• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 2005

Using various thermo-mechanical schedules characterized by varying reheating temperature, deformation temperature and strain, the austenite recrystallization and ferrite refinement of a Nb bearing low carbon steel(0.15C-0.25Si-1.11Mn-0.04Nb) were investigated. For single pass heavy deformations at $800^{\circ}C$, the 40% deformed austenite was not recrystallized while the 80% deformed one was fully recrystallized. Ferrite grains formed in the 80% deformed specimen was not very small compared with those in the 40% deformed specimen, which implied the recrystallized austenite was not more beneficial to ferrite refinement than the non-recrystallized one. In case of deformation in low temperature austenite region, a multi-pass deformation made finer ferrites than a single-pass deformation, as the total reduction was the same, due to more ferrite nucleation sites in the non-recrystallization of austenite for multi-pass deformation. When specimen was deformed at $775^{\circ}C$ that was $10^{\circ}C$ higher than $Ar_3$, the ferrite of about $1{\mu}m$ was formed through deformation induced ferrite transformation(DIFT), and the amount of ferrite was increased with increasing reduction. Dislocation density was very high and no carbides were observed in DIFT ferrites, presumably due to supersaturated carbon solution. By deformation in two phase(50% austenite+50% ferrite) region the very refined ferrite grains of less than $1{\mu}m$ were formed certainly by recovery and recrystallization of deformed ferrites and, a large portion of ferrites were divided by subgrain boundaries with misorientation angles smaller than 10 degrees.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.300-305
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• 2013

The effects of solute carbon atoms on the thermal expansion coefficients of ferrite and austenite as well as austenitization behavior were investigated by comparing carbon-free ferrite and carbon-containing ferrite. The thermal expansion coefficients and austenitization start and finish temperatures were measured using a dilatometer. Solute carbon atoms at elevated temperatures above the cementite dissolution temperature (650 K) decreased the thermal expansion coefficients of both ferrite and austenite. In addition, minute amount of carbon atoms dissolved in ferrite stimulated austenite nucleation during continuous heating, resulting in the lower starting temperature of austenitization.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Technology of Plasticity Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.431-434
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• 2008

Effects of microstructure on the toughness of low carbon HSLA steels were investigated. Nickel decreased the ferrite-austenite transformation temperature, resulted in increase of the fraction of bainitic ferrite. However, it was decreased with increasing deformation amount at austenite region. Since fine austenite grains formed by dynamic recrystallization under large strain transformed to acicular ferrite or granular bainite rather than bainitic ferrite. The effective grain size, thus, was decreased by deformation and it resulted in lower ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT). The bainitic ferrite was thought to inhibit the fracture crack initiation and to delay the crack propagation by its high dislocation density and hard interlath $2^{nd}$ phase constituents, respectively. Thus, DBTT was also decreased by Ni addition in low carbon HSLA steels.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.109-120
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• 1997

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-Si-Mn-P high strength steel sheet have been investigated by controlling the cooling rate. Bainite and ferrite were obtatined by annealing in the ferrite pluse austenite region, and ferrite and austenite were obtatined after annealing in the fully austenite region. Ferrite and pearlite were obtained when the cooling rate was controlled from the annealing temperature above $760^{\circ}C$ and bainite showed with increasing cooling rate, however below $760^{\circ}C$ ferrite and bainite were obtained. Tensile strengths and hardness nearly unchanged with increasing cooling rate after control the cooling rate from the temperature above $760^{\circ}C$, while tensile strengths increased and elongation decreased with increasing cooling rate when the cooling rate was controlled from the tempeature below $760^{\circ}C$. Without regard to annealing temperature, tensile strength increased and elongation decreased with increasing cooling rate. Tensile strengths and elongation values heat treated in the ferrite plus austenite region were higher than those in the fully austenite region. Retained austenite and strength-elongation balance showed the maximum value at $780^{\circ}C$ and decreased with increasing annealing temperature. Strength-elongation balance value was controlled by the retained austenite.

• Korean Journal of Metals and Materials
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.93-103
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• 2011

Precipitation behavior of high-nitrogen duplex Fe-24Cr-7Mn-4Ni-4Mo-0.43N stainless steel aged at $850^{\circ}C$ was investigated using scanning transmission electron microscopy. Based on the analyses of selected area diffraction patterns, four kinds of precipitates (intermetallic sigma (${\sigma}$) and chi (${\chi}$), $Cr_2N$ and secondary austenite) were identified. At the ferrite/austenite phase boundary, the ${\sigma}$ phase and secondary austenite were formed via ${\alpha}{\rightarrow}{\gamma}+{\sigma}$ eutectoid reaction. The precipitation of $Cr_2N$ occurred at the austenite grain boundary as well as the interior of the ferrite. The intermetallic ${\chi}$ phase also formed within the ferrite and showed a cube-cube orientation relationship with the ferrite. Further aging produced a lamellar structure composed of $Cr_2N$ and austenite along the ferrite/austenite boundary and enhanced the precipitation of the ${\chi}$ phase. The crystallographic features of the precipitates were also examined in terms of the orientation relationship with the austenite or ferrite matrix.

• Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
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• v.67 no.4
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• pp.1497-1501
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• 2022

In-situ observation of the transformation behavior of acicular ferrite in high-strength low-alloy steel using confocal laser scanning microscopy was discussed in terms of nucleation and growth. It is found that acicular ferrite nucleated at dislocations and slip bands in deformed austenite grains introduced by hot deformation in the non-recrystallization austenite region, and then proceeded to grow into an austenite grain boundary. According to an ex-situ EBSD analysis, acicular ferrite had an irregular shape morphology, finer grains with sub-grain boundaries, and higher strain values than those of polygonal ferrite. The fraction of acicular ferrite was affected by the deformation condition and increased with increasing the amount of hot deformation in the non-recrystallization austenite region.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.139-149
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• 2021

In this study, three kinds of bainitic steels are fabricated by controlling the contents of vanadium and boron. High vanadium steel has a lot of carbides and nitrides, and so, during the cooling process, acicular ferrite is well formed. Carbides and nitrides develop fine grains by inhibiting grain growth. As a result, the low temperature Charpy absorbed energy of high vanadium steel is higher than that of low vanadium steel. In boron added steel, boron segregates at the prior austenite grain boundary, so that acicular ferrite formation occurs well during the cooling process. However, the granular bainite packet size of the boron added steel is larger than that of high vanadium steel because boron cannot effectively suppress grain growth. Therefore, the low temperature Charpy absorbed energy of the boron added steel is lower than that of the low vanadium steel. HAZ (heat affected zone) microstructure formation affects not only vanadium and boron but also the prior austenite grain size. In the HAZ specimen having large prior austenite grain size, acicular ferrite is formed inside the austenite, and granular bainite, bainitic ferrite, and martensite are also formed in a complex, resulting in a mixed acicular ferrite region with a high volume fraction. On the other hand, in the HAZ specimen having small prior austenite grain size, the volume fraction of the mixed acicular ferrite region is low because granular bainite and bainitic ferrite are coarse due to the large number of prior austenite grain boundaries.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.654-659
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• 2007

Austenite precipitation behavior was studied with solidification rates and alloying contents, N and Cr, in duplex stainless steels by directional solidification. Directional solidification experiments were carried out with solidification rates, $1{\sim}100mm/s$, and N and Cr contents, $0{\sim}0.27wt.%,\;25{\sim}28wt.%$ respectively, in a duplex stainless steel, CD4MCU. As the solidification rate increases, the dendrite spacing reduced and the austenite phase in the ferrite matrix became finer. The volume fraction of austenite phase increased and its shape went to be round with increasing nitrogen contents in duplex stainless alloys. The Cr alloying element, even though it is a ferrite former, showed to enhance the nitrogen solubility in the alloy and caused the austenite round and finer. Also, Cr was supposed to decrease the austenite volume fraction, but it increased the austenite slightly due to increasing nitrogen solubility during solidification.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.77-87
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• 2006

Considering ferrite grain size in the base metal, the prediction model for $A_{c3}$ temperature and prior austenite grain size at just above $A_{c3}$ temperature was proposed. In order to predict $A_{c3}$ temperature, the Avrami equation was modified with the variation of ferrite grain size, and its kinetic parameters were measured from non-isothermal data during continuous heating. From calculation using a proposed model, $A_{c3}$ temperatures increased with increasing ferrite grain size and heating rate. Meanwhile, by converting the phase transformation kinetic model that predicts the ferrite grain size from austenite grain size during cooling, a prediction model for prior austenite grain size at just above the $A_{c3}$ temperature during heating was developed.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.40-45
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• 2009

With the increase in the annealing temperature, the volume fraction of austenite phase increased and the volume fraction of ferrite phase decreased. In compliance with the addition of N, not only the volume fraction of austenite phase was increased but also the austenite structure was made larger. Volume fraction of ${\sigma}$ phase was increased by decreasing of the volume fraction of ferrite phase, with the increase in the aging time and in compliance with the addition of N. As increasing in volume fraction of ${\sigma}$ phase, tensile strength and hardness increased, while elongation and impact value decreased. Elongation slowly decreased and impact value rapidly decreased at the early stage of aging. By the added N, tensile strength, elongation, hardness and impact value was increased.