• 성인간호학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.184-195
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• 2000

It has been believed that cancer is an omnious factor threatening the future and life itself. Patients having the disease experience anxiety, fear, feeling of weakness, depression and feelings of uncertainty and hopelessness. Most cancer patients, however, have expectations of possible recovery and a better future, very different from the patients who feel hopeless. Therefore. hope allows people to respond effectively to the fatal disease they have and prevents them from detoriorating physically and spiritually, positively influencing their survival, response to treatment and sense of security. Studies previously performed showed that hope is positively correlated with social and family supports, self-esteem, spiritual well-being, responsive action, health promotion behavior and quality of life. Thus, the study attempted to provide basic information on nursing cancer patients by investigating their levels of hope and determining predictive factors which influence hope. For the study 200 cancer patients in two university hospitals located in Pusan were sampled as subjects. Data were collected for twenty nine days from Feburary 1, 1999 to March 1. Instrumets for the study included 10 items from the self-esteem scale by Rosenberg (1965), 39 hope measurements by Kim and Lee(1965), 16 of the social support scale by Tae(1986) and 16 of the general characteristics scale, all of which totaled 81 items. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program. General characteristics of the investigated based on numbers and percentage. Hope, self-esteem and social support were analyzed using means, minimum, maximum and standard deviation. Relations among the foregoing three factors were analyzed using Pearson' correlation coefficient. Levels of hope in cancer patients were determined using t-test, ANOVA and Scheffe test. Predictive factors influencing hope were investigated using multiple stepwise regression analysis. Results of the study are summarized as follows: 1. An average level of hope was $185.55{\pm}23.39$ points(96 min. and 234 max.) 2. Levels of hope showed a significant difference among them according to sex (t=-3.69, P=.000), age(F=4.714, P=.000), job(F=3.247, P=.008), monthly income (F=6.113, P=.003), treatment charge (F=3.796, P=.011), supportive resources (F=10.554, P=.000), diagnosis(F=2.287, P=.029), perceived health status(F=22.184, P=.000), level of pain(F=3.334, P=.021), religion (F=4.911, P=.001) and religion's effect in life (F=11.706, P=.000), 3. For the subjects, self-esteem and social support were $38.32{\pm}7.21$(13 min, and 50 max.) and $52.97{\pm}8.49$points(28 min, 80 max.). Concerning social support, average levels of family support and medical support were found $35.95{\pm}6.05$(18 min, and 40 max) and $27.02{\pm}4.99$ points(20 min and 40 max). The hope the cancer patients showed significant correlations with self-esteem (r=.588, P=.000), family support(r=.224, p=.001) and medical support(r=.221, P=.002). 4. The five variables related to hope (self-esteem, religion's effect in life, perceived health status, social support and age) accounted for 54.2 percent of the hope level; especially, self-esteem was the highest at 34.6%. As shown in the above results, predictive factors which most influence hope in cancer patients were self-esteem and religion's effect of life. Therefore, nursing interventions to increase self-esteem should be developed. Regarding religion's effects, studies on spiritual aspects should be carried out in a way that contributes to promotion of hope.

• 공연문화연구
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• 제23호
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• pp.63-103
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 문헌 기록과 구술 자료를 바탕으로 판소리 고수의 출신 배경 및 사회적 위치를 살피는 한편, 창자-고수 간 관계에 초점을 맞추어 '공연 준비-본 공연-공연 이후'의 공연 전과정에 나타나는 고수의 공연학적 면모를 고찰하여 보았다. 과거에는 줄광대 출신의 고수가 적지 않았다. 고수의 사회적 위치나 판에서의 대우는 물론 줄광대보다 나았지만 판소리 창자에 비해서는 열악하였다. 그러나 1910년대 이후 판소리 공연 공간의 이전과 새로운 매체의 유입으로 관중 및 일반 대중들은 고수에 대해 특별한 의식을 가지게 되었고, 이들의 지위는 크게 향상되었다. 고법도 이 시기 이후 관중들의 기대에 부응하여 정립된 측면이 크다 공연의 전과정에 요구되는 고수의 역할과 기능은 다음과 같다. 우선 준비과정에서는 다양한 수준의 많은 창자들을 상대하는 훈련이 고수의 실력, 즉 소리에 대한 대응력을 쌓는 데 필수적이다. 공연 직전의 리허설은 개인연습과 공동연습으로 나뉘는데, 후자는 창자-고수 간의 공연 경력, 고수 개인의 실력에 따라 조정된다. 다음, 공연과정에서는 고수의 보비위와 추임새를 중점적으로 살펴보았다. 고수는 장단 한배에 대한 빠르기 개념 및 소리의 리듬형에 따른 액센트의 표현을 창자와 공유하면서, 창자가 에너지를 어떻게 쓰고 있는지 미리 읽어내 이를 조절할 수 있어야 한다. 또 창자의 내드름을 간파하여 북장단으로 대응하는 능력을 지녀야 한다. 공연을 성격별로 세분화하여 보면, 완창발표회에서는 창자-고수 간의 호흡과 함께 공연했던 경험이 중요하며, 판소리 경연대회에서는 고수가 창자에게 안정감을 주는 것이 필요하다. 한편 고수대회(고법대회)에서는 장단의 운용, 북을 치는 자세, 강약 조절, 추임새를 통한 창자와의 조화 등이 고수의 능력을 평가하는 주요한 기준이 된다. 축하 공연과 같은 개인적인 소규모 공연, 현대적으로 새롭게 각색한 공연에서 창자는 공연비가 저렴하면서 원곡의 변형이나 애드립(ad-lib)에도 당황하지 않고 이에 긍정적으로 대응하여 주는 고수를 선호하며, 강의에 수반되는 공연의 고수에게는 미리 약속되거나 논의되지 않은 상황에 대처하는 순발력을 원한다. 추임새는 소리판에서 고수와 청중이 공통으로 사용하는 표현 방식이지만, 그 세부적인 맥락이나 성음에는 차이가 있다. 마지막으로 공연 이후 과정에는 창자-고수 간의 상호 평가 혹은 연행자에 대한 청중의 평가가 해당되는데, 현재 판소리 공연계에서는 이러한 문화가 활성화되어 있지 않으므로 방안 마련이 요청된다.

