• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1454-1464
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• 2015

Four methods were adopted, including the mobile nylon bag (MNB) method, modified three-step in vitro (MTS) method, original three-step in vitro (OTS) method, and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) estimating method, to evaluate the intestinal digestibility of rumen undegradable protein (DRUP) of 10 types of concentrates and 7 types of roughages. After correlation analysis to determine the DRUP values using the MNB, MTS, OTS, and ADIN methods, the study aimed to find out appropriate methods to replace the MNB method due to its disadvantages such as high price, long time period, and use of a duodenal T-fistula. Three dairy cows with a permanent ruminal fistula and duodenal T-fistula were used in a single-factor experimental design. The results showed that the determined DRUP values using the MNB method for soybean meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, sunflower meal, corn germ meal, corn, rice bran, barley, wheat bran, corn fiber feed, Alfalfa (Zhao dong), Alfalfa (Long mu 801), Alfalfa (Long mu 803), grass (North), Grass (Inner Mongolia), corn silage and corn straw were 98.13%, 87.37%, 88.47%, 82.60%, 75.40%, 93.23%, 69.27%, 91.27%, 72.37%, 79.03%, 66.72%, 68.64%, 73.57%, 50.47%, 51.52%, 54.05%, and 43.84%, respectively. The coefficient of determination ($R^2=0.964$) of the results between the MTS method and the MNB method was higher than that ($R^2=0.942$) between the OTS method and the MNB method. The coefficient of determination of the DRUP values of the concentrates among the in vitro method (including the MTS and OTS methods) and the MNB method was higher than that of the roughage. There was a weak correlation between the determined DRUP values in concentrates obtained from the ADIN method and those from the MNB method, and there was a significant correlation (p<0.01) between the determined DRUP values of the roughage obtained from the MNB method and those obtained from ADIN method. The DRUP values were significantly correlated with the nutritional ingredients of the feeds. The regression equation was DRUP =100.5566+0.4169CP - 0.4344SP - 0.7102NDF - 0.7950EE ($R^2=0.8668$, p<0.01; CP, crude protein; SP, soluble protein; NDF, neutral detergent fiber; EE, ether extract). It was concluded that both the MTS method and the OTS may suitable to replace the MNB method for determining the DRUP values and the former method was more effective. Only the ADIN method could be used to predict the values of the roughages but conventional nutritional ingredients were available for all of the samples' DRUP.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.222-231
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• 2008

This study was carried out to develop a method for decreasing the heavy metal composition of living stock. Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats were pre-treated with heavy metals administered i.p. at the limits of regulation according to the feed CODEX in Korea. Herbal medicine remnant was administered p.o. (2, 4 ppm of average feeding amount) for the entire period of study with organic selenium (2 ppm of average feeding amount) before any other treatment. 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) was also administered i.p. in a single dose of 60 mg/kg body weight before animals were sacrificed. The TBARS test with the FOX assay demonstrates a decrease of heavy metals due to these functional materials in vitro. Moreover, this decrease in heavy metals was also demonstrated by in vivo tests based on SD rats hair analysis and organ analysis after 6 weeks. A good linear correlation between hair analysis and organ analysis represented by liver and blood was shown. The present findings suggest that measurement method of heavy metal composition using hair analysis for healthy livestock can be used in place of detection methods carried out by organ and blood analysis, and herbal medicines with organic selenium may be very effective at decreasing heavy metals of feed materials in feed manufacture industry.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 1994.09a
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• pp.235-246
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• 1994

At pre-construction design stage, most of the design data are based on the site investigation results or property estimation which often does not provide satisfactory output for the tunnel analysis. Nonlinear FEM tunnel analysis was cariied out by Hoek-Brown model which is principly semi-empirical design method based on insitu rock descriptions, rock test results as well as field measurement data. The results of the analytical methods from Hoek-Brown model and Mohr-Coulomb model are compared with the sige measurement data from two-NATM tunnel construction sites. It was found that the Hoek-Brown model can be satisfactorily adopted as a feed back analysis technique in order to examin the safety of NATM tunnel at any construction stage.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.550-557
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• 2005

The multivariate statistical analysis methods, using both multiple linear regression(MLR) and partial least square(PLS), have been applied to predict the reactor properties and the product quality of a direct esterification reactor for polyethylene terephthalate(PET) synthesis. On the basis of the set of data including the flow rate of water vapor, the flow rate of EG vapor, the concentration of acid end groups of a product and other operating conditions such as temperature, pressure, reaction times and feed monomer mole ratio, two multi-variable analysis methods have been applied. Their regression and prediction abilities also have been compared. The prediction results are critically compared with the actual plant data and the other mathematical model based results in reliability. This paper shows that PLS method approach can be used for the reasonably accurate prediction of a product quality of a direct esterification reactor in PET synthesis process.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.888-898
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• 2017

