• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.412-420
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• 2016

A visual field tester using a fixation target with a lack of distinctiveness decreases accuracy and usability in visual field testing. The present study is intended to develop various induction methods of gaze fixation for effective visual field testing. Proposed were four new gaze fixation induction methods (color changing dot; alphanumeric characters; flashing black dot; and bulls eye and cross hair, BECH) by considering visual attention factors such as color, meaning, flashing, and shape and the proposed methods were compared with the existing black dot (BD) method in terms of gaze fixation performance and subjective satisfaction by 32 participants in their 20s to 30s. BECH was found most preferred by increasing gaze fixation performance by 4.8% and subjective satisfaction by 0.4 to 2.0 in a 7-point scale compared to BD. BECH can be applied to tests such as visual field testing and macular pigment optical density testing in which gaze fixation is crucial for accuracy and usability.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2014

Background: Maxillomandibular fixation (MMF) is usually used to treat double mandibular fractures. However, advancements in reduction and fixation techniques may allow recovery of the premorbid dental arch and occlusion without the use of MMF. We investigated whether anatomical reduction and microplate fixation without MMF could provide secure immobilization and correct occlusion in double mandibular fractures. Methods: Thirty-four patients with double mandibular fractures were treated with open reduction and internal fixation without MMF. Both fracture sites were surgically treated. For bony fixations, we used microplates with or without wire. After reduction, each fracture site was fixed at two or three points to maintain anatomical alignment of the mandible. Interdental wiring was used to reduce the fracture at the superior border and to enhance stability for 6 weeks. Mouth opening was permitted immediately. Results: No major complications were observed, including infection, plate exposure, non-union, or significant malocclusion. Five patients experienced minor complications, among whom the only one patient experienced a persistant but mild malocclusion with no need for additional management. Conclusion: This study showed that double mandibular fractures correction with two-or three-point fixation without MMF simplified the surgical procedure, increased patient comfort, and reduced complications, due to good stability and excellent adaptation.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2003

The nonionic surfactant properties of ethoxylated azo dyes, such ai cloud point and surface tension have been investigated. The synthesized ethoxylated azo dyes could dye polyester fabric without any special pre-treatment. When the average number of ethylene oxide (EO) in the ethoxylated azo dye reached 6, its fixation could exceed $90^{\circ}C$ from the thermosol dyeing process. The average degree of condensation of ethylene glycol in the chain was interrelated with the dyeing results and did not affect on the maximum absorption wavelength (λmax) of the polyoxyethylene dye. When the average length of polyoxyethylene chain decreased, the molecular weight of dyes became smaller and the fixation of dyes was improved.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.21-30
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• 1981

In this study, measuring eye movements with E.O.G. to targets beyond 20$^{\circ}$ from fixation point, results are as follows. (1) When the eyes turn toward targets of more than 20$^{\circ}$ eccentricity, the first saccadic eye movement falls short of the target. The presence of image of the target off the fovea(visual error signal) subsequent to such an undershoot elicits, after short interval, corrective saccadic eye movements(usually one) which place the image of the target on the fovea. (2) There are different programming modes at retina for eye movement to targets within and beyond 20$^{\circ}$ from the fixation point. (3) Saccadic system, preparing the direction and amplitude of eye movement completes the corrective saccadic eye movements. (4) Distribution of latency and intersaccadic interval(I.S.I.)are frequently multi modal, with a seperation between modes of 25[msec]. (5) There are two types of saccadic eye movements for the double-step targets. This fact suggests that the visual information is sampled stochastically. (6) The new model of saccadic system including the dissociation of visual functions dependent on retinal eccentricity is required.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.421-431
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• 2022

The purpose of this research is to determine the point of fixation of the driver during the process of driving. Based on the results of this research, the driving instructor can make a judgement on what the trainee stare on the most. Traffic accidents have become a serious concern in modern society. Especially, the traffic accidents among unskilled and elderly drivers are at issue. A driver should put attention on the vehicles around, traffic signs, passersby, passengers, road situation and its dashboard. An eye-tracking-based application was developed to analyze the driver's gaze behavior. It is a prototype for real-time eye tracking for monitoring the point of interest of drivers in driving practice. In this study, the driver's attention was measured by capturing the movement of the eyes in real road driving conditions using these tools. As a result, dwelling duration time, entry time and the average of fixation of the eye gaze are leading parameters that could help us prove the idea of this study.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제58권6호
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• pp.578-581
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• 2015

A rigid spino-pelvic fixation to anchor long constructs is crucial to maintain the stability of long fusion in spinal deformity surgery. Besides obtaining immediate stability and proper biomechanical strength of constructs, the S2 alar-iliac (S2AI) screws have some more advantages. Four Korean fresh-frozen human cadavers were procured. Free hand S2AI screw placement is performed using anatomic landmarks. The starting point of the S2AI screw is located at the midpoint between the S1 and S2 foramen and 2 mm medial to the lateral sacral crest. Gearshift was advanced from the desired starting point toward the sacro-iliac joint directing approximately $20^{\circ}$ angulation caudally in sagittal plane and $30^{\circ}$ angulation horizontally in the coronal plane connecting the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS). We made a S2AI screw trajectory through the cancellous channel using the gearshift. We measured caudal angle in the sagittal plane and horizontal angle in the coronal plane. A total of eight S2AI screws were inserted in four cadavers. All screws inserted into the iliac crest were evaluated by C-arm and naked eye examination by two spine surgeons. Among 8 S2AI screws, all screws were accurately placed (100%). The average caudal angle in the sagittal plane was $17.3{\pm}5.4^{\circ}$. The average horizontal angle in the coronal plane connecting the PSIS was $32.0{\pm}1.8^{\circ}$. The placement of S2AI screws using the free hand technique without any radiographic guidance appears to an acceptable method of insertion without more radiation or time consuming.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.546-552
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• 2013

