• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.248-256
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• 2003

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of expander processing and enzyme supplementation of wheat-based diets on growth performance and nutrient digestibility in finishing pigs. For Exp. 1, 60 finishing pigs (average initial BW of 49.5 kg) were fed meal, standard pellets and expanded pellets in a 70 d growth assay. From 49.5 to 79.0 kg, 79.0 to 111.8 kg, and overall (49.5 to 111.8 kg), ADG and ADFI were not affected by pelleting or standard vs expander conditioning (p>0.22). However, from 49.5 to 79.0 kg, pigs fed pellets have greater gain/feed than pigs fed mash (p<0.04), and pigs fed expanded pellets tended to have greater (p<0.10) gain/feed than pigs fed standard pellets. Overall (i.e. from 49.5 to 111.8 kg), gain/feed (p<0.02) and apparent fecal digestibilities of DM (p<0.001) and N (p<0.02) were improved by pelleting the diets. Also, expander processing further improved gain/feed (p<0.06) and digestibility of DM (p<0.04) compared to standard steam conditioning. Scores for keratinization (p<0.002) and ulceration (p<0.003) of the stomach were increased by pelleting, but the mean scores for the various treatments ranged only from 0.05 to 1.08 (i.e., low to mild keratosis and ulceration). For Exp. 2, 80 pigs (average initial BW of 54.1 kg) were fed mash and pellets (standard or expander) without and with xylanase. The enzyme was added to supply 4,000 units of xylanase activity/kg of diet. Adding xylanase to the mash diet improved gain/feed from 90.7 to 115.9 kg (p<0.04) of the growth assay and digestibility of DM (p<0.05) on d 39. However, in pelleted diets, adding the enzyme did not improve growth performance or digestibility of nutrients. Pelleting tended to increase scores for ulceration (p<0.06), and enzyme supplementation decreased stomach keratinization scores for pigs fed the standard pellets (p<0.01). However, as in Exp. 1, the mean scores for all treatment groups were quiet low (i.e., ranging from normal to mild). In conclusion, pelleting improved efficiency of growth, but additional benefits from expander conditioning were observed only in Exp. 1. Finally, xylanase tended to improve growth performance and nutrient digestibility, only in pigs fed mash diets but not in pigs fed pellets.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.485-490
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• 2014

본 연구는 흰쥐를 이용하여 고콜레스테롤 식이로 고콜레스테롤혈증을 유도하고 이에 천년초 추출물을 2, 4% 식이에 포함시켜 경구로 섭취 시의 천년초 추출물의 콜레스레롤 개선 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 이에 혈중 및 간 조직 내 지질성분, 혈중 간 손상 지표, 분변 내 지질 성분 및 담즙산을 분석하였다. 천년초 추출물 섭취는 고콜레스테롤 식이로 상승된 혈청 총 콜레스테롤과 저밀도 지단백 콜레스테롤을 정상 수준으로 감소시켰으며 고밀도 콜레스테롤은 증가시켜 혈중 콜레스테롤 개선 효과를 나타내었다. 고콜레스테롤 식이 유도로 인해 상승된 혈중 ALT와 AST는 천년초 추출물 처치로 감소되는 경향을 보였으며 고콜레스테롤 식이로 인해 상승된 간 조직 내의 총 콜레스테롤과 중성 지방 역시 천년초 추출물 처치로 인해 용량 의존적으로 감소되었다. 분변 내 중성 지방과 담즙산은 천년초 추출물 처치로 유의적으로 상승되어 천년물 추출물 섭취로 중성 지방과 담즙산 배설이 유도가 이루어짐을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구 결과 천년초 추출물은 고콜레스테롤 식이로 고콜레스테롤이 유도된 쥐에 있어 콜레스테롤 개선 효과의 가능성 있는 식품 소재로 판단되며, 이를 인체에 적용시키기 위해서는 이에 대한 기전연구와 활성 물질 동정에 대한 계속적인 연구가 이루어져야 할 것으로 생각되어진다.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.233-238
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• 1997

