• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.427-434
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• 2020

본 연구는 생산비 절감을 위하여 양돈사료 내 당밀 대체 Condensed molasses soluble (CMS)를 육성비육돈 사료 내에 첨가 급여하였을 때, 생산성 및 육질에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 수행하였다. 공시동물은 평균 체중 27.3±1.78 kg의 교잡종(LY×D) 육성돈 160두를 공시하여, 4개 처리구에 완전임의배치로 공시하였다. 시험사료는 시판 육성비육돈사료 급여구(무첨가구)와 시판사료에 각각 당밀 3 % 첨가구(MOL 3.0), CMS 1.5 % 첨가구(CMS 1.5), CMS 3 % 첨가구(CMS 3.0)로 설계하였다. 각 처리구별 시험사료와 물은 70일 동안 자유채식을 실시하였다. 생산성을 분석한 결과, 당밀과 CMS첨가구에서 대조구 대비 사료섭취량이 유의하게 높은 것이 관찰되었으며, CMS 3 % 첨가에 의해 대조구 대비 종료체중과 일당증체량이 유의하게 개선되는 효과를 확인하였다(p<0.05). 사료요구율은 당밀 및 CMS 첨가 그룹에서 대조구와의 통계적 유의한 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 사양시험 종료 후 등심부위의 육질을 평가한 결과에서 보수력, 가열감량, pH 모두 처리구간에 유의적인 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 본 연구의 결과는, 육성비육돈 사료 내 CMS 3%의 첨가급여는 육질의 저하 없이 생산성 개선 효과를 가지며, 양돈 사료 내 당밀 대체제로써 CMS의 활용 가능성을 시사한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.70-76
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• 2003

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of a sorghum-specific enzyme system, derived from an Aspergillus niger and Bacillus subtilis fermentation extract (carbohydrase activity of 1,650 $\alpha$-amylase units and cellulase activity of 30 fibrinolytic units/mL), on growth performance of finishing pigs. In Exp. 1,192 pigs (average initial BW of 46.1 kg) were fed sorghum-based diets without or with 360 mL of enzyme system per ton of sorghum in a 78 d growth assay. For d 0 to 39, gain/feed was improved (p<0.03) with enzyme supplementation, but ADG was not affected (p>0.15). For d 39 to 78 and overall (d 0 to 78), ADG, gain/feed, and digestibilities of DM and N were not affected (p>0.13) by enzyme supplementation. Backfat thickness, fat-free lean index, and scores for stomach keratinization and ulcers also were not affected (p>0.15) by the dietary treatments. In Exp. 2,168 pigs (average initial BW of 58.4 kg) were fed diets without or with 150, 300, or 450 mL/ton of the same enzyme system used in Exp. 1. Adding as much as 450 mL enzyme system / ton of sorghum did not affect (p>0.15) ADG or gain/feed for d 0 to 29 of the growth assay. However, during d 29 to 63, ADG increased by 11% (linear effect, p<0.02) and gain/feed increased by 10% (linear effect, p<0.06) as enzyme concentration was increased from none to 450 mL/ton of sorghum. For the overall period (d 0 to 63), ADG tended to increase (p<0.08) with enzyme supplementation, but gain/feed and digestibilities of DM and N were not affected (p>0.14). Carcass characteristics (dressing percentage, backfat thickness, and fat free lean index) also were not affected (p>0.20) by addition of the enzyme system. In Exp. 3,176 pigs (average initial BW of 46.7 kg) were fed diets without or with 450, 900, or 1,350 mL/ton of the same enzyme system used in Exp. 1 and 2 in a 71 d growth assay. Adding up to 1,350 mL/ton of enzyme had no effects (p>0.15) on ADG, gain/feed, digestibilities of DM and N, and carcass characteristics (dressing percentage, backfat thickness, and fat-free lean index). In conclusion, finishing pigs fed diets with a sorghum-specific enzyme system showed some positive trends for improved growth performance, but those effects were not large and (or) consistent.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.232-236
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• 2008

