• 한국조리학회지
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• 제4권
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• pp.413-436
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• 1998

In order to guarantee the safety of Korean Naeng Myon Broth in summer, pH and micrological quality of iced noodle gravy which is cooked and sold in public restaurant were investigated. And the variations of pH, taste and microorganism were studied with organic acid treatment during storage period. The micrological status of iced noodle gravy showed that average number of total aerobic bacteria was 2.7${\times}$105CFU/$m\ell$ and fecal coliform was 8.3${\times}$103CFU/$m\ell$ respectly. Food poison microorganisms not detected and average of pH was 4.8. pH changed slightly during storage period and deceased with increasement of organic acid added. Sour taste of organic acid increased acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid order and there was no organic acid having with more sour taste than iced noodle gravy which is cooked and sold in public restaurant. Salmonella was destroyed when treated with 1% of acetic acid and lactic acid and Escherichia coli became extinct at treatment with 0.8% acetic acid and 1% lactic acid. in case of same concentration, inhibition effects to Escherichia coli multiplication show citric acid, lactic acid, acetic acid order. In conclusion, treatment with more than 0.8% acetic acid and above 1.0% lactic acid or more than 1.0% citric acid in case of production and consumption a day can prevent from Escherichia coli pollution in Korean Naeng Myon Broth.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권8호
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• pp.1137-1146
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• 2000

This study was carried out to establish an optimum number of phase feeding regimen which enable to reduce nutrients excretion without affecting growth performance and to investigate the effects of different feeding regimens on growth performance, nutrients excretion and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. A total of 120 finishing pigs (an average initial body weight of 54.3 kg) were assigned to the feeding trial and 12 pigs were assigned to the metabolic trial. Treatments included one phase (54 to 104 kg), two phase (54 to 80 and 80 to 104 kg), three phase (54 to 70, 70 to 90 and 90 to 104 kg) and four phase (54 to 65, 65 to 80, 80 to 95, 95 to 104 kg) feeding regimens. Experimental diets were formulated to contain 16% crude protein for one phase feeding regimen, 16% and 12% crude protein for two phase feeding regimen, 16%, 14% and 12% crude protein for three phase feeding regimen, and 16%, 14.7%, 13.4% and 12% crude protein for four phase feeding regimen, respectively. Although there were no significant differences in any criteria measured during the entire experimental period, pigs reared in three phase feeding regimen grew slightly faster than those reared in other feeding regimens and showed a tendency to increase ADFI during the whole experimental period. The metabolic trial indicated that there were no significant differences in DM (dry matter), CP (crude protein) and P (phosphorus) digestibilities. However, fecal nutrient excretion except P was significantly influenced by feeding regimens. DM excretion of one phase feeding group was significantly higher than that of three phase feeding group and daily fecal N (nitrogen) excretion of one phase feeding group was higher than that of other phase feeding groups (p<0.05). Three and four phase feeding regimens resulted in 12% lower fecal N and DM excretion than one phase feeding regimen. Blood urea concentrations were lower for pigs reared in two, three and four phase feeding regimens than for those reared in one phase feeding regimen (p<0.05). Three phase feeding regimen for the finishing period showed better carcass grade than one phase feeding regimen, though the difference was not significant. The tenth rib fat thickness of pigs fed on four phase feeding regimen was reduced most and there was a trend that backfat thickness decreased as the number of phases increased. Feed cost per kg weight gain was significantly low in four phase feeding group than one phase feeding group (p<0.05). In summary, it seemed that producers generally oversupply the expensive nutrients for the finishing pigs. High nutrient diets do not always guarantee high growth rate of pigs and cause more unwanted nutrient excretion. It rather seems that meeting nutrient requirements for the each growth phase is more important for the reduction of pollutants and economical pork production.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권6호
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• pp.981-988
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• 2004