전라남도 무안군의 한 해안 마을이 각종 장흡충류. 특히 유해이형흡충 (Heterophwes nocens) 및 표주박이형흡충 (Pygidiopsis summa)을 비롯한 이형흡충류의 새로운 유행지임을 확인하였다. 마을 주민 108명의 대변을 수집하여 셀로판후층 도말법 및 포르말린-에테르 집란법을 실시하여 검사한 결과 이형흡충류의 충란이 81명 (75.0%)에서 양성이었고. 다른 기생충들은 낮은 양성률을 보였다. 충체 퐁정을 위해 프라지관텔과 하제를 투여한 후 설사변으로부터 성충을 회수한 결과 하제 투여에 협력한 20떵 전원에서 유해이형흡충 총 3,86깊마리 (개인별로 3-1.338마리). 18명에서 표주박이형흡충 총 703마리 (1-170마리) 고리고 몇 가지 다른 장흡충류를 검출할 수 있었다. 다른 장흡충류로는 자루이 형흡충 (Stictodorojuscnta) 164마리를 4명에서 긴이 형흡충 (Heteropopsismntinua) 2마리를 2명에서. 참굴큰입흡충 (Gmophdoitsseoi) 깆마리를 3명 에서 각각 치수하였다 이상의 결과로 대상 지역인 전남 무안군의 해안 마을이 유해이형흡충 및 표쿠박이형흡충의 새고운 유행지임을 확인하였다 또한. 다른 장흡충류 감염자도 몇 명씩 발견할 수 있었던 점으로 보아 이 지역은 자루이형흡충. 긴이형흡충 및 참굴큰입흡충의 낮은 유행지임도 함께 시사하고 있다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.278-293
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• 1998

본 연구는 학교급식에서 Cook/chill system으로 생산 가능한 음식으로 삼치구이를 선정하고 모의실험을 통해 급식생산체계를 반복 실시함으로서 식품 위해 분석 중요관리점(HACCP)을 규명하고, 저장기간중의 음식품질 평가를 통해 합리적인 저장기한을 설정하고자 수행되었으며, 그 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 심치 구이의 온도소요시간 측정 결과, 온도상승이 일어난 검수 단계를 제외하면 각 생산단계별 온도-소요 시간 기준이 준수된 양호한 상태 하에 삼치구이가 생산되었음을 알 수 있었다. 삼치구이의 생산단계별 미생물 분석 결과 , 중온성 표준평판 균수의 경우 원재료 ($2.58{\pm}0.12\;Log\;CFU/g$)에서 냉장보관($2.70{\pm}0.42\;Log\;CFU/g$)까지의 품질은 우수하였다. 양념장으로 재우는 과정($3.82{\pm}0.52\;Log\;CFU/g$)에서 반복 실험중 일차에서만 대장균군, 분변성 대장균군이 각각 0.84 Log MPN/g으로 검출되었다. $160^{\circ}C$, 10분의 습열 조리와 $180^{\circ}C$, 3분의 건열 조리를 통해 삼치구이 내부온도는 $76^{\circ}C$로 측정되었는데, 조리 직후 심치구이에서는 중온균 ($1.83{\pm}0.49\;Log\;CFU/g$)만 검출되었고 저온균, 대장균군, 분변성 대장균군은 검출되지 않았다. 급성 냉장과 저장 5일을 거치는 동안 중온균은 거의 검출되지 않았으며 나머지 분석대상 미생물도 검출되지 않았다. 재가열과 배분단계에서도 분석대상 미생물이 전혀 검출되지 않았다. 삼치구이 전 생산단계에 걸쳐 Salmonella 와 Listeria monocytogenes는 검출되지 않았다. 5일의 저장동안 분석된 삼치구이의 pH, 산가, 휘발성 염기질소(TVBN) 함량과 관능 평가 결과, 삼치구이의 저장기한은 4일 이내로 제안되었다. 규명된 CCPs는 삼치의 구입과 검수, 가열 조리, 냉각, 냉장, 재가열 및 배식 단계였다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.369-378
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• 2007

