• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.91-101
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• 1994

Nodular thyroid disease is a common clinical problem. The problem in clinical practice is to distinguish malignant or potentially malignant tumor from harmless nodules. The cases of thyroid nodule surgically managed at Department of General Surgery, Soon Chun Hyang Univ. Hospital during the period Jan. 1985 to July. 1992 were reviewed retrospectively. To assess method of distinguishing malignant from benign lesions of the thyroid gland, we reviewed 162 patients with thyroid nodule. There were 61(37.7%) malignant nodules and 101(62.3%) benign nodules. According to the review, distinguishing the benign from the malignant nodule with history, physical examination, clinical manifestation, and duration of illness was not suggested sufficiently. In ultrasonogram of 73 cases, 57.5% of nodules were solid, 20.6% were cystic, 21.9% were mixed solid and cystic. Of these, 28.5% of the operated solid lesions, 12.5% of the mixed lesions, and only 6.7% of the cystic lesions were malignant. Thyroid scanning of 82 cases revealed cold nodules in 60 patients(73.2%), of which 26 cases were malignant(36.6%) 137 patients underwent fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC), and these results were as follow: sensitiviey was 70.6%, specificity was 93.0%, false-positive rate was 14.3%, and false-negative rate was 15.8%. 41 patients underwent frozen biopsy, and the results as follow: sensitivity was 80.0%, specificity was 89.7%. Neither scintigraphy nor ultrasonogram has sufficient specificity to distinguish benign from malignant nodule. But FNAC and frozen biopsy have sufficient accuracy to differentiate benign from malignant nodule. In the benign nodules, the most common type of operation was total lobectomy (60.4%). Of the malignant nodules, total thyroidectomy with or without modified radical neck dissection was performed in 30 cases(49.2%). We conclude that the single technique used to determine the differential diagnosis of a thyroid nodule are unrealiable. It is therefore essential to combine all avaiable clinical and laboratory information.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.303-306
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• 2011

A 12-year-old female mixed breed dog receiving a progesterone drug was referred for evaluation of an abdominal mass. Abdominal radiography and ultrasonography revealed a swollen uterus and an associated mass. Serum chemistry revealed hyperglobulinemia consistent with acute inflammation based on the results of serum protein electrophoresis. Fine needle aspiration of the mass guided by ultrasonography was performed for cytological evaluation. The cytological impression was consistent with adenocarcinoma. Exploratory laparotomy identified a uterine body mass, which was surgically removed for histopathology. Histology of the mass identified a uterine adenocarcinoma. Immunochemistry using anti-estrogen and progesterone receptor antibodies was performed and neoplastic cells were negative to both antibodies while some normal elements were reactive to both of them. Computer tomography demonstrated evidence of metastatic disease in the lung one week after the surgery and the dog died about 40 days after surgery.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.709-713
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• 1993

Inflammatory pseudotumor, also known as plasma cell granuloma, is a rare, benign tumor that affects at all ages and frequently involves the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and salivary gland. They are the most common, isolated, primary lesion of the lung in children less than 16 years of age, and usually present as circumscribed, peripheral, parenchymal tumors, which may be static or increase slowly in size without causing symptoms. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice bacause of the location and benign nature of this lesion. The prognosis after resection is excellent. Adjuvant therapeutic modalities include radiation and steroid therapy. Recently, we experienced a case of inflammatory pseudotumor of the lung, the diagnosis of which was made by percutaneous fine needle aspiration cytology examination. We tried steroid and the lesions of the lung was completely resolved. We report this case with a review of literatures.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 2008

In Korea, the quality control(QC) program forcytopathology was introduced in 1995. The program consists of a checklist for the cytolopathology departments, analysis data on all the participating institutions' QC data, including the annual data on cytologic examinations, the distribution of the gynecological cytologic diagnoses, as based on The Bethesda System 2001, and the data on cytologic-histolgical correlation of the gynecological field, and an evaluation for diagnostic accuracy. The diagnostic accuracy program has been performed 3 times per year with using gynecological, body fluid and fine needle aspiration cytologic slides. We report here on the institutional QC data and the evaluation for diagnostic accuracy since 2004, and also on the new strategy for quality control and assurance in the cytologic field. The diagnostic accuracy results of both the participating institutions and the QC committee were as follows; Category 0 and A: about 94%, Category B: 4-5%, Category C: less than 2%. As a whole, the cytologic daignostic accuracy is relatively satisfactory. In 2008, on site evaluation for pathology and cytology laboratories, as based on the "Quality Assurance Program for Pathology Services" is now going on, and a new method using virtual slides or image files for determining the diagnostic accuracy will be performed in November 2008.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1996

