• Land and Housing Review
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.529-538
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• 2011

Recently, one of the critical issues in Korea is the huge debt and future role of Korea Land and Housing Corporation. In this regards, the purpose of this study is to get implications from other public housing agencies in Asian countries such as UR of Japan, HDB of Singapore and HA of Hongkong. The changes of housing policy since 1960s, business and financial structure of housing agencies in each nation are investigated and compared. As a result, some policy directions can be proposed as follows : review of current mass housing program, relaxing qualifications for public rental housing, promotion of urban renewal projects, reinforcing cooperation with private sector and local governments, more government's support to LH's financing and loss from businesses for public interests and re-evaluation of LH's debt. The contribution of this study is that suggestions to improve housing policy and to alleviate financial problem of LH are based on the actual conditions of public housing agencies in Asian countries where the housing policy implementation system is similar to Korea, not on the theoretical basis.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2023

Due to the COVID-19 phenomenon, more than one-third of SMEs in Korea have been working from home. Therefore, we tried to find out the management status of SMEs and find policy support. The survey data was based on the Bank of Korea's corporate management analysis 2021 data. As a result of the study, the debt of SMEs increased from 362 trillion won(2019) to 409 trillion won(2022), while their capital decreased from 489 trillion won(2019) to 336 trillion won(2022). Net profit and loss increased to 14.9 trillion won(2019) and 23.3 trillion won(2021). As a result of the company's financial soundness analysis, First, for stability, the current ratio was high compared to the total industry and the dependence on borrowings was high. Second, profitability improved from 3.20%(2019) to 4.28%(2021), but it was lower than 5.01%(2021) for all industries. Third, the growth rate showed an increase of 12.43%, which is 1.57 times faster than the total asset growth rate of 7.94%(2021) for all industries. As for the growth rate of sales, all industries(2021) showed (-)growth, while SMEs among manufacturing industries showed a growth rate of 14.78%. Fourth, as for activity, the total asset turnover ratio was higher at 0.96% compared to 0.73 for all industries. In conclusion, stability and profitability were low and growth potential was high compared to all industries. In the future, policies that focus on industries with high growth potential are needed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.1044-1052
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• 2015

The aim of this modelling study was to investigate the effect of large herd size (and land areas) on walking distances and milking interval (MI), and their impact on milk yield and economic penalties when 50% of the total diets were provided from home grown feed either as pasture or grazeable complementary forage rotation (CFR) in an automatic milking system (AMS). Twelve scenarios consisting of 3 AMS herds (400, 600, 800 cows), 2 levels of pasture utilisation (current AMS utilisation of 15.0 t dry matter [DM]/ha, termed as 'moderate'; optimum pasture utilisation of 19.7 t DM/ha, termed as 'high') and 2 rates of incorporation of grazeable complementary forage system (CFS: 0, 30%; CFS = 65% farm is CFR and 35% of farm is pasture) were investigated. Walking distances, energy loss due to walking, MI, reduction in milk yield and income loss were calculated for each treatment based on information available in the literature. With moderate pasture utilisation and 0% CFR, increasing the herd size from 400 to 800 cows resulted in an increase in total walking distances between the parlour and the paddock from 3.5 to 6.3 km. Consequently, MI increased from 15.2 to 16.4 h with increased herd size from 400 to 800 cows. High pasture utilisation (allowing for an increased stocking density) reduced the total walking distances up to 1 km, thus reduced the MI by up to 0.5 h compared to the moderate pasture, 800 cow herd combination. The high pasture utilisation combined with 30% of the farm in CFR in the farm reduced the total walking distances by up to 1.7 km and MI by up to 0.8 h compared to the moderate pasture and 800 cow herd combination. For moderate pasture utilisation, increasing the herd size from 400 to 800 cows resulted in more dramatic milk yield penalty as yield increasing from c.f. 2.6 and 5.1 kg/cow/d respectively, which incurred a loss of up to $AU 1.9/cow/d. Milk yield losses of 0.61 kg and 0.25 kg for every km increase in total walking distance (voluntary return trip from parlour to paddock) and every one hour increase in MI, respectively. The high pasture utilisation combined with 30% of the farm in CFR in the farm increased milk yield by up to 1.5 kg/cow/d, thereby reducing loss by up to $0.5/cow/d (c.f. the moderate pasture and 800 cow herd scenario). Thus, it was concluded that the successful integration of grazeable CFS with pasture has the potential to improve financial performance compared to the pasture only, large herd, AMS.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1453-1463
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• 2016

