• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2015

Successful development of weapon systems requires a stringent verification and validation (V&V) process due to the nature of the weapons in which continual increase of operational capability makes the system requirements more complicated to meet. Thus, test and evaluation (T&E) of weapon systems is becoming more difficult. In such a situation, live fire tests appear to be effective and useful methods in not only carrying out V&V of the weapon systems under development, but also increasing the maturity of the end users operability of the system. However, during the process for live fire tests, a variety of accidents or mishaps can happen due to explosion, pyro, separation, and so on. As such, appropriate means to mitigate mishap possibilities should be provided and applied during the live fire tests. To study a way of how to accomplish it is the objective of this paper. To do so, top-level sources of hazard are first identified. A framework for T&E is also described. Then, to enhance the test range safety, it is discussed how test scenarios can be generated. The proposed method is based on the use of the anticipatory failure determination (AFD) and multiple event tree analysis (ETA) in analyzing range safety. It is intended to identify unexpected hazard components even in the environment with constraints. It is therefore expected to reduce accident possibilities as an alternative to the traditional root-cause analysis.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.57-73
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• 2004

Quantitative safety analysis through a fault tree method has been conducted for a fire broken out over the spilling LNG from a pilot LNG tank, which may have 4 types of scenarios causing potentially risky results. When we consider LNG release from venting pipelines as a first event, any specific radius of Low Flammable Limit(LFL) has not been built up. The second case of LNG outflow from the rupture of storage tank which will be the severest has been analyzed and the results revealed various diffusion areas to the leaking times even with the same amount of LNG release. As a third case LNG leakage from the inlet/outlet pipelines was taken into consider. The results showed no significant differences of LFL radii between the two spilling times of 10 and 60 minutes. Hence, we have known the most affecting factor on the third scenario is an initial amount of LNG release. Finally, the extent of LFL was calculated when LNG pipelines around the dike area were damaged. In addition, consequence analysis has been also performed to acquire the heat radiation and flame magnitude for each case.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.30-39
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• 2020

This study was conducted to identify problems in domestic flame-retardant performance specifications. Currently, the domestic wallcovering anti-inflammatory regulations are not prepared for damage caused by smoke, with the carbonized area as the main function. In particular, given that smoke is the main cause of human casualties and injuries in a fire, it is reasonable that the flame density and toxicity of the wallcovering should also be the main performance indicators. The scope and method of research in this study were as follows. First, a prior study related to fire on various wallcoverings was considered. Second, it raised questions about the effects of smoke in the event of a fire and domestic anti-inflammatory performance tests. Third, textile wallcovering samples were manufactured with viscose rayon for experimental verification of the problems and tested by Korean and EU standards without flame retardant processing to analyze the differences between each regulation. Fourth, the performance of flame retardant wallcovering according to Korean standards was evaluated using smoke density and harmful gas testing methods. The results of each test were as follows. Non-fire retardant wallcovering was rejected by Korea standards. However, B-s1.d0 in Europe. Smoke density testing and harmful gas by domestic combustion processing on the same sample showed that the smoke density increased about 4.3 times more than before, and the harmful gas test showed that the suspension of the post-processing sample slowed earlier than the non-processed sample.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.277-289
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• 2018

Background: Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service (LFRS), the subject of this evaluative research document employs 1400 people. 80% of employees are operational firefighters and officers whom operate across a range of duty systems and support functions, providing prevention, protection and emergency response to the communities of Lancashire. Methods: The overarching purpose of this epidemiological study is to assess the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) amongst operational LFRS personnel and to analyse the effects upon those who may be suffering from it, whether brought about by a single traumatic event or by repeated exposure to traumatic occurrences over a period of time. A combination of primary and secondary research was carried out. Primary data was collated using two recognised clinical questionnaires and statistical analysis was conducted with the aid of the software package SPSS. Results: The findings and statistical analysis showed that out of the 100 people surveyed, 30% of respondents had signs of probable distress. Of this quota, 4% showed symptoms of PTSD. The study considers how an organisation can recognise and manage PTSD and provides recommendations to assist in better recognising and managing the associated risks. Conclusion: Based upon the findings, the authors conclude that the level of PTSD within LFRS is slightly lower than those found in other studies undertaken within the Fire and Rescue Service sector. The paper provides recommendations for future studies and a series of actions for consideration by LFRS senior management to improve PTSD support services for employees.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2021.05a
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• pp.260-262
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• 2021

In recent years, many studies are being conducted to reduce the damage to humans in the event of a fire. In case of fire in large cities, evacuation route guidance services are provided using Mobile GIS (geographic information system). However, among the algorithms used in the existing evacuation route system, Dijkstra Algorithm has a problem that when the cost is negative, it cannot obtain an infinite loop or an accurate result value, and does not help to select an appropriate shortest route by searching all routes. For this reason, in this paper, we propose the shortest route guidance system based on A^* Algorithm. In case of fire, the shortest route is searched and the shortest route is visualized and provided using a map service on a mobile device using mobile GIS.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.1081-1087
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• 2023

Although the school-age population is continuously decreasing, the number of people eligible for special education is increasing every year. Special schools, which are comprised entirely of students with special education needs, are vulnerable due to restrictions on evacuation in the event of a fire. However, the characteristics of special schools are not reflected in the plans related to firefighting and safety in special schools. In this study, essential items such as placement of helpers were selected through analysis of firefighting and school safety plans and collection of faculty and staff opinions. Afterwards, through analysis of experts' opinions, a basic fire evacuation scenario was presented that reflected the characteristics of special schools. We hope that this scenario will contribute to the development of customized fire evacuation scenarios for each special school in the future.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.42-50
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• 2016