평균 체중이 각각 167kg(실험 1), 355kg(실험 2) 그리고 449kg(실험 3)인 한우 거세우 12두씩을 공시하여 성장단계별로 건물섭취량이 동일한 조건에서 CP 섭취량 증가가 단백질 균형 및 N 배설량에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 각 시험의 공시축은 CP 수준이 평균 9%. 14%, 18% DM가 되도록 ground corn grain을 corn gluten meal 일정 비율 대체 혼합한 배합사료를 섭취하였다. 사료 CP 섭취량 증가로 CP 소화율은 유의성있게 증가하였으나, 건물소화율은 유의하게 증가하지 않았다. 사료 CP 섭취량 증가는 분 N 배설량 증가보다는 주로 뇨 N 배설량을 증가(P<0.05)시켰다. 유지수준 이상에서 섭취된 CP의 체축적 효율은 육성기에 약 70%, 비육기에는 46~39%로 공시축의 성장과 체중증가에 따라서 크게 낮아졌다. 따라서 분뇨를 통한 N 배설량은 육성기에는 섭취 CP의 60%, 비육기에는 70%로 가축의 성장에 따라 증가하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.365-371
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• 2001

The optimum dosage of quicklime in producing organic fertilizer using livestock wastes vith a greater than 80% water content was analysed. After one day had elapsed to allow for the organic fentilizer to dry, the quicklime dosage and the composition of the organic fertilizer were analysed. Any from done to the organic fertilizer was also assessed. The amount of the quicklime required to stabilize livestock wastes was determined by water content of livestock wastes. For J farm(slurry style) of which livestock wastes have 94.6% of water concentration, less than 3% of total amount of livestock wastes, for H farm (scraper style) of which livestock wastes have 85% of water concentration, less then 4% of total livestock wastes and Y farm(traditional style) of which livestock wastes have 80% of water concentration, less then 5% of total livestock wastes. Generally, in order to pack the organic fertilizer, water containing quicklime0stabilized livestock wastes should be less than 35%. It takes 9 days to keep this water content for the wastes from H and Y farms(less than 85% in water content), and 12 days for the wastes from J (94.6% in water content). According to the classification standard for compost constitution by Higgins, the crude fertilizers from all 3 farms had high grade $K_2O$ and CaO, the middle grade T-N and middle or low grade $P_2O_5$. Stabilization by quicklime is known to inhibit bacterial decomposition of organic matter and the activity of pathogenic organisms. In this study, more then 99.99% of coliform group, fecal group and viable cell count were reduced. Our results indicate that livestock wastes of greater 80% water content could be used to produce organic fertilizer without the addition of a material for moisture control.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.113-116
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• 2010

To determine the prevalence of Escherichia (E.) coli O157 : H7 from pigs after the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system has been applied to Korean swine farm since 2006, 291 fecal samples were tested between May and December in 2008. Four E. coli O157:non-H7 (1.4%) were isolated from 4 different non-HACCP-accredited farms and they didn't have virulent genes which can cause illness for human. Also, Clostridium (C.) perfringens, Salmonella spp. and E. coli enterotoxins were tested using multiplex PCR. The positive rate for these pathogens of non-HACCP-accredited farms was higher than that of HACCP-accredited farms, and especially in case of C. perfringens, E. coli enterotoxins LT and STa, it was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Thus, the early implementation of the HACCP program is expected to greatly contribute to the safety of livestock products as well as food hygiene.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.679-682
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• 1997