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of two energy levels and four lysine:digestible energy (DE) ratios on the apparent digestibility of nutrients in finishing pigs. The experiment was conducted using a $2{\times}4$ randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replicates. Twenty-four cross-bred finishing barrows ((Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc) with an average body weight of $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ were assigned to one of eight treatments. Each barrow was placed in an individual metabolism crate and dietary treatment and water was provided ad libitum. Diets were designed to contain lysine:ME ratios of 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.4 g/Mcal at 3.35 and 3.6 Mcal/kg of diet in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Dry matter (DM), ash, Ca and P digestibility were not affected by energy density or lysine:DE ratios. Crude fat digestibility increased as the energy density increased from 3.35 to 3.6 Mcal of DE/kg. Increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased crude protein digestibility. There were no interactions between energy density and lysine:DE ratio in terms of nutrient digestibility. Nitrogen excretion via feces was not affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio, while nitrogen excretion via urine was significantly affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for isoluecine, arginine and aspartic acid as well as average values of essential amino (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acid digestibility (p>0.05) were not affected by energy density. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for leucine, proline, alanine and tyrosine, NEAA and total amino acid digestibility were significantly affected by lysine: DE ratio (p<0.05). Interactive effects of energy and lysine:DE ratio also significantly affected amino acid digestibility except for isoleucine, alanine, cystine, leucine, phenylalanine, glutamine and proline (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that maintaining the appropriate lysine:DE ratio becomes more important as the energy density of the diet increases. Consequently, increasing the lysine:DE ratio can result in increased crude protein digestibility and urinary nitrogen excretion, although apparent protein digestibility and nitrogen excretion were not affected by energy density Furthermore, increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased the apparent digestibility of essential amino acids, except for leucine, regardless of energy density. The optimum lysine:DE ratio for maximum essential amino acid digestibility of the $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ pig is approximately 2.4 g of lysine/Mcal of DE.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.861-867
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• 2005

Feeding values of soybean hulls (SH) were compared to those of wheat bran (WB) for swine diets by chemical compositions, a digestion trial, a preference test by self-selection, and two feeding trials. The SH and the WB appeared to have, on airdry basis, 11.1 vs. 15.4% CP, 32.5 vs. 8.7% crude fiber (CF), 36.8 vs. 10.7% ADF, 0.6 vs. 0.1% Ca, and 492 vs. 92 ppm Fe, respectively. Lysine and total sulfur-containing amino acids in the SH were 0.66 vs. 0.37%, respectively. Apparent digestibility values of the SH were 71% for dry matter, 50% for CP, and 74% for CF. Apparent digestible energy and MEn values of the SH were 2,420 and 2,370 kcal kg$^-1$, respectively, which were comparable to those of the WB, 2,420 and 2,275 kcal kg$^-1$ (NRC, 1998), respectively. The first feeding trial was conducted with 72 crossbred growing pigs with an average weight of 29.6 kg. The pigs when fed the diets containing 0, 6 and 10% SH by replacing the WB on a weight basis for 42 days did not show significant differences in body weight gain and feed/gain ratio among the treatments. The same trends were observed in the second trial with 60 crossbred finishing pigs with an average weight of 64.5 kg when fed the diets containing 12% SH or WB for 41 days. Back-fat thickness and adjusted loin eye muscle area of the finisher pigs were also not significantly different between the two groups. When allowed to self-select from two different feed troughs containing 10% SH or WB for two weeks, two groups of 80 pigs with 10 pigs per pen consumed the two diets exactly in equal proportion. In conclusion, the soybean hulls can be included up to 10 and 12% for growing or finishing pig diets, respectively, replacing the wheat bran on a weight basis without any adverse effects on palatability of diets and animal performances.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.61-66
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different selenium (Se) products (inorganic, organic A, organic B) added at two supplemental dietary Se levels (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and Se retention in growing-finishing pigs. A $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments was used in a RCB design, with a non-Se-fortified basal diet serving as the negative control. A total of 56 crossbred pigs (28 male and 28 female pigs) initially weighing an average $28.45{\pm}0.53kg$ BW were allotted to each treatment with four pigs per pen on the basis of sex and weight. Two pigs per pen were selected and bled from the anterior vena cava at 3- weekly intervals to analyze Se concentration. In the growing phase (0-6 weeks), increased ADFI was observed when pigs were fed organic Se compared to those fed the control diet or inorganic Se treatment (p<0.05). Pigs fed inorganic Se had a great ADFI than pigs fed organic Se (p<0.05) in the late finishing phase (7-12 weeks), although there were no differences in whole period ADFI between organic or inorganic Se products. During 12 weeks of the whole experimental period, serum Se concentration increased linearly when dietary Se level increased regardless of Se products (p<0.05). Both dietary Se source (p<0.05) and Se level (p<0.01) influenced the Se concentration of various pig tissues at end of this experiment and Se content was the highest in the kidney. For the determination of nutrient digestibility, a metabolic trial was conducted in 3 replicates in randomized complete block (RCB) design. A total of 21 barrows ($50.21{\pm}0.62kg$ of average BW) were used in the metabolic study. Selenium supplementation had no effect on nutrient digestibility except for crude protein. Crude protein digestibility increased with dietary supplementation of organic Se (A) compared with other forms of Se products or control diet (p<0.05). Consequently, this experiment indicated that dietary Se products and levels had no effect on growth performance of pigs. Se concentration in tissues and serum was increased in proportion to dietary Se level, especially when organic Se was provided. Although pigs were fed organic forms of Se, bioavailability of organic forms varied among products, consequently bioactivity of organic products to the animals should be evaluated before practical application in animal feed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.116-122
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• 2018

