• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.535-545
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to analyze the practice of complementary feeding and its influencing factors in children under 2 years of age in Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data obtained from the 2017 National Socioeconomic Survey. The sample totaled 1,751 households with children under 2 years of age, who received complementary feeding in urban and rural communities. Furthermore, the practice of complementary feeding was evaluated on the basis of the variations in provided food grouped into two categories: complete and incomplete. This study applied bivariate and multivariate analytical methods. Multivariate analysis was performed using binary logistic regression. Results: The proportion of children under 2 years of age who received complementary feeding with complete variant food was 15.9%, while that with incomplete variant food was 84.1%. Furthermore, the factor influencing the practice of complementary feeding among the children was the mother's educational level (odds ratio: 1.481, 95% confidence interval: 0.245-0.943). Conclusion: Complete complementary feeding, which involves a variety of food sources, is the best approach to improve the nutritional status of infants. Therefore, the source of food for complementary feeding must be accessible to all communities.

• 대한수의사회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.207-213
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• 1994

For the establishment of goals of herd management in cows index of feeding's program, nutrional status, fertility, mastitis and foot lameness is mentioned, respectively. Status of he feeding's program is controlled by consistence of feces, cud chewing, ab

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.37-50
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• 2011

Nutrients intake status of 73 lactating women, that is 45 breast feeding (BF), 13 formula feeding (FF) and 15 mixed feeding (MF), living in Daejeon was investigated. Self-recorded food intakes for two weekdays and eating behaviors using questionnaires were surveyed from May to August 2008. Subjects aged $29.2{\pm}3.4$ years and their infants aged $8.2{\pm}3.2$ months. Body mass index of the subjects was $21.0{\pm}3.2$. Of the subjects 23.3% were employed. Daily energy intake was $1953{\pm}391$ kcal. Mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was $0.77{\pm}0.14$ and was higher in FF ($0.86{\pm}0.13$) than in BF ($0.76{\pm}0.11$) and MF ($0.72{\pm}0.18$). Nutrients that over 50% of the subjects took less than estimated average requirement were vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, vitamin C and calcium. And index of nutritional qualities of those 5 nutrients were below one Forty six and sixths percent (46.6%) of the subjects showed GMFVD = 11111 pattern of five food group intakes and 57.5% took meals three times daily, 56.2% skipped often breakfast, and 64.4% dined out two times and more per week. Subjects having lower MAR (< 0.72, n = 24), compared with those having higher MAR (${\geq}$ 0.83, n = 24), showed more skipping daily meals and less frequency of eating-out, and took less legumes, vegetables, fishes, and milk. As the results, intakes of calcium, vitamin A, riboflavin, folate, and vitamin C were insufficient in lactating women, especially in BF and MF mothers. Meal skipping and low intakes of dairy foods, legumes, vegetables, and fishes might have adverse influences on nutritional status of lactating women. Accordingly, nutrition care program for lactating women should be focused on intake of three meals daily and a variety of food.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.93-99
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• 2008

A community-based longitudinal study was conducted in the Manya Krobo District of the Eastern Region of Ghana with the objective of assessing how caregiving practices influence nutritional status of young children in Ghana. The study subjects were one hundred mothers with infants between the ages of 6 and 12 months. Each child was visited at home monthly for a period of six months. On each visit, information was collected on caregiver household and personal hygiene, child's immunization status, child's dietary diversity, caregiver responsiveness during feeding, caregiver hygienic practices related to feeding and child's weight and length. At the end of the study, summary scores were generated for each variable and quality of care practice determined based on their distribution. Classification of child nutritional status was based on z-scores for both weight-for-age and length-for-age. The results revealed that caregivers who exhibited better quality of care practice had well-nourished children. Such caregivers were more likely to practice good household and personal hygiene than those of poorly nourished children (97.1% vs 31.8%, p<0.001). They were also more likely to complete their children's immunization schedules (88.2% vs 62.2%, p<0.001), provide good quality diets from highly diversified sources (79% vs 23%, p<0.001), exhibit high responsiveness during feeding (100% vs 22.7%, p<0.001) and feed under hygienic conditions (100% vs 22.7%, p<0.001). Based on the findings it was concluded that good caregiving practices are associated with improved child nutritional status.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.668-683
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• 1992

