• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the flame retardant performance of Japanese cypress(Chamaecyparis obtusa) plywood, commonly used in indoor decoration, furniture, and tableware, by treating it with three different fire retardants with different primary ingredients. The experiment was conducted in compliance with Article 31, Paragraph 2 of the Enforcement Decree of the Fire Facilities Installation and Management Act and Articles 4 and 7-2 of the Flame Retardant Performance Standards. After flame time, after glow time, char length, and char area were measured. As a result, first, after flame time was measured at 0 seconds regardless of whether the flame retardant treatment was applied. Second, after glow time was relatively long, measuring 22.7 seconds without treatment, which is likely due to the weak fire resistance and high concentration of carbon monoxide generated by the chemical characteristics of the Japanese cypress itself. Third, it was confirmed that the effects of the primary ingredient, phosphorus, in the flame retardant treatment varied depending on the technological development of the manufacturers of the same species of Japanese cypress plywood. In the future, it is expected that the results of this study will provide fundamental data to select flame retardant treatments that show high flame retardant performance according to the botanical characteristics of the wood.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.31-42
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• 1992

In this study, the relative effectiveness of antimony trioxide-containing coat on fire retardancy of plywood, particleboard and medium density fiberboard was investigated and compared through ISO ignition test and inclined panel test with non-coated ones. The results obtained were summarized as fallows: Any treated materials was not ignited in inclined panel test with 5 minutes, but only particleboard among treated ones burned in ISO ignition test with fairly delayed time. The weight loss rate of plywood decreased with the increased addition level of fire-retardant and the least values were obtained in particleboard and MDF at addition level of 7% and 5% respectively. Carbonized area of wood based materials decreased with the increased addition level of fire retardant. The temperatures of back in plywood, particleboard treated with fire-retard ant coat containing 7% $Sb_2O_3$ showed the lowest but MDF did not show any effectiveness with the increased addition level. The first flash time of plywood treated with fire retardant coat containing 9% $Sb_2O_3$, MDF and particleboard treated with fire retardant coat containing 7% $Sb_2O_3$ were 257sec., 286.4sec., 165.4sec. respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.21-28
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• 1986

Plywood used for construction as a decorative inner material is inflammable and can fire accident, causing destruction of human life and property. In this study, 3.5mm Kapur plywoods were soaked in the 23% monoammonium phosphate solutions by cold soaking method 3, 6, 9hrs and hot-cold bath method for 3/3hrs, and redrying was carried out by press-drying at the platen temperature of 110, 130, 160, 180$^{\circ}C$, and then fire test was carried out to investigate burning point, flame exhausted length, frame spread length, back side carbonized area and weight loss. The results are as follows; 1. In cold soaking method for 3, 6, 9hrs. retentions of monoammonium phosphate were 0.377, 0.448, 0.498kg/(30cm)$^3$ respectively, and in hot-cold bath method for 3/3hrs, the retention was 1.331kg(30cm)$^3$ that exceeded the minimum retention 1.124kg/(30cm)$^3$. 2. Correlation coefficients among the variable were shown in table 2. From the table, it could be recognized that there were close negative correlations between the treatment and burning point, flame spread length, back side carbonized area, flame exhausted time and weight loss, and there was negative correlation between treating time and back side carbonized area, but there was positive correlation between platen temperature and burning point. 3. From table 3, it can be observed that there were highly significant differences for burning point, flame spread length, flame exhausted time, back side carhonized area, weight loss between treatments. And in 2-way interactions, there were also highly significant for burning point, flame spread length, flame exhausted time, weight loss between time x treatment. 4. It was observed that burning point, flame exhausted time, flame spread length, back side carbonized area, and weight loss in fire-retardant treated plywood were the best effects in fire-retardant treated plywood, water treated plywood and nontreated plywood. In conclusion, I can estimate that absorbed chemical contents by hot-cold bath method for 3/3hrs, have a lot of effects on fire-retardant factors such as burning point, flame spread length, flame exhausted time, backside carbonized area and weight loss, but platen temperatures have a little effects on the fire factors.

• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2022년도 가을 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.35-36
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• 2022

In order to supplement the flame-retardant performance of oil stain, which can prevent wooden buildings from contamination, (NH4)2HPO4, a phosphorus flame-retardant, was added to oil stain and applied for each type of plywood, and an experiment was conducted. The addition rate was set to 0-60%, but white powder appeared on the surface of plywood from 40% and thus it was impossible to experiment, so the maximum addition rate was selected as 30%. As a result of the experiment, acacia plywood had the best performance. As the rate of addition of the flame retardant increased, the remaining time and carbonization length of all plywood decreased, but the carbonization length of the MDF plywood was not met with the standards.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.256-260
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• 2014

건축물 내부의 장식을 위해 사용되는 MDF합판은 화염의 착화를 지연시키기 위해 방염처리하도록 규정하고 있어 일반적으로 방염도료나 방염액 또는 방염필름 등을 적용하여 착화를 지연시키는데 이 때 적용하는 시료에 따라 방염성능과 연소 시 발생되는 가스의 유독성의 차이가 발생할 수 있어 본 연구에서는 MDF에 적용된 방염시료들의 방염성능 및 연소특성에 대해 비교분석하였으며 그 결과 방염성능에 부합하는 제품이 확인되었으나 방염처리방법에 따라 방염성능의 차이가 존재함을 확인할 수 있었으며 연소과정에서 발생되어지는 여러 종류의 유독가스의 영향도 함께 고려해야 할 요소임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.5-37
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• 1982

건축물(建築物)의 내장(內裝)에 많이 사용(使用)하고 있는 합판(合板)은 가열성(可燃性) 물질(物質)로서 각종(各種) 대형화재(大型火災)로 수발(受發)하여 많은 인명(人命)과 재산(財産)의 손실(損失)을 초래(招來)하고 있다. 따라서 이로 인(因)한 피해(被害)를 최대한(最大限)으로 줄이기 위(爲)하여, 내화합판제조(耐火合板製造)의 필요성(必要性)이 절실(絶實)히 요구(要求)되며 또한 내화합판제조(耐火合板製造)에서 우선적(優先的)으로 해결(解決)해야 될 합판(合板)의 재건조(再乾燥)에 관(關)해서 연구(硏究)할 필요(必要)가 있다고 생각한다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 3.5mm 얇은 5.0mm 두꺼운 합판(合板)에 Ammonium sulfate, Mono -ammonium phosphate, Di - ammonium phosphate, Borax - boric acid, Minalith 및 Water를 1, 3, 6 및 9 시간(時間)으로 처리하고 90, 120 및 $150^{\circ}C$ 등(等)으로 열판건조(熱板乾燥)를 실시한 후(後), 건조곡선(乾燥曲線), 건조율(乾燥率), 내화제(耐火劑)의 흡수율(吸收率), 비중(比重)(용적중(容積重)) 및 내화도(耐火度) 등(等)을 연구검토(硏究檢討)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. (1) Borax-boric acid와 Minalith 처리시간(處理時間)이 증가(增價)함에 따라 양액(藥液) 흡수량(吸收量)율(率)이 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)이 뚜렷이 하였으나 수분처리(水分處理) 흡수량(吸收量)율(率)에는 미치지 못 하였다. (2) 합판(合板)의 단위용적당(單位容積當) 약액(藥液) 흡수량(吸收量)은 일정시간(一定時間)의 처리(處理)에 있어서 두께 3.5mm의 얇은 합판(合板)이 두께 5.0mm의 두꺼운 합판(合板)보다 높았으며 가장 높은 흡수량(吸收量)은 두께 3.5mm의 얇은 합판(合板)에서 9시간(時間)을 처리(處理)하였을 때 Ammonium sulfate에서 1.353kg/$(30cm)^3$의 치(値)를 나타내었고 두께 5.0mm의 두꺼운 