From the concepts of cellular pathology and of exfoliative cytology, as elucidated by Virchow and Papanicolaou respectively in the late 19th and early 20th century, have evolved the primary methods for the diagnosis of cancer today. From Papanicolaou's concept of exfoliative cytology developed fine needle aspiration biopsy in the early 1960's, this has become a major diagnostic procedure and has contributed to a significant reduction in open biopsies and, therefore, to medical cost-effectiveness immunobiochemical techniques provided us with a supplement to cancer diagnosis in the 1980's. The immunoperoxidase method, using monoclonal antibodies, is applied primarily as an ancillary measure to elucidate the nature of cancers The availability of specific monoclonal antibodies has greatly facilitated the identification of cell products or surface markers. For example, antibodies directed against intermediate filaments have proved to be of value in determining the histogenesis oi poorly differentiated neoplasms. Tumor markers may serve as biochemical indicators of the presence of a neoplasm. They can be detected In plasma and other body fluids. Their concentration can be applied as a diagnostic test, for monitoring the clinical course of known cancer, and as a screening measure to detect certain cancers in a population at risk. Flow cytometry is a useful tool for distinguishing several cell characteristics, such as the immunophenotype of leukemia-lymphoma cells, the DNA content of neoplastic cells, and cell proliferation rate. Molecular biologic techniques provided a giant step for the management of cancer patients encompassing diagnosis, prognostic evaluation, and therapy. Nucleic acid hybridization techniques are utilized as Southern, Northern, and dot blots and in situ hybridization. Molecular biology and its techniques may bring a blight new horizon for understanding cancer biology and in designing therapy on the basis of gene manipulation.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.228-235
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• 1998

Objectives: Papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid was evaluated as to the effectiveness of diagnostic modalities, lymphatic spread pattern, and therapeutic decision according to tumor size. Material and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a clinicopathologic findings of 72 papillary microcarcinoma patients who were treated at the over 11 years between 1985 and 1995. The authors divided papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid into two subgroups according to tumor size: $0{\leqq}5mm$ and $5<0{\leqq}10mm$. An analysis including age and gender distribution, diagnostic tools(thyroid sonogram, thyroid scan, thyroid function test, fine needle aspiration cytology, frozen section), pathological examination of lymphnode, and surgical procedures was carried out in each subgroups. Results: The carcinoma of smaller than 5mm were found in 32 patients, and of 6 -10mm were in 40 patients. The average age of patients was 45years and all of them were female. Cold nodules on thyroid scan were noticed in 53 patientss and normal findings were in 15 patients. Suspicious malignant lesions(fine calcification, solid mass, irregular margin) on thyroid sonography were detected in 23 patients and the sonography was more useful in detecting $0{\leqq}5mm$ small sized lesions than other diagnostic methods. FNAC were performed in 17 patients, and 7 patients were diagnosed as having thyroid papillary cancer. But diagnotic rate in $0{\leqq}5mm$ small sized lesions was very low(one of eights).Frozen section were performed in all patients, among these 15 patients were diagnosed as being benign diseases and false negative rates were higher in $0{\leqq}5mm$ small sized lesions than in $5<0{\leqq}10mm$ sized lesions(p-value<0.006). Only thyroidectomies were performed in 24 patients and thyroidectomy with node dissections in 48 patients. The lymphnode metastatic rates were much higher in multifocal lesions(61.5%) than in single lesion. The incidence of cervical lymphnode metastasis was 19.4% in $0{\leqq}5mm$ sized lesions and 47.9% in $5<0{\leqq}10mm$ sized lesions. Postoperative management were performed with TSH suppression therapy(T4, synthroid) in all patients and RI therapy in 29 patients. Conclusion: On the basis of our study, improved preoperative diagnostic tools for papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid was helpful in the choice of surgical treatment. As a result of techninological progress(ultrasonography, FNAC), the pencentage of the discovery of papillary microcarcinoma has been increased. The thyroid ultrasonography was useful in detecting small sized lesions($0{\leqq}5mm$), but FNAC may not be beneficial in detecting small sized lesions($0{\leqq}5mm$). In the surgical procedure, thyroid lobectomy alone should be avoided because of the high rate of bilaterality and multifocality.