To evaluate the current practices of the tube feeding and the status of tube feeding patient 76 adult in-patients at 6 hospitals located in Seoul and Chung-buk province were examined through reviewing patient charts observing patients and interviewing patients nurses dietitians patients' family or care-givers. The results were as follows : 1) An average age of the patients was 54.5 years with 41% over 60 years old. Patients with decreased mental status dysphagia esophageal obstruction and respiratory problem were fed by tubes. 2) The range of duration of tube feeding is between 4 days and 6 years. Most patients were received formula through nasogastric tube(89.5%) while 7.9% of gastrostomy and 2.6% of jejunostomy. Administration method for formula were bolus feeding regardless of the route of formula delivery. 3) Mean total calories received for men were 1590 kcal and 1450 kcal for female. Mean volume per meal was 282m, l and mean frequency of feeding was 5.68 while mean feeding interval 3$\frac{1}{4}$ hours and mean rate of infusion 68.4ml/min. All patients received hospital-blenderi-zed formula as the major source of nutrition. Home-blenderized formula and commercial formula as a supplement were used 35%, 13.2% respectively. 4) Thirty-eight percent of patients was hypoalbuminemia and 61% was at the moderate level of deficiency in hemoglobin. 5) Complications associated with tube feeding were diarrhea (22.4%) constipation(21.1%) vomiting(11.8%) and so on. 6) Serum albumin levels of patients who have complications associated with tube feeding were significantly lower than those of patients without complications In planning a tube feeding regimen the type of a formula must be integrated with both a delivery system and a protocol for administering the tube feeding. the multidisciplinary effort required to deliver enteral therapy is essential to improve current practices used at hospitals.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제60권12호
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• pp.379-384
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• 2017

Feeding is an interaction between a child and caregiver, and feeding difficulty is an umbrella term encompassing all feeding problems, regardless of etiology, severity, or consequences, while feeding disorder refers to an inability or refusal to eat sufficient quantities or variety of food to maintain adequate nutritional status, leading to substantial consequences, including malnutrition, impaired growth, and possible neurocognitive dysfunction. There are 6 representative feeding disorder subtypes in young children: infantile anorexia, sensory food aversion, reciprocity, posttraumatic type, state regulation, and feeding disorders associated with concurrent medical conditions. Most feeding difficulties are nonorganic and without any underlying medical condition, but organic causes should also be excluded from the beginning, through thorough history taking and physical examination, based on red-flag symptoms and signs. Age-appropriate feeding principles may support effective treatment of feeding difficulties in practice, and systematic approaches for feeding difficulties in young children, based on each subtype, may be beneficial.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.512-520
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The 6-23 months for infants is the longest period in the "first 1,000 days" of life. This period is very important for child development, so complementary feeding (CF) practices should be optimized to maximize children's potential for growth and development. The aim of this study was to analyze the CF practices and nutritional status of children aged 6-23 months. SUBJECTS/METHODS: For this cross-sectional study, 392 children aged 6-23 months were selected using stratified random sampling. Socio-demographic data were collected through interviews. CF practices, collected by interviews and repeated 24-hour food recall method, were the timely introduction of CF, minimum meal frequency, dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet, consumption food rich in proteins and vitamin A. Nutritional status was assessed using the indicators of underweight, wasting and stunting. To analyze the association between socio-demographic indicators and CF with nutritional status, the chi-square test with a confidence interval of 95% was used. RESULTS: Results showed that 39% were exclusively breastfed, only 61% received prolonged breastfeeding and 50% received timely introduction of CF. Minimum meal frequency was met by 74% of subjects, but dietary diversity and minimum acceptable diet were only realized in 50% and 40% of the children, respectively. The prevalence of underweight, wasting, and stunting were 26%, 23%, and 28%, respectively. Age of the child, birth order, birth weight, parents' education level, family size and incidence of fever and diarrhea during the previous two weeks were associated with underweight, while child's birth order, fathers' education level, mother's age, family size, completion of the age-appropriate vaccination and fish consumption frequency were associated with wasting. Age of the child, incidence of fever and acute respiratory infection, and fortified food consumption were associated with stunting. CONCLUSIONS: Suboptimal CF practices and high prevalence of underweight, wasting and stunting were found among children aged 6-23 months old in Aceh. These results highlight the need to improve CF and nutritional status.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.577-583
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• 2013

