• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.71-78
• /
• 1994

Recently the incidence of hemorrhoids has been increased. There were various factors related to hemorrhoids, the amount of fiber intake was known as one of them. And so we performed this case-control study to investigate the association of hemorrhoids and fiber intake. The data was obtained by the combination of self-administered questionnaire and personal interview. The study population was consisted of matched 156 pairs, the cases were selected from S-hospital in Seoul, the age and sex matched control from the general population. The statistical analysis was performed by matched-analysis. The results summarized as follow : 1) As socio-economic status were low, the odds ratio of hemorrhoids were high. 2) There was significant association between hemorrhoids and regularity of eating time rather than regularity of defecation. 3) The odds ratio of hemorrhoids was 3 times higher in the presence of constipation. 4) The incidence of hemorrhoids was influenced by psychological characteristics such as somatization, obsessive-compulsive, depression, and anxiety. 5) Fiber intake was significantly lower in the cases compared to the controls. When the constipation was controlled, the fiber intake was still lower in the cases. These data provide additional evidence that the fiber intake was related to hemorrhoids.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.59-69
• /
• 1994

Dietary fiber(DF) intakes of Korean during 1969∼1990 were estimated and the major food sources of fiber were analyzed using the data from the Annual Reports of Korean National Nutrition Survey. The estimated daily DF intake of Korean has gradually decreased during the 22 years, from 24.46g in 1969 to 17.31g in 1990 with a remarkable decline in 1987. The average DF intakes of the rural population were higher than those fo urban's until 1980, but the situation was reversed until 1987 and the regional difference in DF consumption disappeared thereafter. Vegetables, cereals, grain and legumes were the major sources of fiber for Korean in recent 5 years(1986∼1990), providing 32%, 16% and 19% of DF intake respectively. Throughout the 22years, the intakes of DF from cereals and fresh vegetables have been reduced and those from processed vegetables, seaweeds and fruits has been increased. Df intake from legumes continuously increased until 1986, and it decreased thereafter. Rural population consumed more fiber from cereals than the urban's during the 1970s, but thereafter regional difference in cereal fiber intakes became insignificant. Urban population consumed more fiber from legumes and fruits than the rural's through the entire period. The results of this study indicate that the present DF intake of Korean is considerably lower than generally anticipated and is below the tentative recommended DF intake and thus higher DF intake than the present level is needed.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.12-21
• /
• 2005

The aim of this study was to assess dietary fiber intake and the relationship between dietary fiber intake and nutrient intakes of elementary school students. Food consumption of 200 elementary school students (100 boys, 100 girls) in the 6th grade in Gimhae was assessed by 2-day estimated food records. Nutrient intakes were calculated using CAN-pro and total dietary fiber (TDF) intake using the TDF tables of the common Korean foods. The mean height and weight of the boys were 147.7 cm and 42.1 kg. The mean height and weight of the girls were 149.1 cm and 41.1 kg. The mean body mass index (BMI) of the boys (19.3 $kg/m^2$) was significantly higher than that of the girls (18.4 $kg/m^2$, p < 0.05). Average daily intake of energy of the boys and girls was 1733 and 1778 kcal, respectively. Intakes of protein, P, and niacin of the boys and girls exceeded $110\%$ of current RDA. Intakes of Fe, vitamin $B_1$ and vitamin $B_2$ of the boys were similar to RDA. Intake of vitamin $B_1$ exceeded $110\%$ of current RDA and intakes of Fe and vitamin A were similar to RDA among the girls. Ca intake of the boys and girls was $74.2\%$ and $60.1\%$ of RDA, respectively. Vitamin C intake of the boys and girls were $63.6\%$ and $71.7\%$ of RDA, respectively. Intakes of fat, Ca, P, and vitamin $B_2$ of the boys were significantly higher than the girls. Intakes of Fe and vitamin A of the boys were significantly lower than the girls. Average daily intakes of TDF of the boys and girls were 11.2 g and 11.1 g, respectively. TDF intake of the children at the 6th grade of elementary school was about $70\%$ of 'age (yr) + 5 g', a recommended level for American children. Major food groups to supply dietary fiber were vegetables, grains, and seasonings among the boys and girls. Major sources of dietary fiber were Kimchi, rice, and red pepper powder which supplied $17.85\%$. $15.71\%$, and $5.18\%$ of TDF among the boys and $18.02\%$, $16.22\%$, and $6.58\%$ among the girls. Daily fiber intake showed significant positive correlations with intakes of grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes, and seasonings among the boys and girls. Daily fiber intake showed significant positive correlations with intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, lipids, Ca, P, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$ vitamin $B_2$, niacin, and vitamin C among both the boys and girls. From the results of this study we could conclude that it is recommended to increase dietary fiber intake in elementary school students at upper level.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.21 no.3
• /
• pp.293-300
• /
• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to develop a dietary fiber composition table (DFCT) and to assess dietary fiber intakes in Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Methods: The DFCT was developed by compiling the food composition tables published by the agencies of Korea, United States, or Japan. When there was no available data from the same species or status (dried, boiled, etc.) of food, the values were imputed by estimating from the same species with different status or substituting familiar species in biosystematic grouping. Using KNHANES VI-2 (2014) microdata and DFCT, intake of dietary fiber of Koreans was estimated. Results: Among the 5,126 food items of DFCT, the proportion of items of which dietary fiber contents were taken from the analytical values of the same foods was 40.9%. The data from the domestic food composition tables was 37.5%, and the data from the foreign tables was 49.6%. The rest was assumed as zero, or estimated with recipe database and nutrition labeling. Mean daily intake of dietary fiber was 23.2 g, and mean intake per 1,000 kcal was 10.7 g in men and 12.6 g in women. The mean percentage of dietary fiber intake compared to adequate intake was higher than 100%. The major food groups contributing to dietary fiber intakes were vegetables and cereals, and the percent contribution were 32.9% and 23.0% of total dietary fiber intakes, respectively. Conclusions: This DFCT could serve as a useful database for assessing dietary fiber intakes and for investigating the association between dietary fiber intakes and noncommunicable diseases.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.39 no.6
• /
• pp.549-559
• /
• 2006