Tenebrio molitor larvae, also known as yellow mealworms (MW), are rich in protein and lipid and can serve as a potential alternative protein and energy source in commercial aquafeeds. Therefore, this study attempts to evaluate the effects of different drying methods on the nutritional value of MW meal. For this, live MW were cold-anaesthetized before being subjected to three different types of drying methods, including freeze-drying, oven-drying at $60^{\circ}C$ and air-drying at room temperature for three days, and compared for proximate composition and energy content. An in-vivo digestibility test was then conducted to evaluate the nutrient digestibility of MW meal in diets for rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. A test diet was prepared by mixing the MW meal with a reference diet (Ref) in a 30:70 ratio with chromium oxide as an inert marker at the inclusion level of 0.5%. Rockfish with mean body weight of 150 g were stocked into a fecal collection system equipped with fiberglass tanks of 400 L capacity. Each group of fish was fed one of the experimental diets to apparent satiation for 4 weeks. The results of the proximate analysis showed that drying methods had no significant effect on crude protein, crude lipid, ash and energy contents of MW. Despite being a rich source of protein and lipid, MW meal was deficient in certain amino acids, particularly methionine, and highly unsaturated fatty acids, particularly 22:6n-3 (DHA) and 20:5n-3 (EPA). MW meal showed high digestibility values for protein (93%), lipid (97%) and energy (88%). These results may indicate that MW meal is a nutritious and acceptable feed ingredient, with comparable digestibility values to conventional animal and plant feedstuffs such as fish meal and soybean meal, in practical diet for rockfish at grower stage.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1666-1684
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• 2023

Objective: Our objective was to examine the relationships of supplemental rumen-protected lysine (RPL) or lysine + methionine (RPLM) on lactational performance, plasma amino acids (AA) concentration, and nitrogen use efficiency of lactating dairy cows by using a meta-analysis approach. Methods: A total of 56 articles comprising 77 experiments with either RPL or RPLM supplementation were selected and analyzed using a mixed model methodology by considering the treatments and other potential covariates as fixed effects and different experiments as random effects. Results: In early lactating cows, milk yield was linearly increased by RPL (β₁ = 0.013; p<0.001) and RPLM (β₁ = 0.014; p<0.028) but 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) and energy-corrected milk (ECM) (kg/d) was increased by only RPL. RPL and RPLM did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) but positively increased (p<0.05) dairy efficiency (Milk yield/DMI and ECM/DMI). As a percentage, milk fat, protein, and lactose were unchanged by RPL or RPLM but the yield of all components was increased (p<0.05) by feeding RPL while only milk protein was increased by feeding RPLM. Plasma Lys concentration was linearly increased (p<0.05) with increasing supplemental RPL while plasma Met increased (p<0.05) by RPLM supplementation. The increase in plasma Lys had a strong linear relationship (R² = 0.693 in the RPL dataset and R² = 0.769 in the RPLM dataset) on milk protein synthesis (g/d) during early lactation. Nitrogen metabolism parameters were not affected by feeding RPL or RPLM, either top-dress or when supplemented to deficient diets. Lactation performance did not differ between AA-deficient or AA-adequate diets in response to RPL or RPLM supplementation. Conclusion: RPL or RPLM showed a positive linear relationship on the lactational performance of dairy cows whereas greater improvement effects were observed during early lactation. Supplementing RPL or RPLM is recommended on deficient-AA diet but not on adequate-AA diet.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.81-98
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• 2014

This paper presents the elastic buckling of smart lightweight column structures integrated with a pair of surface piezoelectric layers using artificial intelligence. The finite element modeling of Smart lightweight columns is found using $ANSYS^{(R)}$ software. Then, the first buckling load of the structure is calculated using eigenvalue buckling analysis. To determine the accuracy of the present finite element analysis, a compression study is carried out with literature. Later, parametric studies for length variations, width, and thickness of the elastic core and of the piezoelectric outer layers are performed and the associated buckling load data sets for artificial intelligence are gathered. Finally, the application of soft computing-based methods including artificial neural network (ANN), fuzzy inference system (FIS), and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) were carried out. A comparative study is then made between the mentioned soft computing methods and the performance of the models is evaluated using statistic measurements. The comparison of the results reveal that, the ANFIS model with Gaussian membership function provides high accuracy on the prediction of the buckling load in smart lightweight columns, providing better predictions compared to other methods. However, the results obtained from the ANN model using the feed-forward algorithm are also accurate and reliable.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.54-65
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• 1993