• 만화애니메이션 연구
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• 통권9호
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• pp.127-142
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• 2005

Study of Animation 3-Dimensional Motion Picture국내뿐만 아니라 전 세계의 수백만의 인구가 영상을 접하고 있다. 영상은 움직이는 형상을 시각화 하는 것에서 지식, 정보 전달의 매체로서 자리 매김 하였다. 과학의 발전은 온라인(Online)시대를 열어주었고 온라인 시대의 정보습득은 지속적으로 고속화 되어, 과량의 정보 속에서 선택을 해야 하는 관객들을 함께 가속화 시키고 있다. 선택적인 측면에서 시각적인 전달 방법은 급변하는 시대의 요구에 맞게 변화하게 된다. 다량의 정보 속에서 순간의 선택을 받기 위한 일한으로, 1차적인 요건은 시선을 집중시키는 것이며, 그에 상응하는 만족감을 선사하는 것이다. 영상의 초기는 실제로 자신이 보고 있는 상황을 그대로 옮기고자 하는 욕구에서 출발한 것이다. 정지화면에서 만족하지 못한 인간은 움직이는 화면(Film)을 개발하였고 양안의 시점의 차이와 광선의 자극 반응을 감안한 실제 인지하는 시점보다 더 입체감을 만들어내는 영상을 가늠 해내는 연구를 하게 된다. 이는 컬러 필름(Color Film)에서 입체영상 개발까지 놀라운 성과를 누리게 된다. 인간의 가시적인 면에 대한 욕망의 추구 즉, 극대화된 실재감(Reality) 있는 볼거리 추구는 영상이 포함되는 모든 분야에 지속적으로 요구되고 있다. 지금 수백만의 인구가 보편적으로 보고 있는 영상들은 평면적이다. 화면의 깊이 감(Depth)과 착시현상(Optical Illusion)은 효과적으로 현실감을 주며 정보를 전달한다. 하지만, 인간의 양안 시점차이로 인식하는 입체감은 평면속에서 만들어 내는 깊이 감으로는 현실감 있게 인식하는데 한계점이 존재한다. 이러한 한계를 만족시킬 입체 영상) 입체영상은 영화에서 시작되었으나, 20c후반기에 들어서면서 애니메이션 분야와 모바일, 광고 패널, 텔레비전등의 매체를 이용한 입체 영상의 개발로 인하여 특정 분야에 한정 시킬 수 없으므로 영상으로 칭한다. 입체 영상은 21c에 들어서면서 영상매체의 한 분야로 급부상하고 있다. 1900년 무렵부터 연구된 입체영화(3-Dimensional motion Picture)는 In여 년이 지난 지금 대중화를 눈앞에 두고 있다. 국내에서는 놀이 동산이나 박물관등에서 흔히 볼 수 있다. 하지만 앞으로는 HDW등의 대중화로 화질의 발전을 이룬 텔레비전 분야 등에서 실용화 될 전망이다. 국제적인 흐름과 함께 국내에서도 입체 영화에 대한 연구가 활성화 되어 영상산업의 한 주류로서 대두되고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 입체영상에 대한 이해와 콘텐츠(Contents)의 개발은 기술적인 진보에 발맞추어 준비되어야 한다. 본 논문은 이러한 기술적인 계보에 발맞춘 영상 콘텐츠 개발에 박차를 가하고자 앞으로의 발전분야에 대한 기술적인 면과 기법적인 면을 제시하여 기술만 앞서고 내용은 수입하는 수입국이기 보다는 미리 준비하여 비전문가나 타국의 기술에 선점 당하지 않는 분야로 성장할 수 있는 진보적인 영상 인들의 관심과 지속적인 연구를 독려하고자 한다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.167-190
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• 2010

