• 한국안전학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.51-55
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• 2015

There are various studies on the fire suppression process but the study on second pollution from fire products is not enough yet. Therefor, in this study verify that environmentally-friendly properties($LC_{50}$) of foam extinguishing agent with increases its amount used through with Fish-Acute Toxicity Test using a fish named Misgurnus anguillicaudatus that is appointed by OECD Test Guideline. In conclusion, proven that environmentally friendly properties of the agent of hoseo university through 16 times of LC50 than that of market.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.8-13
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• 2014

본 연구는 5가지 제품농약을 이용하여 어류 급성독성시험 결과 (반수치사농도)와 잉어의 표피에서 유래된 EPC 세포를 이용한 neutral red uptake 결과 (반수저해농도)를 비교함으로써 동물 실험의 대체 가능성을 평가하기 위하여 수행되었다. 어류 급성 독성시험은 왜몰개 (Aphyocypris chinensis)를 포함하여 OECD와 농촌진흥청의 농약에 대한 독성시험기준에서 추천하는 어종인 송사리 (Oryzias latipes)와 잉어 (Cyprinus carpio)를 이용하여 수행하였다. 5가지 제품 농약에 대한 민감도는 어류에 비하여 세포에서 약 10배 더 낮게 확인되었지만, 독성을 서열화 하였을 때 나타나는 순서는 두 가지 방식에서 모두 비슷하게 나타났다. 5가지 제품 농약에 대한 세포와 어류 독성값의 상관성을 분석한 결과는 A. chinensis, O. latipes와 C. carpio에서 각각 $r^2=0.38$ (p = 0.26), $r^2=0.76$ (p = 0.05), $r^2=0.90$ (p = 0.01)을 나타내었다. 본 시험의 결과, EPC 세포를 이용한 NRU 시험은 O. latipes와C. carpio에 대한 어류 독성시험 결과와 상관성이 높으므로 향후 더 많은 약제시험을 통해 어류 급성독성시험의 대체시험법으로서의 가능성이 기대된다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.78-83
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• 2012

국내 농약등록을 위한 어독성시험은 잉어(Cyprinus carpio)와 송사리(Oryzias latipes) 그리고 미꾸리(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)를 대상으로 하고 있으나, 어독성은 잉어에 대한 독성값으로 평가되어지고 있다. 그러나 잉어는 실내사육이 어렵고 사육환경에 따른 감수성 차이와 한정된 시험시기 등 문제점이 제기되고 있어 시험종에 대한 재검토가 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 잉어와 송사리에 대한 급성독성시험 결과를 이용하여 두 시험종간의 상관성과 감수성을 파악하고 농약 어독성시험을 위해 보다 현실적으로 적합한 시험종을 검토하고자 하였다. 급성독성시험은 국내 등록농약 70종에 대한 시험을 수행하였으며, 48시간 $LC_{50}$값을 산출하여 비교하였다. 그 결과, 잉어와 송사리의 상관계수(R)가 0.8480로 상관성이 높았고 종간 감수성에 있어서 잉어와 송사리의 $LC_{50}$값이 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 잉어와 송사리에 대한 $LC_{50}$값을 현재 국내 어독성 분류 방법에 따라 분류하였을 경우, 18종 농약에서 분류 등급의 변동이 발생하였으나 특이한 경향성은 없었다. 그러므로 급성독성의 상관성 및 감수성 측면과 어류 사육에 대한 표준화 측면에서 잉어보다 유리한 송사리에 대해서 독성시험종으로서의 재검토가 필요하다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.103-118
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• 2022

Photorhabdus is a bacterial symbiont of entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Heterorhabditis in the family Heterorhabditidae. Photorhabdus is known to have nematicidal activity in addition to insecticidal activity. P. temperata isolated from Korean indigenous H. megidis Gwangju strain also produced high control efficacy against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. P. temperata has drawn interest as a potential bionematicide for the control of root-knot nematodes thereby. For the registration as an organic agricultural material, the toxicity of P. temperata was assessed by the acute toxicity test in carp (Cyprinus carpio) and acute oral and dermal toxicity tests in Sprague-Dawley rat (Rattus norvegicus) in compliance with the guidelines of the Rural Development Administration (RDA). In the acute toxicity test in fish, neither lethality nor abnormal responses of carp were observed. Body length and weight of carp and changes in DO concentrations and pH values were not significantly different between the treated group and the untreated control. In the acute oral and dermal toxicity tests, clinical signs, abnormal behavior, mortality, and pathological findings were not observed in all the experimental rats. The weight increment of all rats was normal. Acute toxicity results of P. temperata in fish and rats belonged to categories III, IV, and IV of RDA, respectively. Toxicity results of the present study indicated that P. temperata could be a safe and promising bionematicide against root-knot nematodes and root lesion nematode.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.141-151
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• 2004

