• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.768-775
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• 2023

Objective: Oilseeds and nut co-products can be used as alternative feed ingredients in animal diets because they may have a lower cost than traditional ingredients. A study was, therefore, conducted to determine the chemical composition of copra, palm kernel, and nut co-products from South-East Asia or Australia. The hypothesis that country of production influences nutritional composition was tested. Methods: Oilseed meals included 2 copra expellers, 3 copra meals, and 12 palm kernel expellers. One source of almond hulls and cashew nut meal were also used. Samples were obtained from suppliers located in South-East Asia or Australia. All samples were analyzed for dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen, amino acids (AA), acid-hydrolyzed ether extract (AEE), ash, minerals, insoluble dietary fiber, and soluble dietary fiber. Copra and nut co-products were also analyzed for total starch and sugars. Results: Copra expellers had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of dry matter and AEE compared with copra meal. However, copra meal had greater (p<0.05) concentrations of total dietary fiber (soluble and insoluble) and copper than copra expellers. Palm kernel expellers from Indonesia had greater (p<0.05) concentration of histidine and tyrosine compared with palm kernel expellers from Vietnam. Almond hulls was high in dietary fiber, but also contained free glucose and fructose, whereas cashew nut meal was high in AEE, but low in all free sugars. Conclusion: Copra expellers have greater concentration of AEE, but less concentration of total dietary fiber when compared with copra meal, and except for a few AA, no differences in nutrient composition of palm kernel expellers produced in Indonesia or Vietnam were detected. According to the chemical composition of nut co-products, cashew nut meal may be more suitable for non-ruminant diets than almond hulls.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.617-626
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• 2003

본 연구는 사료 내 농후사료의 비율을 높임으로서 불포화 지방산의 반추위 내 by-pass율의 향상 가능성을 조사하고, 아마종실과 전지대두 급여 시 CLA 생산을 상호 비교하기 위하여 연속배양장치를 이용하여 수행하였다. 지방 급원에 따른 발효 성상의 차이는 보이지 않았다. 한편 사료 내 농후사료 비율이 높은 (80%) 처리구는 농후사료 비율이 낮은 (40%) 처리구와 비교하여 pH는 감소하였으나, 암모니아, 총 휘발성 지방산, acetate, butyrate 및 valerate 농도가 증가되었다. 지방급원 (전지대두 vs 아마종실)과 사료 내 농후사료 비율은 organic matter (OM), total nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) 및 acid detergent fiber (ADF)의 소화율에 영향을 끼치지 않았다. 반면에 전지대두는 아마종실과 비교하여 trans C18:1, C18:2 n-6 및 C18:3 n-3 유출율은 증가시켰다. 지방 급원에 의한 CLA flow는 영향을 받지 않았으나 사료 내 농후사료 비율이 높을 때와 전지대두와 아마종실의 함량이 높았을 때는 증가되었다. 수소 첨가현상은 C18:1 n-9 와 C18:2 n-6에서 지방 급원에 의하여 영향을 받지 않았으나, 아마종실 처리구에서는 C18:3 n-3 과 총 C18 불포화지방산의 수소 첨가현상이 전지대두 처리구와 비교하여 높은 비율로 발생했다. 한편 사료 내 농후사료 비율이 높을 때 처리구에서 C18:2 n-6, C18:3 n-3 및 총 C18 불포화 지방산의 수소 첨가현상은 농후사료 저 처리구와 비교하여 감소되었다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.274-283
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• 2024

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the physicochemical properties (nutrient composition, pH, water content and activity, sorption properties) and mechanical properties (compression force and energy) of granulated feed mixtures with various inclusion levels of crude fibre concentrates ARBOCEL and VITACEL for broiler chickens, i.e. +0.0% (control group - group C), +0.3%, +0.8%, +1.0%, +1.2%. Methods: The feed mixtures were analyzed for their physicochemical properties (nutrient composition by near-infrared spectroscopy, pH with the use a CP-401 pH meter with an IJ-44C glass electrode, water content was determined with the drying method and activity was determined with the Aqua Lab Series 3, sorption properties was determined with the static method) and mechanical properties (compression force and energy with the use TA-HD plus texture analyzer). The Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB) model applied in the study correctly described the sorption properties of the analyzed feed mixtures in terms of water activity. Results: The fibre concentrate type affected the specific surface area of the adsorbent and equilibrium water content in the GAB monolayer (p≤0.05) (significantly statistical). The type and dose of the fibre concentrate influenced the dimensionless C and k parameters of the GAB model related to the properties of the monolayer and multilayers, respectively (p≤0.05). They also affected the pH value of the analyzed feed mixtures (p≤0.05). In addition, crude fibre type influenced water activity (p≤0.05) as well as compression energy (J) and compression force (N) (p≤0.001) (highly significantly statistical) of the feed mixtures. Conclusion: The physicochemical analyses of feed mixtures with various inclusion levels (0.3%, 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.2%) of crude fiber concentrates ARBOCEL or VITACEL demonstrated that both crude fiber types may be used in the feed industry as a feedstuff material to produce starter type mixtures for broiler chickens.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.20-34
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• 2002

