• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.83-95
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• 2013

To understand natural regeneration and stand development after fire in mixed broadleaved-coniferous forests of Sikhote-Alin Mountains, ten sample plots of $50m{\times}50m$ size were established in 1975 and 1983 at the stands burned by wildfires in 1973 and 1982, respectively. And, the number of naturally regenerated seedlings were monitored in two $50m{\times}4m$ subplots in each plot. The most fire-sensitive conifer species is Abies nephrolepis, while Betula costata is the most fire-sensitive broadleaved tree species. The most fire-resistant species were Q. mongolica, T. taquetii and A. mono. The results of 20 and 30 years after the fire showed that pioneer tree species, e.g. Populus, Salix, and Betula, were regenerated immediately at the early stage of stand development and grew where there is a mono canopy layer with high density. On the other hand, the densities of successors, e.g. Pinus koraiensis, Picea jezoensis, Abies nephrolepis, Acer mono and Tilia taquetii, which were present in the study plots before the fire, increased gradually. Naturally regenerated tree species after forest fire by the growth rate were divided into three groups according to their annual height growth. The seral tree species (Betula costata, Betula platyphylla, Padus maackii, Populus tremula and Sarix caprea) belong to the first group and have the highest growth rate (from 40 to 96 cm per year). The late successional broad-leaved trees (Tilia taquetii, Acer mono and Quercus mongolica) belong to the second group and have intermediate annual height growth (from 3.7 to 13.5 cm per year). The late successional coniferous species (Picea jezoensis, Pinus koraiensis and Abies nephrolepis) form the third group and have the least annual height growth (from 1.4 to 3.5 cm per year).

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.118-129
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• 2011

In this study, species resistant to forest fire were extracted from high trees through an investigation of combustion mechanism. Here, the average flameless ignition temperatures of living leaves, branches and barks of oak were respectively, $365^{\circ}C$, $440^{\circ}C$ and $435^{\circ}C$, and the average flameless ignition temperatures of living leaves, branches, barks and cones of pine tree were respectively, $320^{\circ}C$, $405^{\circ}C$, $435^{\circ}C$ and $363^{\circ}C$. It shows that generally, pine tree has a lower flameless ignition temperature than oak and thus, has a relatively high risk of flameless ignition. When comparing risk of fire depending on ignition characteristics, Quercus serrata had a low risk of stem fire, and Quercus acutissima and Quercus serrata had a low risk of crown fire, as well. When analysing risk of fire depending on a duration of flame, also, Quercus dentata had a low risk of stem fire, and Quercus variabilis Blume had a low risk of crown fire too. Lastly, when comparing risk of fire, according to heat release rates, Quercus acutissima had a low risk of stem fire, and Quercus acutissima and Quercus dentata had a low risk of crown fire, as well. In conclusion, it was observed that as fire-resistant species, Quercus serrata and Quercus dentata have a low risk of ignition, Quercus variabilis Blume has a short duration of flame after discharging ignition when a forest fire occurs, and Quercus acutissima, Pinus Rigida and Antipathes japonica Brook have low heat release rates.

• 한국지리정보학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.75-83
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• 2004

