• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.987-992
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of palm kernel expellers on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood profiles of weaned pigs. A total of 88 weaned pigs ($6.94{\pm}0.76kg$ body weight [BW]; 28 d old) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments (4 pigs/pen; 11 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design (sex as a block). The dietary treatments were a typical nursery diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON added with 20% of palm kernel expellers (PKE). Pigs were fed for 6 wk using a 3-phase feeding program with declining diet complexity and with phases of 1, 2, and 3 wk, respectively. Blood was collected from randomly selected 2 pigs in each pen before weaning and on d 7 after weaning. Pigs were fed respective dietary treatments containing 0.2% chromic oxide from d 29 to 35 after weaning. Fecal samples were collected from randomly selected 2 pigs in each pen daily for the last 3 days after the 4-d adjustment period. Measurements were growth performances, digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and energy, white and red blood cell counts, packed cell volume, and incidence of diarrhea. The PKE increased average daily gain (ADG) (246 vs 215 g/d; p = 0.06) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (470 vs 343 g/d; p<0.05) and decreased gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) (0.522 vs 0.628 g/g; p<0.05) during phase 2 compared with CON, but did not affect growth performance during phase 1 and 3. During overall experimental period, PKE increased ADG (383 vs 362 g/d; p = 0.05) and ADFI (549 vs 496 g/d; p<0.05) compared with CON, but did not affect G:F. However, no differences were found on digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy between CON and PKE. The PKE reduced frequency of diarrhea (15% vs 25%; p = 0.08) for the first 2 wk after weaning compared with CON. Similarly, PKE decreased white blood cells (8.19 vs $9.56{\times}10^3/{\mu}L$; p = 0.07), red blood cells (2.92 vs $3.25{\times}10^6/{\mu}L$; p = 0.09), and packed cell volume (11.1% vs 12.6%; p = 0.06) on d 7 after weaning compared with CON. In conclusion, addition of 20% palm kernel expellers to nursery diet based on corn and soybean meal had no negative effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood profiles of weaned pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.1150-1154
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of palm kernel expellers on productive performance, nutrient digestibility, and changes in white blood cells (WBC) of lactating sows. A total of 14 sows ($200{\pm}12kg$ of average body weight [BW]; 2.5 of average parity) were used and moved from gestation room to farrowing room on d 109 of gestation. Sows were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design. The treatments were a diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON added with 20% of palm kernel expellers (PKE). Sows were fed the treatments for 28 days (weaning) after farrowing. Blood was collected from each sow and 4 randomly selected piglets from each sow before farrowing or on d 3, 7, or 14 of lactation. Sows were fed respective treatments containing 0.2% chromic oxide from d 15 to 21 of lactation. Fecal samples were collected daily for the last 3 days after the 4-d adjustment period. Measurements were performances and WBC changes of sows and litter, nutrient digestibility of sows, and daily diarrhea of litter. Sows fed PKE had greater average daily feed intake (7.38 vs 7.10 kg/d; p<0.05) and lost less BW (-6.85 vs -8.54 kg; p<0.05) and backfat depth (-0.42 vs -0.71 mm; p<0.05) than those fed CON. However, there were no differences on digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy and weaning to estrus interval of sows fed either CON or PKE. Piglets from sows fed PKE gained more BW (203 vs 181 g/d; p = 0.08) and had less frequency of diarrhea (6.80 vs 8.56%; p = 0.07) than those from sows fed CON. On the other hand, no difference was found on preweaning mortality of piglets from sows fed either CON or PKE. Sows fed PKE had lower number of WBC (9.57 vs $11.82{\times}10^3/{\mu}L$; p = 0.09) before farrowing than those fed CON, but no difference on d 3 and 7. Similarly, piglets from sows fed PKE had also lower number of WBC (7.86 vs $9.80{\times}10^3/{\mu}L$; p<0.05) on d 14 of lactation than those from sows fed CON, but no difference on d 3 and 7. In conclusion, addition of 20% palm kernel expellers to lactation diet based on corn and soybean meal had no negative effects on productive performance, nutrient digestibility, and WBC changes of lactating sows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.690-700
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• 2012