본 연구는 Aspergillus oryzae 배양물이 in vitro 건물, 섬유소 및 단백질 소화율과 pH에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실시하였다. 균종 Aspergillus oryzae는 한국 생명공학연구원에서 분양받았으며, 본 연구에 사용된 사료는 시중 유통중인 착유우용 배합사료와 TMR 사료로서, 일반성분 분석은 (주)우성사료 중앙실험실에서 실시하였고, 건물, 섬유소 및 단백질 소화율 실험은 충남대학교 실험실에서 실시하였다. 배합사료와 TMR에 Aspergillus oryzae 배양물 0, 1.0, 2.0 및 3.0%를 첨가한 후, Holstein종 착유우로부터 채취한 반추위액에 시료 2.0g 내외를 넣어 진탕배양기에서 24, 48 및 72시간 소화시켰다. 침전물에 0.2% pepsin이 들어있는 0.1N HCl 30ml를 넣고 $39^{\circ}C$ incubator에서 48시간 소화시키고 나서, 마지막으로 침전물을 $60^{\circ}C$의 건조기에서 48시간 건조시켰다. 실험은 3회 반복하여 실시하였다. 건물 소화율은 Aspergillus oryzae 발효물을 첨가하지 않은 대조구에 비해 24시간 배양시킨 배합사료의 경우 2.1%(63.1%), 9.7%(68.5%) 및 9.0%(68.0%) 개선되었고, TMR은 4.8%(60.0%), 6.4%(61.1%) 및 2.9%(58.8%)의 개선효과가 있었다. 이와 대조적으로, 48시간 및 72시간 배양시킨 시험구의 건물 소화율에 Aspergillus oryzae 배양물이 미치는 영향은 24시간 배양시보다 상대적으로 낮은 경향을 보였다. 섬유소 소화율에서 Aspergillus oryzae가 조섬유, ADF 및 NDF 소화율을 유의적으로 개선시킨다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 배합사료에서 3% 첨가구의 경우 24시간 배양시 13.3%(53.3%), 72시간 배양시 2.4%(54.6%)까지 증가되었다. 하지만, 첨가수준에 따라 소화율이 높아졌음에도 불구하고 첨가수준별 개선효과에는 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 단백질 소화율은 Aspergillus oryzae 배양물 첨가에 의해 배합사료에서 0.4%(79.7%)에서 9.4%(71.8%)의 유의적인 개선효과를 나타내었지만, 2.0%와 3.0% 첨가구간의 유의적인 차이는 인정되지 않았다. TMR의 경우에는 4.0%(70.4%)에서 6.3%(65.1%)의 유의적인 소화율 향상을 나타내었지만 2.0%와 3.0% 첨가구간의 유의적인 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 본 연구에서, pH 처리구간 유의적인 차이는 없었으나, Aspergillus oryzae 배양물 첨가에 따라 pH가 약간 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 그러므로 본 발효물은 pH에는 영향을 미치지 않으나 건물, 섬유소 및 단백질 소화율 향상에는 다소 효과가 있 는 것으로 결론을 내릴 수가 있다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.135-139
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• 2018