Background The zygoma is a major portion of the midfacial contour. When deformity occurs in this area, a reduction should be conducted to correct it. If a sagittal fracture at the temporal root of the zygomatic arch occurs, this also requires reduction, but it is difficult to approach due to its anatomical location, and the possibility of fixation is also limited. Thus, the authors attempted the reduction of sagittal fracture by two- or three-point fixation and the Gillies approach without direct manipulation. The preoperative and postoperative results of the patients were evaluated. Follow-up was performed to establish a treatment guideline. Methods A retrospective study was done with 40 patients who had sagittal fractures at the temporal root of the zygomatic arch from March 2009 to June 2012. Only two- or three-point fixation was performed for the accompanying zygomatic-orbital-maxillary fracture. The Gillies approach was used for complex fractures of the zygomatic arch, while the temporal root of the zygomatic arch was only observed without reduction. Preoperative and postoperative computed tomography and X-ray scans were performed to examine the results. Results The result of the paired t-test on preoperative and postoperative bone gap differences, the depression level, and the degree of temporal protrusion showed a marked decrease in the mean difference at a 95% confidence interval. The results were acceptable. Conclusions In the treatment of sagittal fractures at the temporal root of the zygomatic arch, it is acceptable to use indirect reduction and non-fixation methods. This leads to a satisfactory aesthetic and functional outcome.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.160-163
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• 2005

This study was designed to assess skeletal stabilily after surgical correction of mandibular prognathism by bilateral saggital split ramus osteotomy(BSSRO) and fixation with absorbable screws. From July 2001 to September 2003, 30 patients with Class III malocclusion were treated with BSSRO and mandibular setback. They underwent fixation with Biosorb$^{TM}$ FX screws. Cephalograms were obtained preoperatibely, 2 or 3 days postoperatively, and about 12 months after the operation. Changes in the position of lower incisor tip, B point, and pogonion were examined on lateral cephalograms. The mean mandibular setback just after surgery was 10.6mm. 12 months after surgery, mean relapse at pogonion represented 17.9% and 15.1% at B point. Our results suggest that fixation of the bony segments with absorbable screws after BSSO may be used effectively in properly selected cases.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.16-22
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• 1993

방목초지에서 자생하는 라디노 클로버 포복경을 l/5,000a 와그너 포트에 이식하여 온실에서 겨울동안 1일 12시간 조명시키면서 재배하였다. 50일 동안 재배 후 제 1차 수화하였고 20일 후 2차, 그리고 다시 20일 후에 3차 수확을 하였다. 처리로는 질소시비를 2.5kg/10a, 5.0kg/10a, 7.5kg/10a를 이식 및 각 예취후에 시비하였다. 조사항목으로는 생장점, 지상부 수량, 지하부 수량 그리고 엽면적을 측정하였고 그밖에 질소고정량 및 지하부의 조단백질 함량 그리고 예취 후 질소고정능의 경시적 변화를 조사하였다. 그 결과을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 직물체의 생장점, 지상부 그리고 지하부 생산량을 1차. 2차에서는 5kg/10a구가 가장 많았던 반면 3차에서는 2.5kg/10a구에서 제일 좋았으며 7.5kg/10a구는 질소를 계속 시비함에 따라 식물체는 3차시에 고사하였다. 생장점수는 처리간 유의성이 인정되었다. 2. 라디노 클로버의 질소고정은 1회 예취에서 2.5kg/10a구가 가장 우수한 것으로 나타나 그 후 예취 및 질소시비를 계속함에 따라 고정량은 저하하였다. 3. 잎의 조단백질 함량은 뿌리와 포복경의 조단백함량보다 많았으며 제2차 예취시 까지는 질소시비수준을 높임에 따라 조단백질의 함량도 높아지는 경향이었으나 3차 예취시에는 다시 저하하였다. 4.아세틸렌 환원능은 예취 3주후에 최저치를 나타내다가 5주후에 예취전 상태로 회복하였으며 뿌리의 건물중도 같은 경향을 나타내었다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.342-346
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• 2010

Objective : This study assessed the efficacy of anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with cage alone compared with ACDF with plate instrumentation for radiologic and clinical outcomes in two-level cervical degenerative disease. Methods : Patients with cervical degenerative disc disease from September 2004 to December 2009 were assessed retrospectively. A total of 42 patients received all ACDF at two-level cervical lesion. Twenty-two patients who underwent ACDF with cage alone were compared with 20 patients who underwent ACDF with plate fixation in consideration of radiologic and clinical outcomes. Clinical outcomes were assessed using Robinson's criteria and posterior neck pain, arm pain described by a 10 point-visual analog scale. Fusion rate, subsidence, kyphotic angle, instrument failure and the degenerative changes in adjacent segments were examined during each follow-up examination. Results : VAS was checked during each follow-up and Robinson's criteria were compared in both groups. Both groups showed no significant difference. Fusion rates were 90.9% (20/22) in ACDF with the cage alone group, 95% (19/20) in ACDF with the plate fixation group (p = 0.966). Subsidence rates of ACDF with cage alone were 31.81% (7/22) and ACDF with plate fixation were 30% (6/20) (p = 0.928). Local and regional kyphotic angle difference showed no significant difference. At the final follow-up, adjacent level disease developed in 4.54% (1/22) of ACDF with cage alone and 10% (2/20) of ACDF with plate fixation (p= 0.654). Conclusion : In two-level ACDF, ACDF with cage alone would be comparable with ACDF with plate fixation with regard to clinical outcome and radiologic result with no significant difference. We suggest that the routine use of plate and screw in 2-level surgery may not be beneficial.