The research conducted here focuses on the effect of factors that affect the behavior of UCC (User Created Content) website users, other than user's rational recognition of how useful a UCC website can be. Most discussions in the existing literature on information systems have focused on users' evaluation how a UCC website can help to attain the users' own goals. However, there are other factors and this research pays attention to an individual's 'personality,' which is stable and biological in nature. Specifically, I have noted here that 'extroversion' and 'neuroticism,' the two common personality factors presented in Eysenck's most representative 'EPQ Model' and 'Big Five Model,' are the two personality factors that affect a site's 'usefulness,' by this I mean how useful does the user consider the website and its content. How useful a site is considered by the user is the other factor that has been regarded as the antecedent factor that influences the adoption of information systems in the existing MIS (Management Information System) research. Secondly, as using or creating a UCC website does not guarantee the user's or the creator's extrinsic motivation, unlike when using the information system within an organization, there is a greater likelihood that the increase in user's activities in relation to a UCC website is motivated by emotional factors rather than rational factors. Thus, I have decided to include the relationship between an individual's personality and what they find pleasurable in the research model. Thirdly, when based on the S-O-R Paradigm of Mehrabian and Russell, the two cognitive factors and emotional factors are finally affected by stimulus, and thus these factors ultimately have an effect on an individual's respondent behavior. Therefore, this research has presented an assumption that the recognition of how useful the site and content is and what emotional pleasure it provides will finally affect the behavior of the UCC website users. Finally, the relationship between the recognition of how useful a site is and how pleasurable it is to useand UCC usage may differ depending on certain situational conditions. In other words, the relationship between the three factors may vary according to how much users are involved in the creation of the website content. Creation thus emerges as the keyword of UCC. I analyzed the above relationships through the moderating variable of the user's involvement in the creation of the site. The research result shows the following: When it comes to the relationship between an individual's personality and what they find pleasurable it is extroverted users who have a greater likelihood to feel pleasure when using a UCC website, as was expected in this research. This in turn leads to a more active usage of the UCC web site because a person who is an extrovert likes to spend time on activities with other people, is sensitive to new experiences and stimuli and thus actively responds to these. An extroverted person accepts new UCC activities as part of his/her social life, rather than getting away from this new UCC environment. This is represented by the term 'Foxonomy' where the users meet a variety of users from all over the world and contact new types of content created by these users. However, neuroticism creates the opposite situation to that created by extroversion. The representative symptoms of neuroticism are instability, stress, and tension. These dispositions are more closely related to stress caused by a new environment rather than this creatingcuriosity or pleasure. Thus, neurotic persons have an uneasy feeling and will eventually avoid the situation where their own or others' daily lives are frequently exposed to the open web environment, this eventually makes them have a negative attitude towards the web environment. When it comes to an individual's personality and how useful site is, the two personality factors of extroversion and neuroticism both have a positive relationship with the recognition of how useful the site and its content is. The positive, curious, and social dispositions of extroverted persons tend to make them consider the future usefulness and possibilities of a new type of information system, or website, based on their positive attitude, which has a significant influence on the recognition of how useful these UCC sites are. Neuroticism also favorably affects how useful a UCC website can be through a different mechanism from that of extroversion. As the neurotic persons tend to feel uneasy and have much doubt about a new type of information system, they actively explore its usefulness in order to relieve their uncomfortable feelings. In other words, neurotic persons seek out how useful a site can be in order to secure their own stable feelings. Meanwhile, extroverted persons explore how useful a site can be because of their positive attitude and curiosity. As a lot of MIS research has revealed that the recognition of how useful a site can be and how pleasurable it can be to use have been proven to have a significant effect on UCC activity. However, the relationship between these factors reveals different aspects based on the user's involvement in creation. This factor of creationgauges the interest of users in the creation of UCC contents. Involvement is a variable that shows the level of an individual's mental effort in creating UCC contents. When a user is highly involved in the creation process and makes an enormous effort to create UCC content (classed a part of a high-involvement group), their own pleasure and recognition of how useful the site is have a significantly higher effect on the future usage of the UCC contents, more significantly than the users who sit back and just retrieve the UCC content created by others. The cognitive and emotional response of those in the low-involvement group is unlikely to last long,even if they recognize the contents of a UCC website is pleasurable and useful to them. However, the high-involvement group tends to participate in the creation and the usage of UCC more favorably, connecting the experience with their own goals. In this respect, this research presents an answer to the question; why so many people are participating in the usage of UCC, the representative form of the Web 2.0 that has drastically involved more and more people in the creation of UCC, even if they cannot gain any monetary or social compensation. Neither information system nor a website can succeed unless it secures a certain level of user base. Moreover, it cannot be further developed when the reasons, or problems, for people's participation are not suitably explored, even if it has a certain user base. Thus, what is significant in this research is that it has studied users' respondent behavior based on an individual's innate personality, emotion, and cognitive interaction, unlike the existing research that has focused on 'compensation' to explain users' participation with the UCC website. There are also limitations in this research. Firstly, I divided an individual's personality into extroversion and neuroticism; however, there are many other personal factors such as neuro-psychiatricism, which also needs to be analyzed for its influence on UCC activities. Secondly, as a UCC website comes in many types such as multimedia, Wikis, and podcasting, these types need to be included as a sub-category of the UCC websites and their relationship with personality, emotion, cognition, and behavior also needs to be analyzed.