The paper describes and alternative method based on a new idea to measure the circular movement of machining centers. ISO has employed three testing methods for the acceptance tests of machine tools; the first is a rotating one-dimensional probe method, the second is a two-dimensional probe and a master circular ring, and the third is a kinematic ball bar. The last two methods were proposed and introduced by W. Knapp and J. B. Bryan, respectively. The newly developed method is superior to above two methods; the rotating angle can be detected and the rotating radius is variable. Circular movement errors of machining centers were investigated by the analysis of data measured by R- .THETA. method. Followint observations are obtained 1) The errors which depend on positions, i.e., periodical errors by the pitch of ball screws, errors by compensation of backlash and errors by perpendicularity of X and Y-axis, were analyzed. 2) The errors which depend on NC control system, i.e., errors by the unbalance of position-loop-gaians, errors by velocity-loop-gains and errors by feed speeds, were quantiatively analyzed. 3) The method of extracting error information, which uses moving technique of averaging angle and fourier's analysis data mesured by the R- .THETA. method, was proposed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.12
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• pp.1724-1732
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this experiment was to determine apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acid (AA) in 15 sources of soybean meal (SBM) produced from soybeans from different countries and subsequently to establish equations for predicting the AID and SID in SBM based on their chemical composition. Methods: Eighteen barrows ($57.9{\pm}6.1kg$) fitted with a simple T-cannula were allotted into three $6{\times}6$ Latin square designs. Each period comprised a 6-d adaption period followed by a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. The 15 test diets included SBM as a sole source of AA in the diet. Another nitrogen-free diet was used to measure basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an inert marker in each diet. Results: The AID of lysine in SBM from China and USA tended to be greater than in SBM from Brazil (p<0.10). The SID of valine and proline in SBM from China was greater than in SBM from Brazil (p<0.05). The SID of lysine, threonine, cysteine and glycine in SBM from China tended to be greater than in SBM from Brazil (p<0.10). From a stepwise regression analysis, a series of AID and SID prediction equations were generated. The best fit equations for lysine in SBM were: AID lysine = 1.16 sucrose-1.81 raffinose+82.10 ($R^2=0.69$, p<0.01) and SID lysine = 1.14 sucrose-1.93 raffinose-0.99 ether extract (EE)+85.26 ($R^2=0.77$, p<0.01). Conclusion: It was concluded that under the conditions of this experiment, the oligosaccharides (such as sucrose and raffinose) can be used to predict the AID and SID of AA in SBM with reasonable accuracy.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.109-118
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• 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine net energy (NE) of expeller-press (EP-RSM) and solvent-extracted rapeseed meal (SE-RSM) and to establish equations for predicting the NE in rapeseed meal (RSM) fed to growing pigs. Methods: Thirty-six barrows (initial body weight [BW], 41.1±2.2 kg) were allotted into 6 diets comprising a corn-soybean meal basal diet and 5 diets containing 19.50% RSM added at the expense of corn and soybean meal. The experiment had 6 periods and 6 replicate pigs per diet. During each period, the pigs were individually housed in metabolism crates for 16 days which included 7 days for adaption to diets. On day 8, pigs were transferred to respiration chambers and fed their respective diet at 2,000 kJ metabolizable energy (ME)/kg BW0.6/d. Feces and urine were collected, and daily heat production was measured from day 9 to 13. On days 14 and 15, the pigs were fed at 890 kJ ME/kg BW0.6/d and fasted on day 16 for evaluation of fasting heat production (FHP). Results: The FHP of pigs averaged 790 kJ/kg BW0.6/d and was not affected by the diet composition. The NE values were 10.80 and 8.45 MJ/kg DM for EP-RSM and SE-RSM, respectively. The NE value was positively correlated with gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE), ME, and ether extract (EE). The best fit equation for NE of RSM was NE (MJ/kg DM) = 1.14×DE (MJ/kg DM)+0.46×crude protein (% of DM)-25.24 (n = 8, R2 = 0.96, p<0.01). The equation NE (MJ/kg DM) = 0.22×EE (% of DM)-0.79×ash (% of DM)+14.36 (n = 8, R2 = 0.77, p = 0.018) may be utilized to quickly determine the NE in RSM when DE or ME values are unavailable. Conclusion: The NE values of EP-RSM and SE-RSM were 10.80 and 8.45 MJ/kg DM. The NE value of RSM can be well predicted based on energy content (GE, DE, and ME) and proximate analysis.