• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.145-150
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• 2002

Biotechnology in the 21st century will be driven by three emerging technologies: genomics, high-throughput biology, and bioinformatics. These technologies are complementary to one another. A large number of economically important crops are currently subjected to whole genome sequencing. Functional genomics for determining the functions of the genes comprising the given plant genome is under progress by using various means including phenotyping data from transgenic mutants, gene expression profiling data from DNA microarrays, and metabolic profiling data from LC/mass analysis. The aim of plant molecular breeding is shifting from introducing agronomic traits such as herbicide and insect resistance to introducing quality traits such as healthful oils and proteins, which will lead to improved and nutritional food and feed products. Plant molecular breeding is also expected to aim to develop crops for producing human therapeutic and industrial proteins.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.22-29
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• 2006

1. Objectives and Methods The original insect of $Q\'{\i}C\'{a}o$ is described as the larvae of Holotrichia diomphalia Bates (Scarabaeidae) in oriental medicine literatures. Traditionally $Q\'{\i}C\'{a}o$ inhabit on rotting wood, compost, and organic debris of soil or thatched roofs. They have the very important distinguishing mark that wriggle along on their back through rotting wood, compost etc. and they never do inflict the living crops. but, Holotrichia diomphalia Bates as the $Q\'{\i}C\'{a}o$ is not right because of many questions, such as Holotrichia are the harmful insects eat into farm products, and those don't match well with korean farmers' moods if their cultivated lands are turned over for collecting $Q\'{\i}C\'{a}o$ larvae, and especially they don't go on using their back. 2. Results and Conclusions Accordingly, in the conclusion of this subject it is reported that the original insect of $Q\'{\i}C\'{a}o$ is the larvae of Korean Cetoniidae(Coleoptera; Scarabaeoidea) insects including Genus Protaetia Burmeister(Protaetia orientalis submarmorea Burmeister, P.brevitarsis seulensis Kolbe, etc.) and the larvae of Korean Cetoniinae insects. Also, those were the original larvae of $Q\'{\i}C\'{a}o$ that were applied to not only 'DongEuiBoGam' but also 'Dongyi Suse Bowon prescriptions'. Those feed on rotting wood, compost, and organic debris of soil or thatched roofs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1994

Sixteen kinds of piercing-sucking mouth type insects were observed at witches'-broom diseased paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa) trees. Among ten insect species tested, a leafhopper, Empoasca sp., transmitted paulownia witches'-broom mycoplasma-like organism(PWB-MLO) to periwinkle(Catharanthus roseus) plant. Adults of this leafhopper were collected from PWB-diseased paulownia trees. The leafhpoppers were allowed to feed on the PWB-infected paulownia trees for three weeks to acquire PWB-MLO. These insects were then transferred to healthy seedlings of paulownia and periwinkle plants for inoculation-feeding. About 30-40days after the inoculation, "little-leaf" symptoms developed on periwinkle plants, but no symptoms developed on paulownia seedlings. MLO infection in the diseased periwinkle tissue was diagnosed by fluorescence microscopy. MLOs were observed in the sieve tubes by electron microscopy, proving the insect transmission of PWB-MLO.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.45 no.1 s.142
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• pp.75-78
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• 2006

Development of pellet-type artificial diet for insect was tried by using a twin screw extruder(TSE). Screws were arranged several times and two reverse screws were equipped on the foreparts of 2 axes of TSE. Pellet-type diet could be produced successfully under conditions of TSE set as the following. : 300 rpm of main motor speed, 228 rpm of feed motor speed, $75m{\ell}/min$ of running water speed and 5 mm of extrusion diameter. The optimum adding quantity of water to the manufactured diet was $1.2{\sim}1.5$ times of dry diet. On the rearing results of beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua and common cutworm, Spedoptera litura with the pellet-type diet, the final survival ratio (emergence rate) of these two species was over than 50%, and so it was concluded that the manufactured pellet-type artificial diet was sufficient dietetically to rear those insects.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.100-105
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• 2000