본 연구는 제주조릿대의 사초생산성과 사료가치평가를 진행하여 조릿대의 활용도를 높임과 동시에 현재 한라산에서 발생하고 있는 조릿대로 인한 식물종 다양성 감소문제를 완화하는데 도움이 되고자 실시하였다. 조릿대의 사초생산성은 실험결과 5월과 6월기간에 비교적 우수한 재생력을 보였으나, 예취가 반복 될수록 재생능력이 감소하여 생산성이 떨어지는 경향을 나타내었다. 조릿대의 일반성분 분석결과 조단백질은 가을철 함량보다 봄철에서 비교적 높은 함량을 보였으며 6월에서 $8.64{\pm}0.20%$로 다른 기간에 비해 비교적 높은 함량을 나타내었으며 가장 낮은 NDF, ADF의 함량은 6월에서 각각 $77.90{\pm}0.25%$, $42.33{\pm}0.49%$로 나타나 섬유소 함량이 매우 높은 것으로 판단된다. 조릿대는 NDF와 ADF의 함량은 높으나, 볏짚에 비해 조단백질 함량은 비교적 높은 것으로 판단되며 가축의 특성에 맞추어 급여한다면 이용성이 있을 것으로 여겨진다. 조릿대를 사료원으로 이용하기 위해서는 섬유소 분해능력이 좋은 흑염소 같은 가축 또는, 조릿대에 대한 기호성이 우수하고, 소화율이 비교적 우수한 말에게 급여하는 것이 효율적일 것으로 여겨진다. 조릿대의 사료화를 위해서는 보다 다양한 축종을 대상으로 추가 연구가 진행되어야 할것으로 판단된다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.223-230
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• 2014

바이오가스로부터 폴리설폰 분리막을 이용한 메탄 농축 특성을 수치해석 방법으로 분석하였다. 향류 흐름 분리막 공정의 지배 방정식을 유도하고 무차원화 한 후 Compaq Visual Fortran 6.6 소프트웨어을 이용하여 공정모사하였다. 공급 기체의 메탄 몰분율이 0.5인 경우 주어진 전형적 운전조건 상태에서 분리막 길이에 따른 잔류 측의 메탄 몰분율은 시점에서 종점으로 이동하면서 0.5에서 0.8로 증가하였으며 공급유량 대비 잔류유량 비율은 1.0에서 0.57으로 감소하였다. 공급 메탄 몰분율을 0.9로 변화시킨 경우 잔류 측의 최종 메탄 몰분율은 0.93으로, 공급대비 잔류유량은 0.91로 증가하였다. 공급 측 압력이 증가하여 투과 측 압력 대 공급 측 압력 비 값이 0.33에서 0.17로 변경될 경우 단 수율이 0.1과 같이 낮은 영역에서는 잔류 측 메탄 농도 변화가 거의 없는 반면, 단 수율이 0.3과 같이 높은 영역에서는 증가함을 확인할 수 있었다. 분리막 면적이 $1.14m^2$에서 $2.57m^2$로 증가되면 단 수율의 변화에도 불구하고 잔류 측 메탄 농도가 비교적 높게 유지됨을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.763-769
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• 2020

Objective: The experiment was conducted to study the effect of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) fruit peel powder (RP) on feed consumption, digestibility of nutrients, ruminal fermentation dynamics and microbial population in Thai breed cattle. Methods: Four, 2-year old (250±15 kg) beef bull crossbreds (75% Brahman×25% local breed) were allotted to experimental treatments using a 4×4 Latin square design. Four dietary supplementation treatments were imposed; non-supplementation (control, T1); supplementation of RP fed at 2% of dry matter intake (DMI) (low, T2); supplementation of RP fed at 4% of DMI (medium, T3) and supplementation of RP fed at 6% of DMI (high, T4). All cattle were given a concentrate supplement at 1% of body weight while Napier grass was provided as a free choice. Results: The findings revealed that RP supplementation did not negatively affect (p>0.05) DMI of Napier grass, while RP intake and total DMI were the greatest in the RP supplementation at 4% and 6% DMI. Nevertheless, the nutrients (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber) digestibilities were not changed in the RP supplementation groups. Rumen fermentation parameters especially those of total volatile fatty acids, acetate and butyrate were not significantly changed. However, the propionate concentration was remarkably increased (p<0.05) in the RP supplementation. Notably, the ratio of acetate to propionate, the number of protozoa, as well as the methane estimation were significantly reduced in the RP supplemented groups (4% and 6% of DMI), while the counts of bacteria was not altered. Conclusion: Supplementation of RP (4% of DMI) improved rumen propionate production, reduced protozoal population and methane estimation (p<0.05) without a negative effect on feed consumption and nutrients total tract digestibilities in beef cattle. Using dietary rambutan fruit peel powder has potential promise as a rumen regulator.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.887-893
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• 2007