We have analyzed influence of potential rise in negative bus, which caused by decrease of power feeding line insulation, upon protecting method of DC ground protection device which detecting potential rise between negative bus and ground in order to detect ground fault in the rubber wheel system. For this purpose, we proposed negative potential equation between negative bus and ground and calculated negative potential according to system condition changes by estimating power feeding line insulation changes in steel wheel system and rubber wheel system, and equalizing DC power feeding system when ground fault occurred. Also, in order to estimate negative potential of real system, we modeled the rubber wheel system, and simulated normal status, grounding fault occurrence and power feeding line insulation changes. In normal status, negative potential did not rise significantly regardless of vehicle operation. When ground fault occurred, negative potential rose up over 300V regardless of fault resistance. However, we also observed that negative potential rose when power feeding line insulation dropped down under $1M{\Omega}$. In conclusion, our result shows that in case of rubber wheel system unlike steel wheel system, relay will be prevented maloperation and insulation status observation can be ensured when ground over voltage relay will be set 200V ~ 300V.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.396-401
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• 1994

The effect of vitamin B12 status and pectin feeding on vitamin B12 absorption in rats were studied. Rats in low, medium, and high vitamin B12 status were fed either fiber-free or 10% pectin diet and absorption of a single oral dose of vitamin B12 status of rats was verified by urinary methylmalonic acid and liver vitamin B12 measurements. Absorption of vitamin B12 tended to increase as the rats became deficient in vitamin B12 , although the difference was not significant . Pectin inhibited absorption of vitamin B12 regardless of the vitamin B12 status of the rats. The results demonstrated that inhibition of vitamin B12 absorption by pectin would be a possible mechanism for the impairment of vitamin B12 status due to chronic pectin feeding.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.11-24
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• 2015

This study investigated the general status of tube feeding for intensive care unit (ICU) inpatients and evaluated the consequent nutritional status of patients. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of a general hospital located in Daegu metropolitan city. The subjects of this study were 80 adult patients who had been admitted to the ICU of a hospital, received fed tube feeding, and then been discharged. The differences in nutrition screening indicators, including percentage ideal body weight (PIBW), serum albumin, hemoglobin, total lymphocyte count, and total cholesterol, before and after tube feeding according to body mass index (BMI) or nutrient feeding levels were investigated. The ratios of actually provided amounts to calorie and protein requirements of patients were $72.8{\pm}15.8%$ and $72.6{\pm}19.8%$, respectively. The change in PIBW before and after tube feeding was significantly different among the BMI groups (P<0.01). The change in hemoglobin concentration before and after tube feeding was also significantly different among the BMI groups (P<0.01). When subjects were divided into three groups (<60%, 60~79%, ${\geq}80%$) according to the ratio of actually provided calories to required calories, there was no significant difference in nutrition screening indicators before and after tube feeding. When the subjects were divided into three groups (<60%, 60~79%, ${\geq}80%$) according to the ratio of actually provided protein to required protein, serum albumin concentration showed a significant difference among the groups before and after tube feeding (P<0.05). Therefore, an intensive nutrition intervention program would be needed for the nutritional improvement of ICU inpatients receiving tube feeding.