Optimal medium composition, culture conditions, characteristics of phase variation and activity of insecticidal toxin by Xenorhabdus nematophilus isolated and identified from Korean entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae were examined. Optimal medium composition of this strain was 50-70 g/L yeast extract, 3 g/L $K_{2}HPO_{4}$, 1g/L $NH_{4}H_{2}PO_{4}$, 2g/L ${MgSO}_4$$\cdot$${7H}_{2}O$, 10g/L NaCl and, these, yeast extract was found as a limiting nutrient for cell growth. When Monod equation was applied, maxmum specific growth rate and Monod constant were estimated as 0.13 $hr^{-1}$ and 20g/L, respectively. The pH of culture medium increased up to 8.5-9.5 regardless of initial pH 6-7 as the cells continued to grow. The specific growth rate in a 7 L fermentor was 0.18 $hr^{-1}$, which was enhancement 1.4 fold compared to a flask culture. In case of phase variation, phase I fraction was maintained above 90% at the stationary phase for both flask and fermentor cultures. According to oral toxicity test of Gallena mellonella by Xenorhabdus nematophilus, the addition of cell pellets into feed inhibited normal growth of insect larvae and killed completely then after 20 days cultivation. When culture supernatant of this strain was injected into hemolymph of insect larva, the toxicity was strongest at 24hr cultivation in the early exponential phase and gradually decreased as the culture time proceeded.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.888-895
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• 2016

The population ecology (Ecological characteristics) of Squalidus chankaensis tsuchigae were investigated at Geum River from March to November, 2013. This species inhabited midstream of the river where was mostly covered with cobble and sand. The depth of the habitat was 30~60 cm and velocity of stream was 2.27~4.88 cm/sec. The sex ratio of female to male was 1 : 0.86. They were sexually mature when they were over two years of age. The spawning period was from June to July with water temperatures from $25^{\circ}C$ to $25^{\circ}C$. Sexually matured individuals appeared over the two year of age. Frequency analysis of total length indicated that the group with 55~70 mm in total length was one year old, the 71~90 mm was two years old, and the group over 91 mm was three years old. The average number of eggs in the ovaries was estimated as 2,219 per matured female. The number of matured eggs size in ovaries was 0.64~0.98 (mean: 0.85) mm. Calulation length-weight relation of S. chankaensis tsuchigae show the value of contant a as 0.0002 and b as 2.81, and condition factor (K) was 1.06 on average. The stomach contents were Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Crustaceae, Copepoda, Nematota, Actithocephala, and Ephemeroptera, Hemiptera, Diptera, and Trichoptera that belong to Aquatic insect, and dormant bud of Pectinatella that belongs to Phylactolaemata. The diet of S. chankaensis tsuchigae was omnivorous, mainly vegetable feed on attached algae (filament form), and mainly animality feeded on benthic invertebrates such as Chironomidae larvae.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.443-452
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• 2006

The four rice(Oryza sativa L.) lines, previously demonstrated to have vigorous herbage production at the vegetative growth stage, were investigated for their growth traits, dry matter yield and feed value using the twice-cutting system that 1st-cut is harvested at panicle formation stage and 2nd-cut at the yellow ripen stage. The twice-cutting system is regarded as an effective method in the production of forage rice by escaping lodging and insect damages caused by the overgrowth and typhoon around the heading stage.The feed value of the twice-cut rice plant of there lines were compared with the control of normal, cutting at the yellow ripen stage. The relative feed value(RFV), the total digestible nutrient(TDN) and the crude protein(CP) content of the twice-cut straw were higher the control in every lines. However, the dry matter yield (DMY), represented by the summed forage production of 1st and 2nd cut-rice plant, were lower the control, and the DMY of straws were increase but grains were decrease for twice-cutting system. In addition, TDN yield showed the similar tendency with DMY.Recently, as one of the breeding aims the researches for improving the digestibility of rice straw have been required. In this regard, twice-cutting system is recognized with the fact that it has the effect which raises the digestibility of the straw. Especially, the 2nd cut of IR73111-B-R-15-3-1 line was similar to the control at the TDN yield of straw, and would be used as a breeding material for product the roughage of good quality.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.217-223
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• 2002