The present study determined the estimated dietary fiber (DF) intake per capita of Korean from 1991 to 2001 and analyzed the major food sources of dietary fiber for Korean using the data on per capita consumption of each food reported in the Korean National (Health and) Nutrition Survey Reports and the recently established DF database by the Korean Nutrition Society. The estimated mean daily DF intakes of Korean during the last 11 years $(1991{\sim}2001)$ were in the range of $19.25{\sim}21.22\;g\;or\;9.97{\sim}11.99\;g/1,000\;kcal$ with a small range of fluctuations. As of 2001, average DF intake per capita of Korean was estimated as 20.92 g or 10.59 g/1,000 kcal. The average DF intake level was under the Adequate Intake for DF (12 g per 1,000 kcal) of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) for Koreans established in 2005. The level of DF intake was relatively lower in small city residents compared to the large city or rural area. The top two major food group sources of DF for Korean were vegetables and cereals, in addition, legumes, fruits, seaweeds and seasonings were included among top five food groups. The ratio of DF intake from fruits was gradually increased but the ratio from legumes was steadily decreased during the last 11 years. The mostly contributed single foods for DF intakes of Korean were Kimchi and rice regardless of year and area. Percentage of DF intake from top ten single foods was continuously decreased from 65% in 1991 to 51 % in 2001. The results of this study revealed that DF intakes of Korean as of 2001 is insufficient compared to the Adequate Intake for DF for Korean and the source of fiber in Korean diet has been more various. Therefore the beneficial health effects of DF and the increased consumption of DF from a variety of food sources should be continuously emphasized through the nutritional education.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.52 no.6
• /
• pp.540-551
• /
• 2019

Purpose: Dietary fiber is a component of carbohydrate that is linked closely with the carbohydrate quality, but few studies have investigated the association of high fiber intake with the cardiometabolic risk factors in Koreans. This study examined the association of high fiber and high carbohydrate intake with the cardiometabolic risk factors among Korean adults. Methods: This study included 15,095 adults aged ≥20 years, who participated in the 2013 ~ 2017 KNHANES. The dietary intake was obtained using a 24-h dietary recall method. The associations of high fiber and high carbohydrate intake with metabolic syndrome and dyslipidemia were examined by sex using multiple logistic regression analysis. Results: The median of dietary fiber was 23.6 g/day in men and 20.0 g/day in women. Dietary fiber intake increased gradually as dietary carbohydrate groups increased except for ≥80% of energy from the carbohydrate group. Women in the highest quintile of fiber intake showed a 33% lower risk of metabolic syndrome compared with those in the third quintile. When stratified into low fiber (LF) and high fiber (HF) groups using Adequate Intake of fiber for Koreans, men in the third quartile of carbohydrate intake showed a 44% and 51% higher risk of metabolic syndrome and atherogenic dyslipidemia than in the first quartile, respectively, but only in the LF group. Women in the second quartile of carbohydrate intake showed an 83% higher risk of hypercholesterolemia than in the first quartile in the LF group. On the other hand, as no significant association was observed between the carbohydrate intake and metabolic diseases among the HF groups in both sexes. Conclusion: These findings suggest that a high fiber intake might be associated with a reduced risk of metabolic syndrome and high carbohydrate intake with a low dietary fiber intake might be associated with an increased risk of several metabolic abnormalities among Korean adults. Further prospective studies will be needed to confirm the effects of high fiber and high carbohydrate intake on the cardiometabolic risk factors among Koreans.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.264-282
• /
• 2008