우리나라의 경우 1990년대에 들어와서 산불 발생건수 및 피해지역이 지속적으로 증가하고 있으며, 산불피해지 복원기술은 주로 사방복구와 조림 등 녹화기술에 집중되어 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 동해안 산불피해지를 중심으로 GIS 분석 기법을 적용하여 산불피해지의 공간 특성과 입지환경을 고려하여 내화수림대를 조성기법을 개발하고 virtual GIS의 활용을 통하여 공간정보자료가 산불피해지역 복원에 있어서의 경관생태학적 접근연구에 어떻게 활용될 수 있는 것인가에 대한 적용기법을 개발하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 대형산불방지를 위해 GIS 분석기법을 적용하여 내화수림대를 조성하고, 조성된 내화수림대 및 연구대상지에 3D modeling 기법을 통하여 구축된 3D 수종을 적정하게 임분배치하였다. 아울러 지위지수분류곡선을 이용하여 연구대상지에 경년에 따른 산림경관을 조성하였으며, virtual GIS를 활용하여 현실세계와 가장 유사한 3차원지형을 구축하고 tracking simulation을 수행하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.417-430
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the developmental process of plant community during the secondary succession and the dynamics of soil properties in the burned and unburned areas of Mt. Ch’oly-san. Owing to the forest fire occurred on April, 1989, the red pine(Pinus densiflora) forest and its floor vegetation were burned down. The floristic composition of burned and unburned areas were composed of 53 and 49 species of vascular plants, respectively. The dominant species based on SDR4 of the burned sites were lespedeza cyrtobotrya (89.62), Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens (62.50), and Carex humilis (58.73), Quercus serrata (43.33). In contrast, Pinus densiflora (83.56), Lespedeza cyrtobotrya (55.57), Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens (51.88) and Carex humilis (50.41) were dominant in the unburned area. The biological spectra showed the $H-D_1-R_5-e$ type in both the burned and unburned areas. The indices of similarity ($CC_S$) between the two areas were 0.74. Degree of succession (DS) was 604 in the burned area and 802 in the unburned area. From these facts, it is assumed that the succession is rapidly progressing because of the recovery of vegetation. The species diversity ($\={H}$) and evenness index(C) in the burned and unburned areas were 0.15 and 0.18, respectively. Red pine tree did not resprout after scorch by the forest fire, but Lespedeza, Quercus, Rhododendron, Albizzia, and Zanthoxylum resprouted from the roots and trunks after the forest fire. It seems that these species are the fire-resistant species. Soil properties such as soil pH, content of organic matter, available phosphous, total nitrogen, tatal carbon, exchangeable potssium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium increased due to forest fire. These results suggest the intensity of forest fire in the study area was relatively weak. Monthly changes of soil properties were of little significance except for some cases.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제21권5_1호
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• pp.465-473
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the developmental process of plant community during the secondary succession and changes of soil properties in the burned areas lapsed 28 years after the forest fire in Mt.Palgong. The forest fire occurred on March, 1969 and the red pine (pinus densiflora) forest and its floor vegetation were burned down. The results are summarized as follows: the floristic composition of burned and unburned areas were composed of 49 and 48 species of vascular plants, respectively. The dominant species based on SDR4 of the burned sites were Lespedeza maximowicxii(87.75), Carex humilis (62.94), Rhododendron schippenbachii(55.78) and Miscanthus sinensis var.purpurascens (51.94). In contrast, Pinus densiflora (81.17), Quercus serrata (53.58)m Carex humilis (53.11) and Miscanthus sinenis var. purpuracens (52.42) were dominant in the unburned area. The biological spectra showed the $H-D_1-R_5-e$ type in both areas. The indices of similarity (CCs) between the two areas were 0.80. Degree of succession (DS) was 734 in the burned area and 809 in the unburned area. The species diversity (H) and evenness indices (e) in the burned and unburned areas were 2.05, 2.13 and 0.53, 0.55, respectively. Dominance index (C) in the burned and unburned areas were 0.30 and 0.32, respectively. Soil properties such as soil pH, content of organic matter, total nitrogen, total carbon, exchangeable potassium, sodium, calcium, and magnesium in burned area were comparatively higher than those of unburned area. Monthly changes of soil properties were of little significance except for some cases. These results suggest that there was relationship between trend of vegetation recovery and the changes of soil properties after the forest fire. Mixed forestation of fire-resistant species and nitrogen fixation species will be effective for reforestation after the forest fire.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.237-242
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• 1983

This is an investigation on the secondary vegetation and succession in the mixed forests destroyed by the severe crown fires on April 8, 1982. The results are summarized as follows: The floristic compositions in the investigated area are composed of 63 kinds of kinds of vascular plants. The biological type shows $ H-D_1, 4-R_5-e$, which is supposed to make a progress to the $ H-D_1-R_5-e$ type. Dominant species are Spodiopogon sibiricus (100.00)-Carex humilis var. nana (70.52)-Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens (61, 06)-Lespedeza maximowiczii (57.53). Lespedexa maximowiczii is prevailing as the dominant species in this area. The species diversity(H) and eveness index(e) show 3.00 and 0.74 respectively, so that the species are various and shows uniform distribution comparatively in these communities. Degree of succession(DS) is 479 in the investigated area, the value of which is comparatively higher than that of Chungcheongbuk-do area at the second year afer fires. After the crown and trunk of trees were scorched by the crown fires, the pine tree (Pinus densiflora) died and the other species could be survivd after sometimes. It some that Quercus serrata. Q. dentata, Maackia amurensis, Lespedez cyrtobotrya, Platycarya strobilacea and Lindera glauca are the fire-resistant plants.

