• 복식
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.59-72
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• 2000

Dragon robe was defined as a robe on which the principal design consisted of dragon. Dragon patterns have been used on princess robes during T'and Dynasty. In Sung, Dragon-figured robes seem to have an Imperial prerogative. Yuan took over the use of robes with dragons patterns as a definite institition. Ming tried to reject all Yuan innovations, the dragon robe was retained as an unofficial court costume. The Emperor's semiformal robes which at first had four dragon medallions, later had twelve along with the 12 Symbols(십이장문). As Ch'ing dragon robes were only intended fro semiformal use. The Later Ch'ing robes date from after 1719, when the Ch'ien-lung(건륭) introduced 12 Symbols on Ch'ing robes. The Ch'ien-lung laws were disobeyed, notably the ones that specified the number of claws on the dragons. THe Emperor's dragon robe, lung-p'ao, (용포) was described as bright yellow in color, having four slits and horsefoof cuffs. The basic pattern consisted of nin dragons, in addition it had 12 Symbols. The elaborate textile techniques reached their peak in Ch'ing Dynasty-with its Weaving and Dyeing Office in Peking, and this factories at Hangchow(항주), Soochow(소주), and Naking(남경) -helps to explain why the decay of the Ch'ing bureaucracy hastended the decline of dragon robes. In the Ch'ing Dynasty tow terms were used for dragon robe, depending on the number of claws on the dragons. Those with five-clawed dragons were called lung-p'ao, while those with four-clawed dragons were called mang-p'ao(망포). The Court felt compelled to take corrective meausres. It decreeed that Ninisters of State and other officials, who had been bestowed five-clawed lung dragons, must take out one claw. Finally, the sale of ranks and the attendant privilege of wearing dragon robes gradually increased during the 18 th century, reaching its height in the 19 th century, Finally, after the Taiping Rebellion, when the Imperial Treasury was depleted by the wholesale destruction of revenue-producing lands, the Chinese government came to depend on such sales as an important source of revenue and the practice became even more widespread. The ensuing mass production of dragon robes, and the necessity of conforming to the fairly rigid basic pattern established in 1759, resulted in marked deterioration of workmanship, and a comparative monotony of decoration. The patterns on the dragon robes slight changes continued to be made in the ways of representign them. The li shui (입수) portion at the base of the robe become inreasingly wider throughout the 19th century. The background became cluttered with symbols of good fortune, scattered among the clouds and waves. As a result of all this extraneous decoration, the dragons were so crowded that they had to shrink back into the small size that they had originally occupied in the medallons. Kuang-hsu(광저) was a long one, allowing time for the manufacture of numerous robes. Also, it would seem likely that Occidental museums and collections would have a considerable number of his robes, in view of the widespread looting of his palaces during the Allied occupation of Peking in 1900, and the frequent sales of Late Ch'ing imperial textiles by destitute Manchu courtiers in the '20's.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.167-173
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• 2000

굴 자숙액 중에 함유되어 있는 정미성분, 당 단백질 동의 유용성분을 이용하고자 자숙액 중에 함유되어 있는 다량의 염을 제거하기 위하여 전기투석에 의한 최적의 탈염조건을 구명하였다. 자숙액 중의 건조중량에 대한 당과 단백질의 함량은 각각 71.25%와 25.05%였으며, 염의 농도와 pH는 각각 10.81%와 5.62였으며, 핵산관련물질 중 정미성분인 IMP의 함량은 $2.15\mu$mole/g이었다. 전기투석에 의한 자숙액의 탈염에 필요한 이온교환막은 분자량 100 Da 이상을 회수할 수 있는 AC-110-400과 300 Da 이상을 회수할 수 있는 AC-220-400을 상호 비교한 결과, 탈염율과 탈염시간의 차이는 거의 없었으며, 당과 단백질의 유실량이 적은 AC-110-400을 사용하는 것이 보다 효율적인 것으로 나타났다. 자숙액의 탈염에 영향을 주는 인자들 중에서 자숙액의 농도는 1% (w/v) 용액에서 탈염시간은 60분이었으며, 농도가 증가함에 따라 탈염시간은 길어졌다. 자숙액의 염농도는 탈염초기에 급격하게 감소하였고, 8% (w/v) 용액에서 240분에서 96%까지 탈염되었다. pH에 따른 자숙액의 탈염은 탈염초기에 거의 비슷한 경향으로 탈염이 진행되었지만, 최종 탈염율에서는 pH 9.0의 알칼리영역보다 pH 4.0의 산성영역에서 탈염율이 높았다. 또한, 자숙액의 부피에 대한 탈염율은 부피가 증가할수록 탈염에 소요되는 시간은 길어졌으며, 투과액의 부피와 종류는 자숙액의 최종 탈염시간 및 탈염율에 거의 영향을 주지 않았다. 자숙액의 탈염은 주로 자숙액의 농도와 pH에 의해 크게 영향을 받았으며, 5%의 자숙액 $1\ell$, pH 5.62에서 전기투석기를 사용하여 효율적인 탈염이 가능하였다.R^2$)가 0.911~0.990 으로 높게 산출되었다. 따라서 1.0%(w/v) CMC 담체가 P. phosphoreum의 biolumincsene에 안정성을 주었으며, 독성물질에 가장 민감하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.후 100.0%로서 안정성이 매우 높았다.ham)이 노화군(Ovx)에 비해 1.22배 정도 높게 나타났고, 각 비타민 투여군 중 Ovx+Vit Erns의 경우 간 조직 중 총 glutathionfid이 가장 높게 나타났다. 간조직 중 reduced-glutathion (GSH)함량과 총 glutathion 량에 대한 oxidized-glutathion (GSSG)의 비율, 또한 Ovx+Vit E 군의 수치가 가장 높게 나 타났다. Vit E가 항산화에 좋은 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그러나, GPx의 활성 수치는 그 다지 유의 한 변화를 나타내지는 않았다.sed for dragon robe , depending on the number of claws on the dragons. Those with five-clawed dragons were called lung-p'ao, while those with four-clawed dragons were called mang-p'ao(망포). The Court felt compelled to take corrective meausres. It decreeed that Ninisters of State and other officials, who had been bestowed five-clawed lung dragons, must take out one claw. Finally, the sale of ranks and the attendant privilege of