The most useful financial risk measure may be VaR (Value at Risk) which estimates the maximum loss amount statistically. The VaR tends to be estimated in many industries by using transformed univariate risk including variance-covariance matrix and a specific portfolio. Hong et al. (2016) are defined the Vector at Risk based on the multivariate quantile vector. When a specific portfolio is given, one point among Vector at Risk is founded as the best VaR which is called as an alternative VaR (AVaR). In this work, AVaRs have been investigated for multivariate normal distributions with many kinds of variance-covariance matrix and various portfolio weight vectors, and compared with VaRs. It has been found that the AVaR has smaller values than VaR. Some properties of AVaR are derived and discussed with these characteristics.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.110-119
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• 2012

The Plan and equipment of vertical lifting are very important in high-rise building construction site, and unmanned lifts usage is increasing for financial and efficient reason. However if lift stop position error occur, It can be accumulated. And the lift can not be available during an engineer fix the problem. So loss of time and cost will occur when lifts have problems. This paper reports an improved lift stop position sensing device for preventing loss of time and cost from lift stop position error. The result of tests showed that the system has a correction function of lift stop position error, and the accuracy of device which was developed in this paper was about 9.75mm better than existing equipment.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.180-191
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• 1997

When women are removed with their matrix which is a emotionally significant organ of symbol in psychologically adapting themselves to mother and woman, that is threatened and injured with woman role decisively. The nursing for women with hysterectomy is limited to medical treatment and the nursing related to troubles in psychology, emotion they experience in general situation due to operations is hardly realized. New basis for nursing can be realized when we both have relation with lived human experience related th health and become to be a part of it. We need to catch their experience due to the loss of matrix to understand women with hysterectomy. The subjects of the study were nine patients who were admitted to a gynecological ward of a hospital in Seoul, suffering from vaginal bleeding, back pain, abdominal pain and so on and diagnosing as non-cancer. The data were collected from April to May 1997 by listening to the subjects' expression of their experience and by participant observation of the subjects' reactions. A tape-recorder was used under the permission of the subjects, to prevent the loss of spoken information. The result of the study was as follows : The data on burden content from the interview were categorized as psych-emotional, physical, personal interaction, financial burden and maternal role burden. The factors which have influence on the burden of the subjects are an offer of information, support system, age, occupation, economic situation, family history, character, season, the existence of ovary and religion. In conclusion, since we ascertained that the nursing in the process of recovery decide the quality of life, though women with hysterectomy undergo various burden experience and adapt to it in the end, it is necessary to give them enough information and educate husband, having on important effect on the burden experience, to be a good supporter. And technically skilled nurses of consultant are thought to be able to contrive better qualitative life of women with hysterectomy as an important bridge between the subjects and their required information, since the nurses have their well-formed position of relationship of confidence through continuous contact with patients and their family.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.73-82
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• 2017

