• Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.88-97
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutritional status of serum minerals, ceruloplasmin, and ferroxidase activity in female adolescent students according to their smoking status. The subjects were 87 non-smokers and 88 smokers, who were female high school students. The smokers were divided into tow groups by smoking status, 35 light smokers(pack-year<1) and 53 smokers(pack-year$\geq$1). The serum concentrations of 6 minerals were determined by ICP emission spectroanalyzer. The serum concentration of ceruloplasmin and ceruloplasmin ferroxidase activity were determined. All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. The serum minerals concentrations of all subjects were in a normal range. There were significantly differences in the concentrations of serum copper, zinc, magnesium, and phosphorus by smoking status while there were no significant differences in the concentrations of serum iron and manganese by smoking status. Furthermore there were no significant differences in the ceruloplasmin concentration and ferroxidase activity by smoking status. In conclusion, smoking status altered the serum levels of some minerals in healthy young women. The minerals levels in light smokers with relatively short pack-year(pack-year<1) were altered compared to those in non-smokers or smokers. This finding seemed to be consistent with the results of previously published data related to antioxidant vitamin and lipid peroxide levels. However further research is needed to clarify these findings in female adolescent smokers.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.149-156
• /
• 1999

This study was due to investigate the dietary intakes, serum lipids and other hematological indices in female adolescent smokers. The subjects were 85 smokers, whose average pack-year(smoking years on the basis of one pack of cigarettes per day) was 1.26 and 87 nonsmokers who were female high school students in Seoul. An anthropometric measreument was performed and % body fat was also analyzed by the Bioelectrical Impedance Fatness Analyzer(GIF-891). Dietary intakes and food habits were examined through questionnaires and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the Computer Aided. Nutritional analysis program for professional(CAN-pro). Serum TG, HDL-cholesterol and total-cholesterol levels were measured with test kits. Serum glucose, albumin, GOT and GPT were measured by automated dry chemistry system, SPOTCHEM 4410. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, WBC and MCV were determined by Semi Automated Microcell Counter(F-520). All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. There was no significant difference in the anthropometric measurements between smokers and nonsmokers. The caloric intake in adolescent smokers tended to be higher than that of nonsmokers but the difference was not statistically significant. In addition, there was no significant difference between smokers and nonsmokers in biochemical indices. Analysis of serum lipids showed that the serum levels of total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol of nonsmokers were unexpectedly significantly higher(p<0.05) than those of smokers. Overall results indicate that smoking itself with short pack-year in healthy female adolescent did not seem to influence apparent health and nutritional status.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.16-24
• /
• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between adolescent smoking and antioxidant vitamins. Subjects were 87 non-smokers and 90 smokers. who were female high school students. Smokers were divided into tow groups by smoking status, 35 light smokers (packyear<1) and 53 heavy smokers(packyear$\geq$1). Dietary intakes were examined through questionnaires and nutrient intakes of vitamin C and A were analyzed by smoking status using Computer Aided Nutritional analysis program for professional (CAN-PRO). Serum vitamin C level was measured by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine method and serum levels of vitamin A and E were measured by HPLC. Erythrocyte lipid peroxide levels was measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) method. All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. The mean vitamin C intakes of non-smokers, light smokers and heavy smokers were 58.2mg/day, 50.1 mg/day 58.1mg/day, respectively. The mean vitamin A intakes of non-smokers, light and heavy smokers were 28.1$\mu\textrm{g}$R.E./day, 278.7$\mu\textrm{g}$R.E./day and 289.6$\mu\textrm{g}$R.E./day, respectively. There was no significant difference in dietary intakes of antioxidant vitamins by smoking status. However, the serum vitamin C level, 11.40mg/l in heavy smokers was 12% lower than that of than that of 12.70mg/l in non-smokers. The serum vitamin A level was not significantly different among the groups. Vitamin E level, 8.79mg/l in heavy smokers was 8% lower than that of 9.53mg/l in non-smokers. There was no significant correlation between the dietary intakes and serum levels of vitamin A and C. The erythrocyte TBARS level, 1.90nmol/ml in light smokers was significantly lower (p<0.05) than 2.71 nmol/ml in heavy smokers or non-smokers. The correlation data showed that the cerythrocyte TBARS level had a significant positive correlation with packyear. Overall results might suggest that cigarette smokers with a longer smoking history need more dietary intakes of vitamin C and E than do non-smokers to reach the same serum level.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.33 no.7
• /
• pp.755-762
• /
• 2000