합판(合板)에서는 역시(亦是) 9시간(時間)의 처리(處理)에서 Ammonium sulfate의 1.356kg/$(30cm)^3$의 치(値)를 얻었다. (3) 약액처리(藥液處理) 후(後)의 합판(合板)의 용적중(容積重)은 처리(處理) 전(前)보다 뚜렷하게 상승(上昇)하였으나 열판건조(熱板乾燥) 후(後)에는 다시 용적중(容積重)의 치(値)가 하락(下落)하였는데 약액처리(藥液處理) 전(前)보다는 약간 높은 경향(傾向)을 나타내었다. (4) 약액처리합판(藥液處理合板)의 두께팽창율(膨脹率)은 두께 3.5mm의 얇은 합판(合板)과 두께 5.0mm의 두꺼운 합판(合板)에서 모두 1시간(1時間)과 3시간(時間) 처리(處理)에서 팽창율(膨脹率)의 증가(增加)가 수분처리(水分處理)와 비슷한 경향(傾向)을 보였으나 처리시간(處理時間)이 6시간(時間) 이상(以上)으로 연장(延長)되면서 약액처리합판(藥液處理合板)보다 수분처리합판(水分處理合板)의 두께 팽창율(膨脹率)이 급상승(急上昇)하여 뚜렷하게 높은 치(値)를 나타내었는데 두께 5.0mm의 두꺼운 합판(合板)에서 더욱 큰 치(値)를 보였다. (5) 열판건조(熱板乾燥) 후(後)의 두께 수축율(收縮率)도 팽창율(膨脹率)과 똑같은 경향(傾向)을 나타내었으며 두께 5.0mm의 합판(合板)에서는 약액처리시간(藥液處理時間)이 증가(增加)함에 따란 수축율(收縮率)이 뚜렷하게 상승(上昇)하는 경향(傾向)을 모든 처리약액(處理藥液)과 수분처리(水分處理)에서 나타내었다. (6) 건조곡선(乾燥曲線)은 1시간(時間)과 3시간(時間)의 처리(處理)를 제외(除外)하고 두께에 관계(關係)없이 6시간(時間) 이상(以上)의 처리(處理)에서 모두 수분처리합판(水分處理合板)의 건조곡선(乾燥曲線)이 약액처리합판(藥液處理合板)의 곡선(曲線)보다 상위(上位에 위치(位置)하였다. (7) 처리합판(處理合板)의 두께에 따른 건조율(乾燥率)은 두께 3.5mm의 얇은 합판(合板)의 경우(境遇), 두께 5.0mm의 두꺼운 합판(合板)에서 얻은 건조율(乾燥率)보다 거의 두 배(倍) 이상(以上)의 치(値)를 나타내어 얇은 합판(合板)이 두꺼운 합판(合板)보다 건조효과(乾燥效果)가 뚜렷하게 높았다. (8) 건조온도(乾燥溫度)에 따른 건조율(乾燥率)은 열판온도(熱板溫度)가 상승(上昇)함에 따라 뚜렷하게 상승(上昇)하였으며 두께 3.5mm의 얇은 합판(合板)의 경우(境遇) 열판온도(熱板溫度) 90, 120 및 $150^{\circ}C$에서 각각(各各) 1.226%/min., 6.540%/min., 25.752%/min, 였고 두께 5.0mm의 두꺼운 합판(合板)에서는 각각(各各) 0.550%/min, 2.490%/min., 8.187%/min.를 나타내었다. (9) 약액별(藥液別) 건조율(乾燥率)은 열판온도(熱板溫度) $120^{\circ}C$로 건조(乾燥)하였을 때 두께 3.5mm의 얇은 합판(合板)에서 Mono-ammonium phosphate가 가장 높은 경향(傾向)을 나타내었고 두께 5.0mm의 두꺼운 합판(合板)에서는 Di-ammonium phosphate가 가장 높은 경향(傾向)을 나타내었으나 처리시간(處理時間) 6기간(時間) 이후(以後)에는 수분처리합판(水分處理合板)의 건조율(乾燥率)이 더 높았다. (10) 약액처리합판(藥液處理合板)의 내화도(耐火度)는 측정(測定)된 중량감소율(重量減少率), 착염시간(着炎時間), 잔염시간(殘炎時間), 이면(裏面)의 탄화율(炭火率)을 통(痛)하여 수분처리합판(水分處理合板)이나 미처리합판(未處理合板)보다 뚜렷하게 높았다. (11) 내화약제간(耐火藥劑間) 내화효과(耐火效果)는 Di-ammonium phosphate가 가장 우수(優秀)하였고 다음은 Mono-ammonium phosphate와 Ammonium sulfate이며 Borax-boric acid와 Minalith는 가장 불량(不良)하였다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.1-25
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• 1982

건책물(建策物)의 내장(內裝)에 많이 사용(使用)하고 있는 합판(合板)은 가연성(可燃性) 물질(物質)로서 각종(各種) 대형(大型) 화재(火災)를 유발(誘發)하여 많은 인명(人命)과 재산(財産)의 손실(損失)을 초래(招來)하고 있다. 따라서 이로 인(因)한 피해(被害)를 최대한(最大限)으로 줄이기 위하여 내화합판(耐火合板) 제조(製造)의 필요성(必要性)이 절실(絶實)히 요구(要求)되며 또한 내화합판(耐火合板) 제조(製造)에서 우선적(優先的)으로 해결(解決)해야 될 합판(合板)의 건조(乾燥)에 관(關)해서 연구(硏究)할 필요가 있다고 생각한다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 3.5mm으로 합판(合板)과 5.0mm 합판(合板)에 황산(黃酸)암모늄, 제(第) 1 인산(燐酸) 암모늄, 제(第) 2 인산(燐酸) 암모늄 및 수분처리(水分處理)는 6 및 9시간(時間)으로 처리(處理)하고 붕사(硼砂)-붕산(硼酸) 및 미나리스는 1, 3, 6 및 9시간(時間)으로 처리(處理)하였으며 90, 120 및 $150^{\circ}C$ 등(等)으로 열판건조(熱板乾燥) 실시(實施)한 후(後), 건조곡선(乾燥曲線), 건조속도(乾燥速度), 내화제(耐火劑)의 흡수량(吸收量) 및 내화도(耐火度) 등(等)을 연구검토(硏究檢討)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1) 온냉욕법(溫冷浴法)으로 9후간(後間)의 내화처리(耐火處理) 실시(實施)하므로써 얻은 두께 3.5mm합판(合板)의 약제(藥劑) 보유량(保留量)은 제(第) 1 인산(燐酸) 암모늄 $1.353kg/(30cm)^3$, 제(第) 2 인산(燐酸) 암모늄 $1.331kg/(30cm)^3$, 황산(黃酸)암모늄 $1.263kg/(30cm)^3$ 붕사(硼砂)-붕산(硼酸) $1.226kg/(30cm)^3$으로 최저(最低) 보유량(保留量)에 도달(到達)하였으나 미나리스는 $0.906kg/(30cm)^3$로 미달(未達)되었다. 