Influences of forage DM and addition of cane molasses on silage characteristics of berseem (Trifolium alexandrium) and lucerne (Medicago sativa) and their ruminal digestion kinetics in Nili buffaloes were studied. Berseem and lucerne fodders (at one tenth bloom) were ensiled with wheat straw in laboratory silos to achieve 20, 30, 40% forage DM and without wheat straw (control); each forage DM level was supplemented with 2, 4 and 6% of cane molasses at ensiling. The pH and lactic acid contents of berseem and lucerne silages were affected by both forage DM and addition of molasses. Dry matter, CP and true protein (TP) of berseem and lucerne silages were affected by forage DM at ensiling but were not affected by the addition of cane molasses. Higher DM, CP and TP losses were observed when berseem and lucerne fodders were ensiled either without wheat straw or with wheat straw to achieve 20% and 40% forage DM at ensiling compared with 30% DM at ensiling. Fiber fractions (NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose) of berseem silage and lucerne silage were significantly increased with increasing forage DM at ensiling. Addition of cane molasses did not affect the DM, CP, TP and fiber fractions of both berseem and lucerne silages. Berseem and lucerne ensiled at 30% DM with 2% cane molasses were screened for comparative ruminal digestion kinetics with their respective fodders. Addition of wheat straw to berseem or lucerne fodder at ensiling depressed DM and NDF ruminal degradability. However, ruminal lag time, rate of degradation and extent of digestion of silages were similar to their respective fodders. In conclusion, berseem and lucerne could be ensiled with wheat straw to increase their DM to 30% along with 2% molasses for buffaloes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.812-815
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• 2005

This study was conducted to see the influence of additives and fermentation periods on Mott grass silage (MGS) characteristics, its chemical composition and to compare the digestion kinetics of Mott grass (MG) and MGS in Nili buffaloes. Mott grass chopped with a locally manufactured chopper was ensiled using two additives, cane molasses and crushed corn grains each at 2, 4 and 6% of forage DM for 30 and 40 days in laboratory silos. The pH, lactic acid concentration, dry matter (DM), crude protein and fiber fractions of MGS were not affected by the type or level of additive and fermentation periods. The non-significant pH lactic acid concentration, and chemical composition of MGS indicated that the both molasses and crushed corn were utilized at similar rate for the growth of lactic acid bacteria and production of organic acids. The MG ensiled with molasses at 2% of fodder DM for 30 days was screened out for in situ digestion kinetics in Nili buffaloes. Ruminal DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradabilities of MGS were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of MG. The DM and NDF rate of degradation, lag time and extent of degradation was nonsignificant between MGS and MG. The higher ruminal degradation of DM and NDF of MGS than MG was probably a reflection of fermentation of MG during ensilation that improved its degradability by improving the availability of easily degradable structural polysaccharides to ruminal microbial population. The results in the present study have indicated that MG ensiled with either 2% molasses or 2% crushed corn for 30 days has better nutritive value for buffalo.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제58권2호
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• pp.9.1-9.5
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• 2016

Background: Literature is lacking on the effects of feeding by-product feed (BF)-based silage on rumen fermentation parameters, nutrient digestion and nitrogen (N) retention in sheep. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the effect of replacing rye straw with BF-based silage as a roughage source on ruminal parameters, total-tract apparent nutrient digestibility, and N balance in sheep. Methods: The by-product feed silage was composed of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) (45 %), recycled poultry bedding (RPB) (21 %), rye straw (11 %), rice bran (10.8 %), corn taffy residue (10 %), protected fat (1.0 %), bentonite (0.6 %), and mixed microbial additive (0.6 %). Six sheep were assigned randomly to either the control (concentrate mix + rye straw) or a treatment diet (concentrate mix + BF-based silage). Results: Compared with the control diet, feeding a BF-based silage diet resulted in similar ruminal characteristics (pH, acetate, propionate, and butyrate concentrations, and acetate: propionate ratio), higher (p < 0.05) ruminal NH3-N, higher (p < 0.05) ether extract digestibility, similar crude protein digestibility, lower (p < 0.05) dry matter, fiber, and crude ash digestibilities, and higher (p < 0.05) N retention (g/d) Conclusion: The BF-based silage showed similar energy value, higher protein metabolism and utilization, and lower fiber digestion in sheep compared to the control diet containing rye straw.