We exposed juvenile puffer fish, Takifugu obscurus(30 days after hatching) to various aqueous pollutants including 4 kinds of inorganic metals (Ag, Cd, Cu and Hg), 2 organotin compound.; (tributyltin ［TBT］ and triphenyltin［TPhT］) and 5 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds (chrysene, fluoranthene, naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene) to estimate median lethal concentrations (LC50s) of each pollutant after the 96-hour acute exposure. Among the inorganic metals, Hg (52 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L; 96-h LC50) was most toxic to test animals and followed by Ag (164 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L), Cu (440 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) and Cd (1180 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L). Aqueous TBT was more toxic between the two organotins; the 96-h LC50 for TBT (5.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) was 3 times lower than that of TPhT (17.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L). The acute toxicity of PAH compounds was highest for chrysene (1.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L; 96-h LC50) and decreased in the order of pyrene (65 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) > fluoranthene (158 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) > phenanthrene (432 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L) > naphthalene (8690 $\mu\textrm{g}$/L). The toxicity of PAH compounds wat closely related to their physico-chemical characteristics such as $K_{ow}$ and water solubility, and well explained by simple QSAR relationship. The sensitivity of puffer fish to various inorganic and organic pollutants was generally comparable to various fish species widely used as standard test species in previous studies and further evaluation should be conducted to develop adequate testing procedure for T. obscurus when used in various toxicity tests.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.203-212
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• 1997

Antibacterial efficacy and safety of copper sulfate pentahydrate (5% solution) was evaluated in laboratory and field studies for disinfection of some fish bacterial pathogens in cultured fish, flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus), mirror carp(Cyprinus carpio), gold fish(Carrassius auratus) and eel(Anguilla japonica). Dipping of fishes for acute toxicity was performed for a period of 48h, and the TLm value(median tolerance limit) were 4.0ppm in mirror carp and flounder, 4.4ppm in rainbow trout, and 10.0ppm in gold fish. After exposure below than TLm value for 1 month, no side effects and histopathological changes were observed. The test drug were shown high antibacterial activities against most bacterial pathogens by exposure in the laboratory and field trials. However, Aeromonas salmonicida showed a resistance to the dosage. We can prevent outbreaks of bacterial diseases of fish by the dosage of 1ppm for 6hr and the test drug is thought to be used effectively and widely as a disinfectant against most bacterial fish pathogens.

• 생태와환경
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.431-440
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• 2008

Turbid water or suspended sediment is associated with negative effects on aquatic organisms; fish, aquatic invertebrate, and periphyton. Effects of turbid water on fish differ depending on their developmental stage and a level of turbidity. Low turbid water may cause feeding and predation rates, reaction distance, and avoidance in fish, and it could make fish to die under high turbidity and long period. Therefore, it is very important to find out how turbid water or suspended sediment can affect fish in domestic watersheds. The objectives of this study were 1) to introduce international case studies and their standards to deal with suspended sediment, 2) to determine acute toxicity in 4 major freshwater fishes, and 3) to determine in relation to adverse effect of macroinvertebrates and fish. Impacts of turbid water on fish can be categorized into direct and indirect effects, and some factors such as duration and frequency of exposure, toxicity, temperature, life stage of fish, size of particle, time of occurrence, availability of and access to refugia, etc, play important role to decide magnitude of effect. A review of turbidity standard in USA, Canada, and Europe indicated that each standard varied with natural condition, and Alaska allowed liberal increase of turbidity over natural conditions in streams. Even though acute toxicity with four different species did not show any fatal effect, it should be considered to conduct a chronic test (long-term) for more detailed assessment. Compared to the control, dominance index of macroinvertebrates was greater in the turbid site, whereas biotic index, species diversity index, species richness index, and ecological score were smaller in the turbid site. According to histopathological analysis with gills of macroinvertebrate and fishes, morphological and physiological modification of gills due to suspended sediments can cause disturbance of respiration, excretion and secretion. In conclusion, in order to maintain good and healthy aquatic ecosystem, it is the best to minimize or prevent impact by occurrence of turbid water in stream and reservoir. We must make every effort to maintain and manage healthy aquatic ecosystem with additional investigation using various assessment tools and periodic biomonitoring of fish.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.107-115
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• 2011