The present study assessed the relation of dietary fiber to food habits in Korean adults aged 20 and over, using a newly established dietary fiber, as well as the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey. The per capita average dietary fiber intake of Koreans was estimated to be 12.25 ${\pm}$ 5.23 g/1,000 kcal. Calorie-based dietary fiber intakes for females was over the KDRl, but for males it was below the KDRI. The levels of total dietary fiber and energy corresponded with frequent snacking but calorie-based dietary fiber intake did not. The subjects who skipped meals, frequently ate out and consumed fried foods tended to have lower levels of calorie-based dietary fiber although the levels of energy and total dietary fiber corresponded with frequent eating-out and consumption of fried foods. The results of this study suggest that Koreans must make efforts to regularly have three meals a day, reduce the frequency of eating out and consume fewer fried foods in order to maintain the optimum intake levels of dietary fiber that protect against chronic diseases.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.281-293
• /
• 1997

Dietary fiber(DF) intake of teenagers was estimated and the major food sources of fiber were analyzed using three-day food records and data from 365 middle school students in urban, rural and fishing areas. Mean dwily DF intake of males was 9.2$\pm$3.9g in urban, 10.4$\pm$5.4g in rural, and 7.9$\pm$4.0g in fishing areas and the intake of female was 10.6$\pm$5.1g in urban, 10.6$\pm$5.2g in rural, and 7.7$\pm$3.3g in fishing areas. When related to energy intake, female consumed more DF(5.7$\pm$2.5g/1000㎉, 7.0$\pm$3.5g/1000㎉, 4.6$\pm$2.2g/1000㎉, in urban, and rural, fishing areas respectively) than males(4.2$\pm$1.3g/1000㎉, 4.6$\pm$1.5g/1000㎉, 4.4$\pm$2.0g/1000㎉ in urban, rural, fishing respectively). Mean crude fiber(CF) intake of males was 4.1$\pm$1.7g, 4.5$\pm$2.4g, 3.7$\pm$2.4g, and female's intake was 4.7$\pm$1.9g, 4.8$\pm$2.2g, 3.7$\pm$1.9g in urban, rural, and fishing areas respectively. The mean DF : CF ratio for the subjects was 2.2-2.6, indicating that the DF intake is 2-3 times that of CF intakes. The intakes of the two measures of fiber were highly correlated(r=0.7781) . The major food sources for DF were cereals, vegetables and fruits and the percentage contributions of the food groups to the DF intake were 27-37$\%$, 22-30$\%$, and 11.5-19.7$\%$ respectively. The present study indicates that the DF intake of teenagers is considerably lower than the recommended level and they need to consume more DF than that indicated by the present levels. The importance of nutrition education on health and dietary pattern should also be emphasized among teenagers.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.121-131
• /
• 2008

This study was performed to examine the food behavior and dietary fiber intakes of high school girls using questionnaires and 24-hr recall method. Collected sample were 263 girls from 4 different high schools. The dietary intakes were analyzed by the DS24 WIN program. The average height and weight of the respondents were $161.0{\pm}5.0$ cm and $51.8{\pm}6.3$ kg. The average BMI was $20.2{\pm}2.2$ which was within the normal range. The breakfast skipping rate was 39.2% and the reason of breakfast skipping were lack of time(50.0%), irregular meal time due to eating between meals(17.0%) and poor appetite(13.7%). The average daily energy intake of the respondents was 1741kcal. Beside protein, phosphorus, iron, niacin, vitamin A, and B1, all other nutrients intake level were below the recommended intake(RI). Average calcium and folate intakes were below the EAR as of $59.5{\sim}89.7%$ and $63{\sim}83%$ respectively. The average dietary fiber intake of the subjects was $15.6{\pm}5.2$ g, between 3.4g-35.2 g, and the respondents coumed $9.2{\pm}2.6$ g/kcal of dietary fiber. The main sources of dietary fiber were rice and kimchi which supplied 14.75% and 13.66% of total dietary fiber respectively. Also the major food groups supplying dietary fiber were vegetables and cereals, 36.90% and 31.06% of total dietary fiber respectively.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.477-486
• /
• 1999

This study was performed to investigate the variation in dietary fiber and fat intakes, and the contribution of food groups to dietary fiber and fat consumption in relation to age and to examine the relationship between dietary fiber and fat intakes in 337 urban adults aged 20-49 year. Dietary intakes were evaluated with one-day 24-hour recall and two-day dietary record method. Significantly higher intakes of fat in males and saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, and cholesterol in females were associated with younger age. The ratio of fat to the total energy intake slightly exceeded 20% at 20s and 30s in both males and females. The main source of dietary fiber was vegetables in all age groups of males and 30s of females, but grains in 20s and 40s of females. The main source of fat was meats in all age groups of males and 40s of females, but grains in 20s and 30s in females. The main source of cholesterol was eggs in both males and females. Dietary fiber intake was positively correlated with all fat-related parameters except cholesterol in 20s and 40s and was positively related with fat in 30s of males. For females dietary fiber intake was positively correlated with polyunsaturated fatty acid in 20s and with monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid in 40s. These findings show that there is considerable variation in intake of dietary fiber and fat in relation to age among adults and suggest that these factors should be considered at interventions aimed toward improvement of nutritional status.