두께 5.0mm 합판(合板)의 약제(藥劑) 보유량(保留量)은 황산(黃酸)암모늄 $1.356kg/(30cm)^3$, 제(第) 2 인산(燐酸) 암모늄 $1.166kg/(30cm)^3$로서 최저(最低) 보유량(保留量)에 도달(到達)하였으나 제(第) 1 인산(燐酸) 암모늄, 붕사(硼砂)-붕산(硼酸)과 미나리스는 미달(未達)이었다. 2) 3.5mm와 5.0mm 합판(合板)의 건조곡선(乾燥曲線)은 6시간(時間)과 9시간(時間)의 내화처리(耐火處理)에서 약제처리(藥劑處理) 합판(合板)이 수분처리(水分處理) 합판(合板)보다 건조곡선(乾燥曲線)의 경사(傾斜)가 더 적었다. 그리고 두께에 따른 건조속도(乾燥速度)는 3.5mm 합판(合板)의 경우(境遇) 5.0mm 합판(合板) 건조속도(乾燥速度)보다 약(約) 3배(倍) 이상(以上) 더 빨랐다. 3) 약제별(藥劑別) 건조속도(乾燥速度)는 열판온도(熱板溫度) $120^{\circ}C$로 건조(乾燥)하였을 때 두께 3.5mm의 합판(合板)에서 제(第) 2 인산(燐酸) 암모늄이 가장 높은 경향(傾向)을 나타내었고 두께 5.0mm의 합판(合板)에서도 제(第) 2 인산(燐酸) 암모늄이 가장 높은 경향(傾向)을 나타내었다. 그러나 처리시간(處理時間) 6시간(時間) 이상(以上)에서 수분처리(水分處理) 합판(合板)의 건조속도(乾燥速度)가 더욱 높았다. 4) 열판온도(熱板溫度)에 따른 건조속도(乾燥速度)는 열판온도(熱板溫度)가 상승(上昇)함에 따라 뚜렷하게 상승(上昇)하였으며 두께 3.5mm 합판(合板)의 경우(境遇) 열판온도(熱板溫度) 90, 120 및 $150^{\circ}C$에서 각각(各各) 1.23%/min., 6.54%/min., 25.75%/min. 였고 두께 5.0mm의 합판(合板)에서는 각각(各各) 0.55%/min., 2.49%/min., 8.19%/min.를 나타내었다. 5) 내화처리(耐火處理) 합판(合板)의 내화도(耐火度)에 있어서 약제(藥劑)사이의 중량(重量) 감소율(減少率)은 두께 3.5mm와 5.0mm 합판(合板)에서 제(第) 2 인산(燐酸) 암모늄이 가장 적었고 다음은 제(第) 1 인산(燐酸) 암모늄이었으며 그 다음은 황산(黃酸)암모늄, 미나리스 및 붕사(硼砂)-붕산(硼酸)의 순서(順序)로 증가(增加)하였다. 착화시간(着火時間), 잔화시간(殘火時間), 이면(裏面)의 탄화면적(炭火面積)에 있어서는 제(第) 2 인산(燐酸) 암모늄이 가장 우수(優秀)하였고, 다음은 제(第) 1 인산(燐酸) 암모늄, 황산(黃酸) 암모늄, 붕사(硼砂)-붕산(硼酸), 미나리스순(順)으로 효과(効果)를 나타냈다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.56-67
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• 1987

Plywoods used for construction as a decorative interior material are inflammable and can make fire accidents, causing destruction of human life and property. Therefore, it is indeed required to make fire-retardant treated plywood. In this study, 3.7mm yellow meranti plywoods were soaked in 18% boric acid solutions and tap water by hot-cold bath for 1/2, 2/2, 4/2, 6/2 hours and redrying of treated plywoods was carried out by press drying at the platen temperature of 110, 130, 160, $180^{\circ}C$ and then it was conducted to investigate solution absorption, drying rates, dynamic young's modulus. specific gravity and fire-retardant factors such as burning point, flame spread length. flame exhausted time, back side carbonized area and weight loss by treating time, treating solutions and platen temperature. The results are as follows; 1. When plywood was impregnated with the hot bath temperature of $70^{\circ}C$ for 1. 