A uniform group of 12 upgraded growing goats aged between 6.0 and 7.5 months were used in this study. They were divided into three groups of $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$. Four animals were randomly allocated to each group. They were infected orally with three levels (0 larva, 5,000 larvae and 10,000 larvae) of infective Haemonchus contortus larvae. Before infection, all animals were housed in individual pens with concrete floors. They were provided with a uniform management. Total red blood cells (RBC) and total white blood cells (WBC) were measured by hemacytometric method. Results showed significant interaction effect of H. contortus infection and duration of infection on red blood cell counts. The RBC counts of animals in treatment groups 2 and 3 showed significantly lower values over the control group from the second fortnight to the end of the study. The overall mean RBC values of groups 1, 2 and 3 were 11.73, 9.70 and $9.12million/mm^3$ blood, respectively. H. contortus infection did not significantly influence the total leukocyte counts. Worm infection and duration of infection interaction was also absent on WBC counts. However, the time or duration of infection significantly influenced the WBC counts. Fecal egg counts showed patent infections in the infected animals which also indicated by postmortem worm counts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.249-254
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• 1998

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of processing of barley on the growth performance and ileal and fecal digestibility of growing pigs. In Exp. 1, a total of 20 cannulated pigs (10.80 kg BW) were allotted to four treatments. Treatments were coarse ground barley as a control (CON), finely ground barley (FINE), extruded barley (EXT) and enzyme supplemented coarse ground barley (ENZ). In Exp. 2, a total of 100 growing pigs (36.50 kg BW) were allocated to the same treatments in completely randomized block design based on sex and body weight. In the first trial, pigs fed extruded barley showed significantly higher crude protein digestibility over pigs fed finely ground barley (p < 0.05). Pigs fed finely ground barley generally showed lower nutrients digestibility. Extrusion and ${\beta}$-glucanase supplementation showed a trend to improve nutrients digestibility. However, fine grinding rather reduced nutrients digestibility. The similar trend was found in the digestibility of essential amino acids. Fine grinding of barley significantly reduced amino acids digestibility. Extrusion and enzyme supplementation were found to improve amino acids digestibility of barley in growing pigs. In the growth trial, pigs fed extruded barley grew significantly faster than any other processed barley fed pigs. And extrusion of barley significantly improved feed/gain of pigs (p < 0.05). Fine grinding of barley and enzyme supplementation did not improve growth performance of pigs. In conclusion, fine grinding and enzyme supplementation does not appear to be an economical feed processing for growing pigs when barley is employed in the diets, while extrusion can be recommended as an effective feed processing technique for barley.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.241-249
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• 1999

Diaper dermatitis, or commonly called 'diaper rash', is among the most prevalent cutaneous disorders of infancy and early childhood and important issue in nursing. The term itself is not diagnostic since it encompasses a variety of acute inflammatory reactions which are best regarded as a family of disorders arising from a combination of factors specifically attributable to the use of diapers Intensive study of the rash Process has shown that skin wetness and fecal enzyme activity are damaging to skin and lead to the development of diaper rash. This suggests that it is important to keep urine away from babies' skin, so that the skin remains as dry as Possible and maintains its barrier function abilities. Controlling the urine will also minimize the mixing of urine and feces within the diaper. which helps prevent the increased activity of enzymes that attack the skin and cause irritation. Therefore, a diaper that keeps the skin drier and limits the mixing of urine and feces will help Prevent the conditions that lead to diaper rash. Since their introduction about 35 years ago, disposable baby diapers have undergone many design and performance changes. In Particular. the Performance of diapers was advanced by the introduction of absorbent gel materials (AGMs) to Provide advantages in skin care. dryness, and leakage Protection Especially, important was the introduction of AGM which increased the absorbent capacity of the diaper several fold and Yielded marked reductions in the degree of skin hydration occurring under the diaper Studies show not only drier skin but more stable skin pH and less dermatitis with AGM diapers than with home-laundered cloth diapers or single-use diapers without AGM Minimizing diaper area skin wetness is important for managing and Preventing diaper rash. To minimize wetness, parents should use super absorbent diapers.