those. 7. The productivity effect of the rate of ripened grains and the yield of brown rice covered by leaf blades was more than 50 per cent and that of the. weight of 1, 000 kernels of brown rice was not more than 1.0 percent. As the amount of nitrogen application increased the. effect of leaf blades on the rate of ripened. grains and the weight of 1, 000 kernels of brown rice was increased. The effect of leaf blades on the weight of brown rice was increased as the amount of basal dressing-application, but the effect was decreased as the amount of top-dressing at heading time increased, 8. The productivity effects of different positioned leaf blades on the rate of ripened grains, the yield of rough rice and the weight of 1, 000 kernels of brown rice were in order of $L_1(flag leaf)>L_2>L_3>L_4$ the productivity effects of $L_1$ and $L_2$ had a tendency to be increased as the amount of nitrogen applied was increased. Experiment II: A field experiment was done in order to disclose the effect of the time of nitrogen application on yield component and the effect of different positioned leaves formed by leaf defoliation at heading time on the rate of ripened grains and the yield of rice. The results obtained are as follows: 1. Average number of ears per hill was increased in the treatment of nitrogen application from basal dressing to 22 days before heading and in the treatment of application distributed weekly. Number of grains was increased in the treatment of nitrogen application from 36 days to 15 days before heading. The rate of ripened grains was, lower in the treatment of nitrogen application from top-dressing to 15 days before heading than in that of non-application, was higher in the treatment of nitrogen application within 8 days before heading, and was the lowest in that of application 29 days before heading. The yield of rough rice was the highest in the treatment of nitrogen application from 29 days to 22 days before heading. The weight of 1, 000 kernels of brown rice was a little high in the treatment of application from 29 days to 8 days before heading. 2. The rate of ripened grains the yield of rough rice, the weight of 1, 000 kernels of brown rice and the rate of hulling in different treatments of leaf defoliation were remarkably decreased as the degree of leaf defoliation got larger and there were highly significant differences among treatments. There was also a recognized interaction between the time of nitrogen application and leaf defoliation. 3. In relation to the rate of ripened grains, the weight of 1. 000 kernels of brown rice and the rate of hulling in different numbers of remained leaves positioned differently and their combinations, the yield components were in order of $L_1(flag leaf)>L_2>L_3>L_4$ when only one leaf was remained, which indicated that the components were increased as the leaf position got higher. When two laves were remained, the rate of ripened grains, the yield of rough rice and rate of hulling were high in case of the combinations of upper positioned leaves, and the increase in the weight of 1, 000 kernels of brown rice appeared to be affected most]y by flag leaf. When three leaf blades were remained similarly the components were increased with the combination of upper positioned leaf blades. 4. In case of decreased different positioned leaf blades by treatment of leaf defoliation, there was a significant positive regression between the leaf area, the dry matter weight of leaf blades and the nitrogen contents of leaf blades, and rate of ripened grains and the yield of rough rice, but there was no constant tendency between the former components and the weight of 1. 000 kernels of brown rice. 5. The closer the time of fertilizer application to heading time, the more the rate of ripened grains and the weight of 1, 000 kernels was decreased by defoliation, and the less were the remained leaf blades, the more remarkable was the tendency. The rate of ripened grains and the weight of 1. 000 kernels was increased by the top-dressing after heading time as the number of remained leaf blades. When the number of remained leaf blades was small the yield of rough rice was increased as the time of fertilizer application was closer to heading time. 6. Discussing the productivity effects of different organs in different times of nitrogen application, the productivity effect of a leaf blade on the rate of ripened grains was higher as the time of nitrogen application got later, and in the treatment of non-fertilization the productivity effect of a leaf blade and that of culm were the same. In the productivity effect on the yield of brown rice, the effect of culm covered more than 50 percent independently on the time of nitrogen application, and the tendency was larger in the treatment of non-fertilizer. The productivity effect of culm on the weight of 1. 000 kernels of brown rice was more than 90 percent, and the productivity effect of a leaf blade was increased as the time of application got later. 7. The productivity effect of a leaf blade in different positions on the rate of ripened grains, the yield of rough rice and the weight of 1, 000 kernels of brown rice had a tendency to be increased as the time of application got later and as the position of leaf blades got higher. In the treatment of weekly application through the entire growing period, the rate of ripened grains and the yield of rough rice were affected by flag leaf and the second leaf at the same level, the but the weight of 1, 000 kernels of brown rice was affected by flag leaf with more than 60 percent of the yield of total leaves.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.121-126
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• 2019