2, 4, 6 hours and the cold bath temperature of $15^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours respectively, retentions of boric acid were 1.565, l.597, 1.643, 1.709kg/$(30cm)^3$ and all of them exceeded the minimum retention [1.125kg/$(30cm)^3$] even in the shortest treatment. 2. In hot-cold bath method for 1/2 hours, the drying rates of treated plywood remarkably increased with the extension of platen temperature of 110, 130, 160, $180^{\circ}C$ and the values of boric acid treated plywood were 5.900, 10.196, 45.42, 54.958m.c%/min and the values of water treated plywood were 6.014, 12.373, 46.520, 55.730m.c%/min and drying rates of water treated plywood were faster than those of boric acid treated plywood. 3. The values of boric acid treated plywoods in dynamic young's modulus were widely higher than those of water treated plywoods. And it can be observed that there were highly significant differences for treating time between dynamic young's modulus, and the values of boric acid plywoods increased with the extension of treating time but on the contrary water treated plywoods were decreased values with prolonged time 4. It was observed that there were highly significant differences for platen temperature between dynamic young's modulus. When the values of water treated plywoods in dyna nic young's modulus were abruptly decreased according to the rise of platen temperature. boric acid treated plywoods showed rather increased values at $160^{\circ}C$ of platen temperature. And in 2- way interactions, there were also highly significant for dynamic young's modulus between treating time x treating solutions and platen temperature x treating solutions. 5. Correlation coefficients of fire-retardant factors were shown in table 5. It could be recognized that there were close correlations between the treating solutions and burning point, flame spread length, back side carbonized area, flame exhausted time and weight loss, but there was no correlation between fire-retardant factors and treating time and platen temperature. 6. From table 6, it can be observed that there were highly significant differences for burning point, flame spread length, flame exhausted time, back side carbonized area, weight loss between treating solutions. And in 2-way interactions, there were highly significant for burning point, flame spread length, weight loss between treating time $\times$ treating solutions.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.417-430