The chestnut brown chafer, Adoretus tenuimaculatus Waterhouse, is serious insect pests in golf courses. Adults feed on the leaves of latifoliate trees but larvae feed on roots of turfgrases such as bentgrass, Agrostis spp. Damage of A. tenuimaculatus larvae was observed at the Jinju golf club which showed damage symptom on perennial ryegrass, Lolium perenne in tees and fairways in July, 2000. Damaged turf by A. tenuimaculatus larvae became yellowish and wilted. Symptom of laval damage of A. tenuimaculatus was similar to summer depression in warm season turfgrasses but not recovered by irrigation when Korean isolates of entomopathogenic nematodes were evaluated for the control of A. tenuimaculatus larvae in laboratory and field as a possible biological control agent. The nematodes used were Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Jeju strain, Hererorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan strain, Steinernema carpocapsae Pocheon strain, S.glaseri Dongrea strain, and S.longicaudum Nonsan strain. In the laboratory test H.bacreriophora Jeju strain and Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan strain were highly effective for 3rd instars with 95% mortality. In the field test reduction rates of A.tenuimaculatus larvae were higher by ranging from 28 to 57% by H. bacteriophora Jeju strain, Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan strain, and S.carpocapsae Pocheon strain compared to 7% by natural cause.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.979-986
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• 2016

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dried mealworm (Tenebrio molitor larva) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and blood profiles in weaning pigs. A total of 120 weaning pigs ($28{\pm}3days$ and $8.04{\pm}0.08kg$ of body weight) were allotted to one of five treatments, based on sex and body weight, in 6 replicates with 4 pigs per pen by a randomized complete block design. Supplementation level of dried mealworm was 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, or 6.0% in experimental diet as treatment. Two phase feeding programs (phase I from 0 day to 14 day, phase II from 14 day to 35 day) were used in this experiment. All animals were allowed to access diet and water ad libitum. During phase I, increasing level of dried mealworm in diet linearly improved the body weight (p<0.01), average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.01) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (p<0.01). During phase II, ADG also tended to increase linearly when pigs were fed higher level of dried mealworm (p = 0.08). In addition, increasing level of dried mealworm improved the ADG (p<0.01), ADFI (p<0.05) and tended to increase gain to feed ratio (p = 0.07) during the whole experimental period. As dried mealworm level was increased, nitrogen retention and digestibility of dry matter as well as crude protein were linearly increased (p = 0.05). In the results of blood profiles, decrease of blood urea nitrogen (linear, p = 0.05) and increase of insulin-like growth factor (linear, p = 0.03) were observed as dried mealworm was increased in diet during phase II. However, there were no significant differences in immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG concentration by addition of dried mealworm in the growth trial. Consequently, supplementation of dried mealworm up to 6% in weaning pigs' diet improves growth performance and nutrient digestibility without any detrimental effect on immune responses.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.386-393
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• 2020

Insect industry has been focused as production of food, animal feed, pollinator and for environmental remediation. Hermetia illicens, called as black soldier fly (BSF) is famous as nutritive feed. In this study, to evaluate the antithrombotic activities of BSF, the larvae (instar 2~6), pupae, residue after adult emergence [RAAE] and adult of Hermetia illicens [black soldier fly, BSF] were collected and their ethanol extracts were prepared. Growth of BSF larvae was very rapid and the weight of larvae was increased to 25-folds during 10 days cultivation. The ethanol extraction ratios showed from 1.0% (pupae) to 18.5%(adults). The highest total polyphenol, total flavonoid, and total sugar contents were observed in RAEE (17.2 mg/g), pupae (3.4 mg/g), and instar 6 (37.6 mg/g), suggesting that metabolic changes occur during the life cycle of the BSF. Anti-coagulation assay showed that extracts of RAEE, instar 6 and pupa of BSF significantly inhibited thrombin, prothrombin, and blood coagulation factors. Furthermore, the extracts of RAEE, instar 3 and adult of BSF showed a strong platelet aggregation inhibitory activity. Our results suggest that pupae and RAEE of BSF have potential as antithrombotic agents. This is the first study to provide evidence of the antithrombotic activity of the BSF and bioactivity alterations during its life cycle.