This experiment was conducted to breed a very early maturing variety of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) in Grassland and Forage Crops Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Cheonan 2015-2017. The new variety of Italian ryegrass, 'Green call 2ho' is a diploid variety with green in leaf color and has semi-erect growth habit in late autumn and erect growth habit in early spring, 'Green call 2ho' was in heading date as a early-maturing variety April 24. Also 'Green call 2ho' was narrower by 2 mm in flag leaf width, longer by 2.5 cm in flag leaf length and shorter by 3 cm in plant height than those of the control variety, 'Florida 80', respectively. 'Green call 2ho' was also thicker by 0.33 mm in stem thickness and strong in winter hardness. Dry matter (DM) yield (11,688 kg/ha) of 'Green call 2ho' was 7% higher than that of 'Florida 80'. Total digestible nutrient (TDN), crude protein (CP) and relative feed value (RFV) of 'Green call 2ho' were 61.3 %, 9.8 % and 98.2, respectively which are 2.6, 0.6, and 8.4 % higher, respectively than those of 'Florida 80', respectively. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of 'Green call 2ho' were 34.9 and 58.5 % which are 3.3 and 2.7 % lower than those of 'Florida 80', respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.225-236
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• 2023

Stomatal traits such as stomata density (SD), aperture length (APL) and width (APW), guard cell length (GCL) and width (GCW), and distance between stomata (DIS) were investigated to identify correlation with agronomic traits for 35 Korean wheat cultivars. Flag leaf width (FLW) of Korean wheat cultivars was the widest in Ol-mil, and the narrowest in Keumkang. SD tended to be higher on the adaxial side than on the abaxial side in Korean wheat cultivars. SD of adaxial and abaxial sides was classified into a cultivar with a significantly different or not. In APL, 18 wheat cultivars showed significant differences according to leaf side, and APL of adaxial was longer than APL of abaxial in 13 wheat cultivars. In APW, 15 wheat cultivars showed a significant difference, and APW of abaxial was wider than APW of adaxial among them. In GCL, 14 wheat cultivars showed a significant difference, and the GCL of abaxial was longer than the GCL of adaxial in 10 wheat cultivars. In GCW, 10 wheat cultivars showed a significant difference, GCW of adaxial was wider than GCW of abaxial and in 6 wheat cultivars. FLW of adaxial and abaxial showed a negative correlation with GCL and a positive correlation with grain number per panicle. FLW of only abaxial showed a positive correlation with DIS. The SD of the adaxial showed a negative correlation with GCL, while the SD of the abaxial showed a negative correlation with APL. APL of both sides of the leaf showed a positive correlation with GCL, and APW of only abaxial showed a negative correlation with GLC. DIS of adaxial showed a negative correlation with tiller number (TN), while DIS of abaxial showed a positive correlation with GNP.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.161-167
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• 1998

Root and shoot development of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars with different genetic backgrounds was studied with reference to their relative growth. Tongil type (indica-japonica hybrid) cultivar 'Kuemkangbyeo' and japonica cultivar 'Koshihikari' were grown in $5000^{-1}$ a Wagnar pots under flooded condition. Three plants with roots of both cultivars were taken in every phyllochron through the heading stage to record morphological characteristics of shoot and root system. Compared to Koshihikari, Kuemkangbyeo produced more tillers and had greater shoot weight and leaf area per hill. Length and weight of the root system in both cultivars increased exponentially with time. At the same time, root system development was significantly faster in Kuemkangbyeo than in Koshihikari after the panicle initiation stage. As a result, Kuemkangbyeo has a vigorous root system which consists of larger number of nodal roots compared to Koshihikari. Also, the root length and weight per unit leaf area of Kuemkangbyeo were larger than those of Koshihikari in the later half of growing period, which suggests possible higher physiological activity of the root system of Kuemkangbyeo which is known as a high-yielding cultivar. The relationship between root traits (crown root number, total root length, and root dry weight) and shoot traits (leaf area and leaf+culm dry weight) in both cultivars closely showed allometry until the flag leaf stage.