Purpose - This paper aims to investigate a profit maximizing incentive of foreign traders in distributing the KOSPI 200 Futures. Such an incentive may induce unsophisticated retail traders to suffer loss from speculative trading. Since Korean government increased the entry barriers of the market to protect unsophisticated traders, the market size has been decreasing while the proportion of the contract held by foreign traders has been increasing. These on going changes make the market imperfectly competitive, where a profit maximization incentives of foreign traders are expected to grow. In this paper, we attempt to find any evidence of such behavior, thereby providing implications regarding market policy and market efficiency. Research design, data, and methodology - According to Kyle(1985), an informed trader exploits his/her monopoly power optimally in a dynamic context so that he/she makes positive profit, where he/she could conceal his/her trading utilizing noise trading as camouflage. We apply the KOSPI 200 Futures market to the Kyle's model: foreign traders who take into account the effect of his/her trading to maximize expected profits as an informed trader, retail investors as noise traders, and financial institutions as market makers. To find any evidence of monopolistic behavior, we test the variants of trading volume and price data of the KOSPI 200 Futures over the period of 2009 and 2017. Results - First, we find that the price of the KOSPI 200 Futures are more volatile than the price of underlying asset. Second, we find that monopolistic foreign trader's trading order flows are consistent with exploiting his/her monopoly power to maximize profit. Finally, we find that retail investors' trading order flows are inversely consistent with maximizing profit, that is, uninformed retail investors suffer loss continuously in speculative trading against informed traders. Conclusions - Our results show that the quantity of strategic order flows may have a large effect on the price, therefore, resulting the market inefficiency. The results also imply that, in implementing regulations, the depth of the market must be considered to maintain market liquidity, and suggesting interesting research topics regarding the market structure.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.110-119
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• 2017

Purpose: Patient quality of life (QoL) may be severely disrupted following distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. This issue should be addressed to improve postoperative care. Materials and Methods: QoL data from the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire, and its gastric cancer-specific module, were administered to 202 patients preoperatively, and 5 years postoperatively. Patients were classified into subgroups based on their answers to each questionnaire item: group I (good), answering "not at all"; group II (fair), answering "a little"; group III (poor), answering "quite a bit" or "very much." Results: At 5 years post-operation, the proportion of patients in group III on the functional scales ranged from 4.3% to 5.7%. The proportions of patients in group III with fatigue, insomnia, diarrhea, and financial difficulties were 8.9%, 9.0%, 11.5%, and 9.1%, respectively. The proportions of patients in group III with anxiety, dry mouth, body image concerns, and hair loss were 12.8%, 10.5%, 9.9%, and 12.6%, respectively. These proportions were less than 5% for other QoL symptom scales/items and for the gastric cancer-specific module. Conclusions: Most patients reported good or fair QoL following surgery. However, symptom management of fatigue, insomnia, diarrhea, anxiety, dry mouth, body image, and hair loss should be specifically targeted for long-term patient care in approximately 10% of patients.

• Journal of Digital Contents Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1001-1008
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• 2017

Because cyber attacks on industrial control systems can lead to massive financial loss or loss of lives, the standardization and the research on cyber security of industrial control systems are actively under way. As a related system, the industrial control system of social infrastructures must be equipped with the verified cryptographic module according to the e-government law and appropriate security control should be implemented in accordance with the security requirements of the industrial control system. However, the industrial control system consisting of the operation layer, the control layer, and the field device layer may cause a problem in performing the main function in each layer due to the security control implementation. In this paper, we propose things to check when performing security control in accordance with the security control requirements for each layer of the industrial control system and proper application.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.37-49
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate the level of competition between Public Health Centers (PHCs) and private clinics (PCs) by examining the number of patients that used PHCs vs. PCs, estimating the total amount of revenue generated from outpatient services at both PHCs and PCs, thereby analyzing the financial impacts on PCs derived from the PHCs. We utilized 2011 National Inpatient Sample data (NIS). Using the 20 table containing general information on each individual claims, we integrate it with the 40 table which contains all the diagnostic codes for each claim. Then, we disaggregate the bundled claims into the original individual claims. Overall, 3.1% of outpatient visits are made at PHCs while the rest was made at the PCs (96.9%). Among the total claim costs of 6.34 billion USD (as of 2011), PHCs occupy 2.0% (124 million USD), and 98.0% are contributed to PCs (6.21 billion USD). The estimated economic losses of PCs due to PHCs are summarized as follow; the maximum potential loss is estimated at 198 million USD in total and 7,099 USD per clinic when we include all patient types; the minimum loss is estimated at 71 million USD in total and 2,540 USD per clinic where Medical Aid recipients and the elderly (aged 65 and over) are excluded. Our results confirm the potential economic effect on PCs due to PHCs providing outpatient services. PCs and PHCs are the most important players providing primary care in Korea. Unnecessary competition between PCs and PHCs is not desirable. Health authorities should carefully examine the healthcare services currently provided by PHCs and their impacts on PCs.