The purpose of the study is to analyze the environmental characteristics of fish acute toxicity that is dependent on the harmfulness of ACQ (Alkaline Copper Quat)-Treated Wood and Oryzias latipes mortality in a comprehensive way, provide objective verification method on the eco-toxicity and environment-friendliness of landscaping materials and methods, and utilize it as a basic datum for evaluation criteria. The main results are summarized as follows : 1. As a result of analysis on the harmfulness characteristics, each experimental plot showed different values respectively. In particular, it has been found that in proportion to the volume of testing materials, COD and Cu increases at a constant rate, compared to the input water. In the plot C with three testing materials, COD increased 67 times more than that of the input water, and Cu increased up to 12.36mg/L. 2. In case of fish toxicity, plot C, B, A all showed a mortality rate of 100%, indicating that fish toxicity is strong. In particular, the mortality rate of each plot within the initial time of one and a half hour showed clearly, which suggests that the fish toxicity is influenced by the increased concentration of hazardous substances depending on the volume ratio of testing materials. 3. As a result of comparison and analysis on the harmfulness and fish toxicity, the harmfulness showed different values on each experimental plot but, we found that the changing rate of values of toxicity of COD and Cu is mutually similar to that of mortality in the initial hour according to the experiment of fish toxicity, which shows that COD and Cu are major factors to increase fish toxicity.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.309-318
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• 2004

우리나라에서 널리 사용되고 있는 벼재배용 살충제인 carbosulfan과 phenthoate의 담수어에 미치는 급 만성적 영향을 알아보고자 송사리(Oryzias latipes, Medaka)에 대한 급성독성시험(Acute Toxicity Test)과 생육초기 독성시험(Early-life Stage Toxicity Test)을 실시하였다. 급성독성시험 결과 carbosulfan과 phenthoate의 송사리에 대한 96시간 $LC_{50}$은 0.102, 0.167 mg/L로 비슷한 감수성을 보였다. 생육초기 독성시험 결과 carbosulfan의 경우 부화율은 80%이상, 부화기간은 $9\sim10$일로 나타나 처리구간 유의성이 없었다. 처리농도 0.042 mg/L이상에서는 부화후 생존율이 통계적으로 유의한(p<0.05) 차이를 보였으며, 척추가 휘어지는 형태적으로 비정상적인 결과가 관찰되었다. 시험 종료후 생존한 송사리의 전장 및 체중 변화는 농도 상관성을 보였으며, 특히 0.017 mg/L이상에서는 대조구에 비해 유의한(p<0.05) 감소를 나타내었다. 따라서 이런 결과를 근거로 한 무영향농도(NOEC), 최저영향농도(LOEC), 그리고 최대허용농도(MATC)는 각각 0.0067, 0.017, 0.011 mg/L으로 산출하였다. phenthoate 처리구의 부화율과 부화기간은 처리 농도간 유의성이 없었으나, 부화후 생존율은 처리농도 0.076 mg/L 이상에서 유의한(p<0.05) 차이를 보였다. 또한 처리농도 0.076 mg/L 이상에서는 척추기형과 유영이상을 보이는 이상어가 나타났다. 그러나 시험 종료후 송사리 전장 및 체중의 변화는 통계적인 유의한 차이가 없었으며, 농도 상관성도 보이지 않았다. 따라서 이런 결과를 종합하여 NOEC, LOEC, 그리고 MATC는 각각 0.011, 0.029, 0.018 mg/L으로 결정되었다.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2005년도 국제학술대회
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• pp.345-350
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• 2005

Acute toxicities of five pharmaceutical products were evaluated with aquatic microbes, invertebrates, and fish. The test pharmaceuticals, i.e., cimetidine, carbamazepine, diltiazem, acetaminophene, and metformin have been often detected in aquatic environment, but theire cological hazard on receptors of various trophic levels has seldom been evaluated. In the present study, we conducted acute toxicity assays with a marine bacterium, Vibrio fischeri, an invertebrate, Daphnia magna, and a fish, Japanese medake (Oryzias latipes). In general, D. magna, showed the most sensitive response to the test chemicals. Diltiazem exhibited the lowest EC50 value after 96 hr of exposure at 7.6 mg/L, followed by cimetidine >acetaminophen > metformin = carbamazepine in an order of decreasing susceptibility. With the fish, diltiazem and carbamazepine showed the 96 hr EC50 values at 14.1${\sim}$35.4 mg/L while acetaminophen, cimetidine, and metformin did not cause 50% mortality at 100 mg/L. Similar pattern was noted with the Microtox Assay, with which the median effective concentrations for acetaminophen, cimetidine, and metformin were found at the range between 301.8 and 755.4 mg/L. Carbamazepine and diltiazem exposure to the microbes resulted in EC50 values around 50 mg/L. Predicted no effect concentrations (PECs) of these pharmaceuticals derived from the EC5O values obtained from this study, and predicted environmental concentrations (PECs) obtained from available literatures were utilized to estimate ecological risks of the test compounds. No test pharmaceuticals resulted in risk quotients (PEC/PNEC) greater than 1, which suggests no serious potential ecological concerns. It should be noted however that further studies including the refinement of PEC derivation, identification and toxicity assessment of the metabolites and/or their interactions with other stressors may be warranted to better understand the environmental consequences of the residual pharmaceutical discharge to the waterway.