• 한국화재소방학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국화재소방학회 2008년도 춘계학술논문발표회 논문집
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• pp.298-302
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 강원도 영동지역 주요 7가지 수종의 낙엽과 생엽을 대상으로 착화특성을 고찰하고자 강우 전과 후의 연료를 채취하여 연료의 함수율과 가연성과의 관계, KRS-RG-9000을 사용하여 착화특성을 고찰하였다. 시험결과 침엽수 낙엽은 강우 후 대기노출로부터 상온에서 144시간 경과 시 함수율이 10% 이하로 건조되어 가연성 물질이 발생할 수 있을 정도로 건조됨을 알 수 있었으며 활엽수는 자연발화온도가 높게 나타남에 따라 저온에서 착화지연시간이 길게 나타나 침엽수보다 내화력이 강함을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국추진공학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.55-64
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 75톤급 추진기관 시험설비 화염유도로 설계안에 대한 열적 안전성 및 연소가스의 안전한 배출을 평가하기 위하여 3차원 화염냉각해석을 수행하였다. 화염과 냉각수 간의 열전달 및 상변화 과정을 모사하기 위하여 Mixture 다상모델을 적용하였으며, 단일 화학종 비반응 플룸모델을 이용한 화염냉각해석을 수행하였다. 본 해석결과를 통하여 냉각수 유량에 따른 화염유도로 벽면에서의 최고 온도값을 예측하였으며, 또한 콘크리트 내화온도에 해당하는 최소 냉각수 유량을 도출하였다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.8-16
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• 2004

The industrialization of central Europe more than 100 ago marked the beginning of densely concentrated buildings in quickly growing cities. A cheap type of roofing material of that time was tar. But it was dangerous because it was high inflammable. Then some roofer had a splendid idea. They used sandy material as a final layer atop the impermeable tar layer. These roofs were much more fire resistant than the typical roofs. In this sandy layer some plant species began to grow spontaneously. This was the beginning of the green roof history of modern Europe. A number of these green roofs survived both world wars. In the early 80's in Berlin alone, 50 such buildings existed and they continued to be waterproof until the present day. Since the 1992 Earth Summit of 1992 in Rio de Janeiro(http://www.johannesburgsummit.org/html/basic_info/unced.html) the term "sustainable development" became of central interest of urban designers. In city regions green roofs had become synonymous with this term. With a small investment, long-lasting roofs can be created. Further back in history, more exciting examples of green roofs can be found. The hanging gardens of antiquity are well-known. There are also green roofs built as insulation against cold and heat all over the world. For over 20 years, roof greening in central Europe has been closely examined for various reasons. Roof greening touches several different disciplines. Of primary interest is the durability of the roofs. But ecologists are also interested in green roofs, for instance in biodiversity research. The beneficial effect of greening on water proofing was also proven. For some time, the issue of fire protection was investigated. According to tests, green roofs received a harsh careful rating. Their fire protective property is considered similar to that of tile roofs. Another recent impulse for the green roof movement in Germany has come from the evident improvement of storm water retention and the reduced burden on the sewer system. The question of whether and how much energy green roofs can save has become an urgent question. The state of the research and also various open questions from a central European point of view will be discussed in the context of international collaboration. Apart from academic considerations, those who involve themselves in this issue take a predominantly positive view of the numerous existing green roofs in Germany. In some cities, green roofs are the typical construction technique for new buildings. A few outstanding examples will conclude this review. In Germany, about 20 companies, some of which operate internationally, specialize in green roof consulting. Learning from each other in an open-ended way with respect to different construction techniques and applications in various climatic regions can only be accomplished through such international collaboration as is taking place here.

• 자연과학논문집
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.137-142
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• 1999

미국 J.C. Raulston 식물원에는 한국자생 조경수목 36과 110종 3품종이 재배되고 있다. 이중 때죽나무 'Emerald Pagoda'는 1985년 미국 국립식물원 식물탐사팀과 J.C. Raulston이 소흑산도에서 채집한 우리나라 자생종으로 미국내에서 감상가치가 매우 뛰어난 것으로 평가받고 있다. J.C. Raulston은 이 때죽나무를 'Sohuksan'이라고 명명하였다가 'Emerald Pagoda'로 개칭하였는데 미국으로 수화물에 보관하여 도입하였다. 또한 아왜나무를 진도에서 채집하였는데, 이것은 지금도 'Chindo'라는 품종으로 불리고 있으며 미국내 동남부 지방의 조경에 적응성이 높고 감상가치가 높아 대량번식 및 보급 중에 있다.