female smoking especially in the population of teenage girls is regarded as an important health problem as the young female smokers are increasing sharply. We surveyed 895 teenage girls(15-19 years of age) living in a rural community in Korea for their cigarette smoking habits and the relationship between smoking status of subjects demographic variables and view on other's smoking. Of the subjects 11.6% stated that they were currently smoking and 67.3% of current smokers began smoking regularly sometimes before high school. The average smoking period of current smokers waas 20.6$\pm$1.5 mounts and they smoked 7.5 cigarettes/day on an average. Their main reason for starting to smoke was curiosity. The parents attitude for their offspring was more undemocratic in smokers. Smokers had lower academic sachievement and they had the family system such as single parent more undemocratic in smokers. Smokers had lower academic achievement and they had the family sysstem such as single parent family or divorced parent family more often than did non-smokers. Smoking status of subjects was positively related to that of their parents siblings and friends respectively. Smokers accepted others' smoking more positively than did non-smokers. Above results show that cigarette smoking is prevalent among teenage girls living in a rural community and smoking of subjects are affected by demographic variables and their view on others' smoking. Therefore the prevention the prevention programs aimed at adolescent smoking should be started before middle school and they should be included all influencing environmental factors such as family school and mass media.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.32 no.8
• /
• pp.908-917
• /
• 1999

This study was done to compare nutrient intakes, anthropometric indices, and psychosocial factors related to smoking by smoking status among adolescent girls in Seoul. Subjects were high school students, and smokers were 17.6%. Nutrient intakes were analyzed by convenient method, and anthropometric measurements were done by Inbody 2.0. Psychosocial factors of smoking were examined based on the Theory of Planned Behavior : 26 attitudinal, 9 normative, and 17 control beliefs were used. Smokers smoked 5-7 cigarettes a day on average, with 1.26 pack-years of smoking, There were no significant differences in anthropometric characteristics, except fat distribution, between smoking(n=92) and nonsmoking(n=92) and nonsmoking(n=94) group. The percentage of alcohol groups. Especially, caloric intake (63.6% of RDA) were much below the recommended level. With respect to psychosocial factors, 18 out of 26 attitudinal beliefs were significantly different between smokers and nonsmokers. Smokers responded less negatively on the items of bad health effects of relax(p<0.001). In addition, smokers were more convinced of advantages of smoking (test, etc.)but responded less negatively on the disadvantages of smoking(bothering others, yellow teeth, bad breath, etc.). Smokers expressed less pressure for not smoking from siblings, friends, school seniors than nonsmokers. In addition, smokers, expressed less confidence in controlling the urge to smoker or quitting smoking in several situations, such as 'after a meal', 'feel bored', 'with friends', 'when angry' offered a cigarette by friends', 'drinking coffee or tea', 'drinking alcohol', 'seeing others smoke'(p<0.001). Smokers also felt less developing in applying specific skills for controlling the urge to smoker or quitting smoking. These findings suggest the need for developing smoking cessation programs for adolescent females, focusing on specific beliefs identified in this study.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.303-311
• /
• 2011

This study aimed to identify success factors of smoking cessation for 6 months in Adolescent smokers. Data were collected from January to December, 2008. The 925 adolescent smokers were registered smoking cessation clinic at public health center in Incheon. Data(demographic, smoking, smoking cessation) were analyzed by logistic regression. Major factors are attempting to quit smoking(no trial, OR=9.48), alcohol drinking(yes, OR=4.61), information source for registration(family, friends's ask, OR=3.94), cessation methods(cognitive+behavior+ nicotine alternative therapy, OR=2.45), gender(male, OR=1.78), grade in school(high schooler, OR=1.65), expiration CO concentration (OR=0.95), and nicotine dependency(OR=0.76). Therefore, smoking cessation policy for adolescence should be emphasized on smoking prevention as well as smoking cessation. We have to help the adolescent to succeed in smoking cessation when they attempt to quit smoking at first time. Female student smokers and middle school smokers should be given advice for smoking cessation motives and more times of counselling for smoking cessation. If adolescent smokers have high expiration CO concentration and high nicotine dependency, they should not only take cognitive-behavior therapy but also nicotine alternative therapy.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.318-328
• /
• 2007