• Korean Journal of Head & Neck Oncology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 1993

During 7 years, from Jan. 1986 to Dec. 1992, authors studied 208 cases of the surgically managed thyroid nodules at the Department of General Surgery, Han Kang Sacred Heart Hospital and obtained the following results. 1) Among the total 208 cases, male to female ratio was 1:11.2 in benign thyroid diseases and 1:9 in malignant thyroid diseases. The benign disease was prevalent between second and forth decade comparing with malignant disease between third and fifth decade. 2) The most common duration of illness was 3 months(26.0%). 3) Palpable neck mass was the most common chief complaint(100%). Palpitation. fatigue, and sweating were common complaints in patient with benign disease, and fatigue, palpitation, and sweating in malignant disease in decreasing order of frequency. 4) 55.8 % of lesions were in right lobe, 33.2% in left lobe, 5.8% in diffuse type, 4.8% in bilateral lobes, and 0.5% in isthmus. 5) The most common size of nodule was between 2.0cm and 3.9cm in diameter, which consisted of 55.1% of benign disease and 48.0% of malignant disease. 6) 86.5% of thyroid function test showed euthyroidism, 10.1% hyperthyroidism, and 3.4% hypothyroidism. 7) Thyroid scanning of 176 patients revealed cold nodules in 92.5% of benign diseases and in 92.9% of malignant diseases. 8) The most common benign disease was adenomatous hyperplasia(62.7%), and the most common malignant disease was papillary adenocarcinoma(80.0%). 9) Fine needle aspiration cytology was performed in 91 cases, and it showed 69.0% of sensitivity, 90.3% of specificity, and 83.5% of accuracy. 10) Frozen biopsy was performed in 109 cases. and it showed 93.9% of sensitivity, 100.0% of specificity, and 98.2% of accuracy. 11) The most commonly performed operation was unilateral lobectomy(including unilateral lobectomy with isthmectomy)(79.1%) in benign disease. and total thyroidectomy(62.0%) in malignant disease. 12) Postoperative complication showed 5 cases of wound infection (2.4%), 3 cases of transient hypoparathyroidism(1.4%), 3 cases of transient hoarseness(1.4%), 2 cases of postoperative bleeding(1.0%), 1 case of permanent hypoparathyroidism(0.5%), 1 case of permanent hoarseness(0.5%), and 1 case of postoperative pneumonia (0.5%).

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.459-463
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• 2015

A 14-year-old, castrated male mixed-breed dog weighing 9 kg was presented for hematuria and dysuria. Abdominal ultrasound showed unilateral hydronephrosis and hydroureter with focal thickening of the ureteral wall. Surgical exploration revealed an intraluminal mass arising from the proximal left ureter. Mass resection was performed. Histopathology of the ureteral mass was consistent with a papillary transitional cell carcinoma. The patient recovered well post-operatively, but was diagnosed with another tumor three months later, this time in the right kidney. Fine-needle aspiration cytology of the renal mass revealed an epithelial cell tumor with mesenchymal features.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.603-606
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• 2011

An 11-year-old castrated male cocker spaniel presented with halitosis, anorexia, and swelling of the left face. Upon physical examination, a firm mass was detected in the left buccal mucosa. Fine needle aspiration cytology revealed a malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin. We performed biopsy, which gave a diagnosis of oral fibrosarcoma. The client refused surgical treatment, and carboplatin chemotherapy (300 $mg/m^2$, IV, q 21 days) was initiated. The mass gradually decreased in size and disappeared about 89 days after the initial chemotherapy. Complete remission was attained, and the tumor did not relapse. This case report shows that a single carboplatin chemotherapy session can achieve macroscopic complete remission of oral fibrosarcoma.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.227-234
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• 2017

This study evaluated the usefulness of the elasticity score and strain ratio in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant nodules in thyroid elastography. We performed a retrospective analysis based on the results of fine needle aspiration cytology. The Chi-square test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the difference between the five degrees of elasticity score and strain ratio according to the benign and malignant thyroid nodules. ROC curve analysis was used to determine the elasticity score and the best cut-off value of the strain ratio for the prediction of malignant nodules. There was a statistically significant difference (p=0.000) between the homogeneity of the elasticity score and the difference of the strain ratio between the benign and malignant nodule groups. On the ROC curve analysis, the elasticity score and the srain ratio for predicting benign and malignant nodules were determined as AUC 0.842, 0.700, cut-off value 3, 2.49 (p=0.001). Therefore, the elasticity score and strain ratio may be useful in the differential diagnosis of thyroid nodules.