자돈사료내 Aspergillers oryzae를 주 균주로 하는 생균제제인Natufermen$^{(R)}$을 첨가시 생산성 및 분중 암모니아 발생량, 영양소 소화율, 혈청내 IgG, 분중 미생물 균총의 변화에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위해 6주간의 실험을 실시하였다. 이유자돈 48두(3원교잡종(Y${\times}$L${\times}$D), 평균 초기체중 7kg$\pm$0.05)를 4처리 4반복 반복당 3두씩 배치하여 6주간 사양실험을 실시하였다. 시험 처리는 대조구(C), $C^+$Natufermen$^{(R)}$ 0.1%, $C^+$Natufermen$^{(R)}$ 0.2%, $C^+$Natufermen$^{(R)}$ 0.3% 이었다. 6주간의 사양성적에서 일당 증체량은 Natufermen$^{(R)}$ 첨가구들이 대조구에 비해 모두 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으나 유의적 차이는 나타나지 않았고 사료효율은 0.2% Natufermen 첨가구에서 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 개선되었다(P<0.05). 영양소 소화율에서는 건물, 회분, 인의 소화율이 Natufermen$^{(R)}$ 첨가구들 모두 유의적으로 증가하였으며 조단백질 소화율에서도 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 혈청내 IgG 농도는 Natufermen$^{(R)}$ 첨가 수준이 증가함에 따라 유의적으로 감소하였다. 실험 3주째 Natufermen$^{(R)}$ 0.1%, 0.2% 첨가구에서 대조구에 비해 분중 Lactobacilli가 유의적으로 증가하였다. 결론적으로 자돈사료내 Natufermen$^{(R)}$ 첨가는 사료효율을 개선시키며 건물, 조회분, 인의 소화율을 증가시키며, 분중 Lactobacilli 균총을 증가시켰다. 혈액내 IgG 수준은 Natufermenv$^{(R)}$의 수준이 높아질수록 낮아졌다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.381-384
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• 1998

Twenty-three crossbred (Yorkshire $\times$ Duroc $\times$ Hampshire $\times$ Chester White) primiparous sows were used to evaluate the effects of the mineral-salt laxative in lactation diets on sow and litter performance. The sows were fed a sorghum-extruded soybean-based diet with .85% lysine, .90% Ca, .80% P, and 3.2 Mcal ME/kg. Sow body weight (p > .54) and backfat loss (p > .61), average daily feed intake (p > .42), and litter weight gain (p > .74) were not affected by the mineral-salt laxative in the diet. However, survivability of piglets was greater (p < .06) for sows with the mineral-salt laxative in their diet and, thus, number of pigs weaned was increased. As expected, fecal moisture was increased (p < .09) in sows fed the mineral-salt laxative. Apparent digestibilities of DM, N, and GE were not affected by treatment (p > .26). After weaning, stomachs were collected and scored for ulcers and keratinization using a scoring system of 0 = normal to 3 = severe. Severity of ulceration and keratinization was not significantly affected by treatment (row mean scores differ test p > .25), but scores for sows fed the diet containing the mineral-salt laxative were numerically lower than sows fed the control diet. Thus, our data indicate that sows fed the mineral-salt laxative during lactation had improved piglet survivability, greater fecal moisture, and tended to have fewer lesions in the mucosa of the stomach.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권7호
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• pp.1104-1110
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• 1999