The experiment was conducted by in vitro fermentation and bacterial community analysis to investigate the reduction of odorous compounds in response to the use of feed additives (FA) during carbohydrate overload in growing pigs. Soluble starch at 1% (control) and various FA at 0.1% Ginseng meal (FA1); Persimmon leaf (FA2); Gingko nut (FA3) and Oregano lippia (FA4) were added to fecal slurry and incubated anaerobically for 12 and 24 h. In vitro parameters and microbial diversity of the dominant bacteria following fermentation were analyzed using Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), band cloning and sequencing of the V3 region. Results showed that total gas production increased with the advancement of incubation (p<0.05). pH values of FAs and control groups were decreased except the FA4 group which increased somewhat from 12 to 24 h (p<0.05). Ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N) and $H_2S$ gas concentrations were comparatively lower in both stages in FA4 treatment than in the other groups (p<0.05). Hence, $NH_3$-N concentrations in liquid phases were increased (p<0.05) from 12 to 24 h, but the trend was lowest in FA4 than in the other groups at both stages. The total VFA production was comparatively lower and butyrate levels were moderate in FA4 group than in the the other groups during both stages (p<0.05). Indirect odor-reducing compounds such as $NO_2$, $NO_3$ and $SO_4$ concentrations were higher in the FA4 and FA3 than in the other groups at 24 h (p<0.05). After fermentation, ten dominant bands appeared, six of which appeared in all samples and four in only the FA4 treated group. The total number of DGGE bands and diversity was higher in the FA4-group compared to other groups. Additionally, similarity indices were lowest (71%) in the FA4, which represented a different bacterial community compared with the other groups. These findings indicate that $NH_3$-N, $H_2S$ and VFA production was minimal, and pH was also better in the FA4 group than in the other groups. Furthermore, the conversion of odor-reducing indirect compounds or their intermediates was higher in the FA4 group in compared to the other groups. FA4 group generated less odorous products and more indirect products by in vitro fermentation at 24 h, and their microbial pattern appeared to differ from that of the other groups. These findings suggest that this particular FA could change the microbial population, which may have a beneficial effect on odor reduction. It is recommended that the oregano lippia may be supplied to growing pigs as FA along with excess carbohydrate sources to reduce the production of odorous compounds.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.296-301
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• 2014

로타바이러스는 선진국과 개발도상국의 영 유아에게 급성위장염을 일으키는 주요원인이다. 위장질환의 치료를 위한 유산균의 사용은 안전하며 간단하게 이용할 수 있다. 본 연구는 Sprague-Dawley 랫드에서 유산균혼합물의 로타바이러스에 대한 항 바이러스 효능을 조사하였다. 24마리의 새끼와 그들의 어미를 무작위로 네 그룹으로 나누었다; placebo, phosphate buffered saline (PBS)와 유산균 혼합물-1, 유산균 혼합물-2 그룹. 5일령인 모든 랫드에게 8 log plaque forming units의 농도로 로타바이러스를 접종하고 유산균혼합물-1, 유산균 혼합물-2 그룹은 4일 동안 하루에 한번 각각 8 log colony forming units의 농도로 유산균 혼합물을 경구 투여하였다. 대조군인 placebo와 PBS 그룹은 4일 동안 하루에 한번 각각 동일한 양의 placebo (말토오스, 폴리덱스트로스 포함)와 PBS를 경구 투여하였다. 항 바이러스 효능분석을 위해 Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)과 소장융모관찰을 수행하였으며, 그 결과 유산균 혼합물-1, 유산균 혼합물-2 그룹의 소장무게는 대조군 보다 무거웠다. 대조군의 융모는 길이가 짧아지고 융모상피세포의 괴사가 일어났지만 유산균 혼합물-1과 유산균 혼합물-2 그룹에서는 이러한 형태학적 변화를 관찰할 수 없었다. RT-qPCR 분석에서는 유산균 혼합물-1과 유산균 혼합물-2 그룹의 분변샘플과 소장상피세포에서 로타바이러스의 VP7 유전자 레벨이 낮았다. 이러한 연구결과는 유산균혼합물이 로타바이러스 위장염에 대한 대체요법이나 치료에 유용하게 사용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.274-277
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• 2019

본 연구에서는 건강한 한국인 분변으로부터 Ruminococcus sp. KGMB03662 균주를 분리하고 유전체서열을 PacBio Sequel 플랫폼을 사용하여 분석하였다. 염색체의 크기는 2,707,502 bp로 G + C 구성 비율은 43.09%, 총 유전자수는 2,484개, 단백질 코딩 유전자는 2,367개, rRNA는 14개 및 tRNA는 53개로 구성되었다. 본 유전체로부터 가수분해효소, 지방산생합성 및 대사와 항생제생합성 및 내성 관련 유전자를 확인하였다. 이러한 유전체의 분석은 KGMB03662 균주가 사람의 건강 및 질병에 관여할 것으로 여겨진다.