Purpose: Because it is important to prevent adolescents from becoming involved in smoking, this study was done to explore important factors influencing cigarette use and the increase in smoking frequency. Method: For this study the Korea Youth Panel Survey (KYPS) was analyzed. Because the KYPS is longitudinal, a fixed effect regression method was used to control for the effects of time-independent factors. More specifically, a logistic regression was used to explore factors affecting cigarette use, and a Poisson regression was used to explore smoking frequency. Result: As the adolescents got older, the number of male adolescents who tried smoking increased, while the number of female adolescents who tried smoking decreased. Also, the frequency of cigarette use among male and female smokers increased over time. Significant factors affecting cigarette use were friends who smoked, delinquent behavior, and loneliness at schools. Important factors affecting the increase in smoking frequency were grade (e.g., the 2nd- and 3rd-year of middle school), friends who smoked, delinquent behavior, monthly pocket money, expectation for the highest level of education, and attack tendency. Conclusions: To solve the problems linked to adolescent smoking, it is critical to develop intervention programs that target specific homogeneous subgroups of smokers, and that take into consideration gender difference in smoking and factors affecting levels of smoking behavior.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.223-230
• /
• 2009

Objectives : This study was conducted to validate self-reported smoking among high school students using urinary cotinine. Methods : A self report of smoking behavior was collected together with urine sample for cotinine analysis from 130 male and female students in two vocational high school students in November, 2007. Validity and agreement between self-reported smoking and urinary cotinine was analyzed with STATA 9.0 for different definitions of current smokers, and frequent and daily smokers. Urinary cotinine concentration was measured by the DRI Cotinine Assay for urine (Microgenics Corp., Fremont, CA) on Toshiba 200FR. The cut-off point of urinary cotinine was 50 ng/dl. Results : The concentrations of urinary cotinine were significantly different according to the frequency and amount of smoking. Sensitivity and specificity was 90.9% and 91.8% respectively, and the Cohen s kappa value was 0.787 among the current smokers who smoked at least one day during one month preceding the survey. The comparable high sensitivity, specificity, and kappa value were shown also among the other definitions of current smokers, that is, subjective smokers, and weekly smokers. Conclusions : The results showed the high validity of self-reported smoking among high school students. However, due to the small sample size and limitation of the participants, it is cautious to generalize the results to overall high school students.

• Toxicological Research
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.275-280
• /
• 2016

Prenatal nicotine exposure over an entire pregnancy has been associated with an increased prevalence of hyperactivity, anxiety-like behavior and depression-like behavior in mature rats. However, the effects of maternal nicotine exposure in late gestation and lactation on the psychology and behavior of adolescent rat offspring are unclear. Thus, we investigated the effect of nicotine exposure during late gestation and lactation on anxiety-like and impulsive decision-making behavior in adolescent offspring of rat. Female rats were orally exposed to nicotine which is within range of plasma level of human chronic smokers during the period of third last period of gestation and lactation. When the offspring were weaned, we observed alterations in the anxiety-like behavior and decision-making ability of adolescent rat offspring using light/dark box test and T-maze delay-based cost-benefit decision-making task. The maternal consumption of nicotine reduced both the time spent in the light compartment and the number of transitions compared to nicotine-free rats. Moreover, such nicotine exposed adolescent offspring rats showed impulsive decision making which chose the instant reward in a decision-making situation. We found that nicotine exposure during late gestation and lactation induces an increase in anxiety-like and impulsive decision-making behavior at this developmental stage. These findings suggest that maternal nicotine-exposed offspring are at an increased risk of developing anxious and impulsive behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.207-213
• /
• 2001

Objectives: We surveyed the prevalence of smoking among the adolescent population and analysed the correlation of the two exposure biomarkers-concentration of blood cadmium and urinary cotinine-to the smoking status. Methods: Subjects were 193 middle and high school students in Chungnam province. Blood cadmium and urinary cotinine were compared by sex and smoking status. Smoking status were classified by either the concentration of urinary cotinine or subjective answering as a smoker in the questionnaire. Results: Smoking prevalence was 24.6%, 36.2% and 6.7% among all subjects, male and female subjects, respectively. Average smoking amount was 17.5 and 1.5 cigarettes per month among the male subjects and female subjects, respectively. Mean concentration of urinary cotinine among the male subjects was $135.57{\mu}g/{\ell}$, and that of female subjects was $116.59{\mu}g/$. Direct smokers showed higher concentration of urinary cotinine than those of indirect smokers, and subjects with higher urinary concentration showed higher prevalence of smoking, too. Mean concentration of blood cadmium was $0.0572{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ among the male subjects, and $0.0693{\mu}g/d{\ell}$ among the female subjects. Among the male subjects, both exposure biomarkers showed significant correlation to the smoking status, but among the female subjects urinary cotinine did not show significant correlation to the smoking status. Conclusion: Concentrations of these two biomarkers suggested that this population had significantly high evironmental tobacco smoking(ETS) and efficient stop-smoking programs to reduce ETS should be directed to this population.