Objective: This experiment was to evaluate the effect of different inclusion levels and adaptation periods on digestible energy (DE) and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of chemical constituents in diets supplemented with wheat bran. Methods: Thirty-six crossbred barrows with an initial body weight of $85.0{\pm}2.1kg$ were allotted to 6 diets in a completely randomized block design with 6 pigs per diet. Diets included a cornsoybean basal diet and 5 additional diets which were formulated by replacing corn and soybean meal in control diet with 15%, 25%, 35%, 45%, or 55% wheat bran. The experiment lasted for 34 d, and feces were collected from d 8 to 13, 15 to 20, 22 to 27, and 29 to 34 respectively. Results: The results showed no interaction effects between inclusion level and adaptation period on the concentration of DE and the ATTD of gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) in wheat bran. The DE value and ATTD of GE in wheat bran decreased (p<0.05) significantly as the inclusion level of wheat bran increased, but no difference in the ATTD of CP was observed. The ATTD of CP in wheat bran increased (p<0.10) significantly as the adaptation period for pigs was prolonged. In addition, the concentration of DE and the ATTD of GE in wheat bran decreased linearly (p<0.05) when pigs were fed either an increased level of wheat bran or given an increased adaptation period to the diets. Conclusion: Wheat bran showed a negative effect on the concentration of DE and ATTD of GE and CP as the inclusion level increased. A longer adaptation period can gradually increase the DE value and ATTD of GE and CP in wheat bran, and at least 14 to 21 d of adaptation might be recommended for growing-finishing pigs fed the high-fiber diets with wheat bran.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.368-371
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• 2001

본 연구는 양파의 첨가에 따른 비육돈에서의 성장 및 혈청내 cholesterol 성상에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 실시하였다. 사양실험은 3원 교잡종($Durcc{\;\times\;}Yorkshire{\;\times\;}Landrace$) 비육돈 60두를 공시하였으며, 처리구로는 옥수수-대두박 기초사료에 양파 무첩가구(Con), 양파 1.0% 첨가구(ORB1)와 양파 2.0% 첨가구(ORB2)로 3 처리로 구서되었다. 전체 시험 기간동안, 일당증체량과 일당식이 섭취량은 대조구에 비해 양파의 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다(linear effect; p<0.01). 또한, 식이효율도 양파 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 향상되었다(linear effect, p<0.01). 혈중 total cholesterol 농도는 대조구보다 양파 첨가수준에 따라 낮게 평가되었다(linear effect; p<0.01). 또한, 혈중 HDL-cholesterol 농도는 차이가 나타나지 않았지만, LDL-cholesterol 농도는 양파 첨가수준에 따라 유의적으로 낮은 수치를 나타내었다(linear effect, p<0.04; quadratic effect, p<0.09). 그러나 혈중 triacylglyceride 농도에서는 처리구간에 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 결론적으로 70 ~ 108 kg 비육돈에 있어 사료내 양파의 첨가는 성장촉진과 혈중 total cholesterol 농도 감소에 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.557-561
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• 2005

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of weekly administration of implant type recombinant porcine somatotropin (rpST) on the performance and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. A total of 120 crossbred (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc) pigs were employed for 11 weeks in a growth trial in experiment. A rpST designed to implant every 7 d was used. Forty pigs, each weighing 75 kg, were allocated into three rpST treatments; control (CONT), implant of rpST from 75 kg (TRT1) or 90 kg (TRT2) of body weight. The CONT pig and pigs in TRT2 from 75 kg to 90 kg were treated without rpST but with placebo. In rpST-treated pigs, each 100 mg and 125 mg of the equivalent rpST was implanted from live weight of 75 kg to 90 kg and from 90 kg to market weight, respectively. Half of the pigs from each treatment were marketed at live weight of 110 kg and the rest at 130 kg. All pigs were allowed ad libitum access to a commercial feed containing 0.94% and 0.88% of lysine from 75 to 110 kg, 110 to 130 kg of body weights, respectively. rpST had no effect on daily gain, while feed efficiency was improved by 7 to 13% (p<0.05) in the rpST-treated groups compared with the CONT. Compared with the CONT, backfat thickness was decreased by 12% (p<0.05) in TRT1 at 110 kg of market weight, and by 23 to 32% (p<0.05) in the rpST-treated groups at 130 kg of market weight, respectively. Lean muscle rate tended to be higher in TRT1 at both 110 kg and 130 kg of market weight, and carcass fat percentage in the rpST-treated groups was decreased by 33 to 46% (p<0.05) compared with the CONT.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.504-510
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• 2004