In case of a emergency situation or a natural disaster, a warning notification system is an essential tool to notify at-risk people in advance and provide them useful information to survive the event. Although some systems have been proposed such as emergency alert system using android, SMS, or P2P overlay network, these works mainly focus on a reliable message distribution methods. In this paper, we proposed a novel design and implementation of a personalized warning notification system to help inform not only the at-risk people but also their family and friends about the coming disaster as well as escape plan and survival information. The system consists of three main modules: the user selection module, the knowledge based message generator, and message distribution modules. The user selection module collects the list of people involved in the event and sorts them based on their level of involvement (their location, working position and social relationships). The knowledge based message generator provides each person with a personalized message that is concise and contains only the necessary information for the particular person based on their working position and their involvement in the event. The message distribution module will then find a best path for sending the personalized messages based on trustiness of locations since network failures may exist in a disaster event. Additionally, the system also have a comprehensive database and an interactive web interface for both user and system administrator. For evaluation, the system was implemented and demonstrated successfully with a building on fire scenario.

• Atmosphere
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.377-394
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• 2021

The recent largest forest fire in the Yeongdong region, Goseung/Okgae fires of 2019 occurred during YangGang wind event. The wind can be locally gusty and extremely dry, particularly in the complex terrain of Yeongdong. These winds can cause and/or rapidly spread wildfires, the threat of which is serious during the dry spring season. This study examines the spatial variability of the surface wind and its coupling with the upper atmospheric wind using the data during the IOP of the Gangwon Yeongdong Wind Experiments (G-WEX) conducted in 2020 and the data during YangGang wind event on 4~5 April 2019. In the case of IOPs, strong wind at the surface with a constant wind direction appears in the mountain area, and weak wind with large variability in wind direction appears from foothill to the coast in the vicinity of Gangneung region. However, in the 2019 event, strong wind at the surface with a constant wind direction appears in the entire region from the mountain to the coast, even with the stronger wind in the coast than in some part of the mountain area. The characteristics of the upper atmospheric wind related with the spatial distribution of surface wind show that during IOPs of G-WEX, a strong downdraft exists near the mountaintop in the level of about 1 to 4 km. However, in the 2019 event a strong downdraft is reinforced, when its location moves toward the coast and descends close to the ground. These downdrafts are generated by the breaking of mountain waves.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.135-147
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• 2015

Recent underground common utility tunnels are underground facilities for jointly accommodating more than 2 kinds of air-conditioning and heating facilities, vacuum dust collector, information processing cables as well as electricity, telecommunications, waterworks, city gas, sewerage system required when citizens live their daily lives and facilities responsible for the central function of the country but it is difficult to cope with fire accidents quickly and hard to enter into common utility tunnels to extinguish a fire due to toxic gases and smoke generated when various cables are burnt. Thus, in the event of a fire, not only the nerve center of the country is paralyzed such as significant property damage and loss of communication etc. but citizen inconveniences are caused. Therefore, noticing that most fires break out by a short circuit due to electrical works and degradation contact due to combustible cables as the main causes of fires in domestic and foreign common utility tunnels fire cases that have occurred so far, the purpose of this paper is to scientifically analyze the behavior of a fire by producing the model of actual common utility tunnels and reproducing the fire. A fire experiment was conducted in a state that line type fixed temperature detector, fire door, connection deluge set and ventilation equipment are installed in underground common utility tunnels and transmission power distribution cables are coated with fire proof paints in a certain section and heating pipes are fire proof covered. As a result, in the case of Type II, the maximum temperature was measured as $932^{\circ}C$ and line type fixed temperature detector displayed the fire location exactly in the receiver at a constant temperature. And transmission power distribution cables painted with fire proof paints in a certain section, the case of Type III, were found not to be fire resistant and fire proof covered heating pipes to be fire resistant for about 30 minutes. Also, fire simulation was carried out by entering fire load during a real fire test and as a result, the maximum temperature is $943^{\circ}C$, almost identical with $932^{\circ}C$ during a real fire test. Therefore, it is considered that fire behaviour can be predicted by conducting fire simulation only with common utility tunnels fire load and result values of heat release rate, height of the smoke layer, concentration of O2, CO, CO2 etc. obtained by simulation are determined to be applied as the values during a real fire experiment. In the future, it is expected that more reliable information on domestic underground common utility tunnels fire accidents can be provided and it will contribute to construction and maintenance repair effectively and systematically by analyzing and accumulating experimental data on domestic underground common utility tunnels fire accidents built in this study and fire cases continuously every year and complementing laws and regulations and administration manuals etc.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.293-310
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to present the most effective smoke exhaust mode by comparing the quantitatively evaluated risks according to the smoke exhaust mode when a train fire occurs in a subway platform. Therefore, applying the typical subway platform as a model, train fire scenarios are developed with the evacuation start time and location of the fire train for each exhaust mode. The fire accident rates (F) are calculated and the number of fatalities (N) was quantitatively estimated by fire analysis and evacuation analysis for each scenario. In addition, the F/N curve compared with the social risk assessment criteria and the following conclusions were obtained. In the event of a train fire at the subway station platform, the evacuation must start up within 600 s in maximum to ensure the evacuees' safety. To secure evacuation safety, it is advantageous to operate the HVAC system of the platform in the air-supply mode at station without TVF. Comparing the F/N curve for each exhaust mode with the social risk criteria, it turned out that the risk significantly exceeds the social risk criteria in case of no mechanical ventilation. As a result, this paper shows that the ventilation mode in which TVF are exhausted and HVAC system is operated in the pressurized mode are the most effective smoke exhaust mode for ensuring evacuation safety.