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• 2020

4종의 판상형 목재제품의 방염제 도포량과 침지시간에 따른 방염성능을 분석하기 위하여 소방청의 방염성능기준에 따라 목재제품의 탄화길이와 탄화면적을 측정하였다. 잣나무 합판, 낙엽송 합판, 편백 판재, 타공처리된 자작나무 합판에 자체 개발된 방염제를 각각 300, 500 g/㎡씩 도포하고 방염처리되지 않은 시험편과 비교하였다. 일반적으로 방염제의 도포량이 증가함에 따라 탄화길이와 탄화면적이 감소하여 방염성능이 증가하는 경향을 나타냈으나, 낙엽송 합판을 제외하고 탄화길이와 탄화면적의 감소량이 크지 않았다. 타공처리된 자작나무 합판의 침지시간에 따른 방염성능은 60분의 침지시간까지 양의 상관관계를 나타냈으나, 그 이후 점차 완만해지는 경향을 보였다. 방염제의 도포량과 침지시간에 따른 목재제품의 방염성능은 추후 방염성능 기준에 맞는 불연·준불연 목재의 생산을 위한 기초자료로 이용될 것으로 기대된다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.152-164
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• 1982

1. In order to make the improvement of plywood quality, this study has been made. The pretreatments applied to the veneers are as follows. a) The soaking treatment of the veneer in 30 percent methanol solution for 24 hours was applied to remove some resinous materials which may cause many stain discolouring on the face of finished plywood. b) The preservative treatment of the veneer in 2 percent malenit solution for 2 to 3 minutes was adopted to make resistance against decay and insect damages. c) The fire retardant treatment of the veneer in 40 percent ammonium phosphate solution for 2 hours was applied to give retardation effect against fire burning. 2. The results summarized in this study are as follows. a) One percent resinous materials was extracted, after the soaking of the veneers in 30 percent diluted methanol. b) No marks of the dirty stains of resinous materials on the face of the treated plywood was shown, although many quite dirty stains on the face of untreated plywood have contrary seen. c) However, the strip shear test strength of the treated plywood was not decreased. It means that there is no difference in the strength between the treated plywood and the untreated plywood. The strength values were 25.08 kg/$cm^2$ and 24.98 kg/$cm^2$, respectively. d) The strip shear test strength of plywood made of the treated veneers in 2 percent malenit solution was not decreased. e) The slight decrease of the strip shear test strength of the treated plywood made of the treated veneer in 40 percent ammonuim phosphate solution was shown. However, the remarkable difference of the fire retardation activities between the treated specimens and the untreated specimens has seen as in Table 10, that is, the fire proofed specimens had taken about 28 seconds to start to burn, while the untreated specimens had taken 15 seconds to reach to burning. This means that the fire retardation effect of the fire proofed plywood was greater than that of the unproofed plywood.