Two experiments were conducted. In expt. 1, a total of fifty-four pigs (L$\times$Y$\times$D, 56.14$\pm$1.7 kg) were used for a feeding trial to determine the effect of wet feeding of a commercial-type diet without food waste (FW). Treatments were dry (Control), wet (WF) and wet+dry feeding (WDF). For wet feeding, the diet was mixed with water at a ratio of 1:2.5 (feed:water). A wet feed was given during the whole experimental period for the WF group, but the dry feed was given during the finisher period for the WDF group. In expt. 2, a total of fifty-four pigs(L$\times$Y$\times$D, 55.7$\pm$1.8 kg) were used for a feeding trial to determine the effect of wet feeding of FW. Treatments were a commercial-type dry (Control), wet fermented food waste (WFFW) and WFFW+dry feeding (WFFW+DF). For wet feeding of fermented food waste, however, some ingredients (concentrate) were added to make nutrient contents comparable to the control diet. The FW collected was ground ($\leq$5 mm), heated with a steam jacket (140$\pm$3$^{\circ}C$) and fermented with probiotics for one day in a steel container at 30-40$^{\circ}C$. For the WFFW group, the wet feed was given during the whole experimental period, but a dry feed was given during finisher period for the WFFW+DF group. In expt. 1, during the grower period, pigs fed wet feed showed higher average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) than those fed only dry feed (p<0.05). During the finisher period, pigs in the WDF group showed better ADG and FCR than the control group. During the entire experimental period, pigs in the WDF group grew faster (p<0.05) than those in the control group, and the same trend was found in FCR. Also, dressing percentage, backfat thickness, lean %, and pork color were not affected by the wet feeding of diets in this study. In expt. 2, during the grower period, pigs fed diets containing FW showed lower (p<0.05) ADG than those fed the control diet. But FCR was better (p<0.05) in pigs fed FW than in the control group. During the finisher period, pigs in the WFFW+DF group grew faster (p<0.05) than those in the control and WFFW groups. During the entire experimental period, pigs fed the control diet showed better ADG (p<0.05) than those fed FW, but feed intake and FCR were vice versa. Dressing percentage was lower (p<0.05) in the WFFW than in the control group, but backfat was thinner in the WFFW group than in the control group. In summary, it can be concluded that wet feeding of formula feed can improve daily gain, however, feeding fermented wet food waste may reduce daily gain of finishing pigs, even though it was fermented and the nutrient was fortified with concentrates. In addition, dry feeding of a formula feed during the finishing period can improve daily gain in pigs fed a wet feed with or without food waste during the grower period.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.463-472
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• 2003

처리구 당 돼지 10마리씩을 선발하여 비육후기에 0.2%, 0.5%의 키토산 발효사료를 첨가하여 6주간(43일) 급여한 사양시험 결과는 증체량에 있어서는 0.2% 처리구가 가장 높았으며(p<0.05) 사료요구율에 있어서는 0.5% 처리구가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 0.2% 수준에서의 첨가는 사료의 효율을 증가시키고 증체량을 개선하였다. pH값은 등심의 경우에 있어서 대조구가 5.27로서 가장 낮았고 0.2%와 0.5% 처리구는 각각 5.47과 5.54를 나타내었으며 처리구간에 있어서 유의한 차이를 보여 주었다(p<0.05). 등심의 경우 L*값이 0.2%와 0.5%의 두 처리구에 있어서 대조구보다 유의하게(p<0.05) 낮게 나타났으며, 목심의 경우에는 0.5% 처리구가 다른 처리구보다 유의하게(p<0.05) 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 3가지 처리에 따른 등심부위의 지방산 조성을 보면 현저한 차이를 발견할 수는 없으나 키토산 발효사료 처리구에는 C12:0 이나 C16:0과 같은 포화지방산의 비율이 높아진 반면 탄소수가 18개의 불포화 지방산 함량은 다소 낮아 진 것을 알 수 있다(대조구 : 30.15%, 0.2% 처리구 : 26.03%, 0.5% 처리구 : 26.94%). 관능검사항목 중에서 다즙성의 경우에만 처리구간별로 유의한 차이를 나타내었으며, 0.5% 처리구가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05). 또한 연도에 있어서도 0.5% 처리구가 가장 부드러운 것으로 나타났다. 삽겹살에 대해서는 다즙성, 풍미 그리고 기호성을 조사한 바, 풍미와 기호성 측면에서도 0.5% 처리구가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.05).