We condicted two experiments to evaluate the interaction among fumaric acid (FA), protected acids (PA), or no additional acid (NO) and two different levels of acid buffering capacity (BC) in diets for 14-d-old weaned pigs. BC was varied substituting mono-calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate for dicalcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. In the high BC diet plus PA, FA was also added. In Exp. 1, 48 gilts were raised for 31 days on the six diets, evaluating growth performance and fecal digestibility. In Exp. 2, 42 gilts were raised. With each diet three subjects were sacrificed after 19 days and four after 38 days. In addition, six subjects were sacrificed at weaning. Growth and carcass performance, ileal digestibility, bacterial populations and pH in the gut were assessed. The piglet performance and stomach, ileal and cecal pH, and empty body composition were not affected by the diets. Empty body composition other than ash content was affected by piglet age (p<0.01). The BC did not influence digestibility. The dietary inclusion of PA improved fecal digestibility of protein (p<0.05) compared to the addition of FA and NO. Ileal digestibility slightly increased with both acid additions (p<0.10), the groups receiving PA showing the higher values. Piglets fed diets with low BC had lower Lactobacillus and E. coli counts in the ileum (p=0.07) and higher Lactobacillus in the colon (p=0.08). Acidified diets tended to reduce E. coli counts in the ileum (p=0.10) and increased Lactobacillus in the colon (p=0.09). The addition in the diet of PA increased Lactobacillus in the ileum compared to the sole addition of free fumaric acid (p=0.07). The addition of protected acids, combined with free fumaric acid in the case of high BC diets, increased protein digestibility and Lactobacillus counts and reduced E.coli counts. Only some changes in the concentration of bacterial population can be expected with a diet of low BC.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.1395-1408
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 시민들이 하천에서 안전하고 쾌적하게 레크리에이션 활동을 할 수 있도록 종합 수질 정보를 제공하는 하천 레크리에이션 지수 산정 모델을 개발하였다. 하천 레크리에이션 지수 모델은 분변성 대장균 모델과 수질지수 모델을 통합하여 구성하였다. 분변성 대장균 모델에서는 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하여 분변성 대장균 등급을 예측하였고, 수질지수 모델에서는 DO, pH, 탁도, 클로로필 a를 퍼지 합성방법을 통해 종합화하여 수질 지수를 산정하였다. 최종 단계에서 분변성 대장균 등급과 수질 지수를 통합하여 하천 레크리에이션 지수를 산정할 수 있도록 모델을 개발하였다. 제안된 모델을 낙동강의 강정고령보 상류 지점에 적용한 결과, 하천 레크리에이션 지수는 개별 수질인자들의 변화를 잘 반영하는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 하천 레크리에이션 지수와 클로로필 a의 상관계수가 -0.85로 나타나 클로로필 a가 하천 레크리에이션 지수에 가장 많은 영향을 미치고 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 모델에서 산정한 종합수질지수는 기존 수질 정보 제공 시스템인 실시간 수질지수보다 보수적인 결과를 보였는데, 이는 등급에 따라 현재의 수질 상태가 어떠한 상태에 속하는지를 계산하고 수질 기준의 불확실성을 적절하게 고려하기 때문인 것으로 판단되었다. 나아가서, 분변성 대장균 등급이 낮을 경우 하천 레크리에이션 지수가 분변성 대장균을 고려하지 않고 있는 실시간 수질지수보다 낮은 결과를 제시하는 것으로 나타났다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1308-1314
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• 2018

Objective: Gut health improvements were monitored with respect to growth performance, diarrhea incidence, fecal bacterial population and intestinal morphology of suckling pigs orally supplemented with live Lactobacillus salivarius (L. salivarius) oral suspensions and challenged with $F4^+$ enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Methods: Two groups of newborn pigs from 18 multiparous sows were randomly designated as non-supplemented (control: n = 114 piglets) and L. salivarius supplemented groups (treatment: n = 87 piglets). Treatment pigs were orally administered with 2 mL of $10^9$ colony-forming unit (CFU)/mL L. salivarius on days 1 to 3, then they were orally administered with 5 mL of $10^9CFU/mL$ L. salivarius on days 4 to 10, while those in control group received an equal amount of phosphate buffered saline solution. On day 24 (2 weeks post supplementation), one pig per replicate of both groups was orally administered with $10^8CFU/mL$ $F4^+$ ETEC, then they were euthanized on day 29 of experiment. Results: Results revealed that pigs in treatment group had a statistically significant increase in average daily gain, body weight and weight gain, and tended to lower diarrhea throughout the study. Numbers of Lactobacillus population in feces of treatment pigs were higher than control pigs, especially on day 10 of study. Numbers of total bacteria in intestinal contents of control pigs were also increased, but not Coliform and Lactobacillus populations. Histological examination revealed statistically significant improvements of villous height and villous/crypt ratio of duodenum, proximal jejunum and distal jejunum parts of treatment pigs compared with controls. Duodenal pH of treatment group was significantly decreased. Conclusion: Oral supplementation of live L. salivarius during the first 10 days of suckling pig promoted growth performance and gut health, reduced diarrhea incidence, increased fecal Lactobacillus populations and improved intestinal morphology.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.162-183
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• 1990

From 1988 to 1989, 8 strains of canine parvovirus-2 (CPV-2) were isolated from the fecal specimens from the dogs that were clinically diagnosed as canine parvoviral enteritis in the veterinary hospitals located in the regions of Taejon and Chungbuk province. Studios on biological and physicochemical properties for the isolates were carried out. The results obtained by experiments are summarized as follows. 1. Among 62 fecal samples collected from the dogs with enteric diseases, 24 (38.7%) showed the haemagglutinating activity against porcine erythrocyte, ranging from 16 to 16, 384 of HA titers. 2. When 8 fecal specimens with high HA titer over 1, 000 were inocultated into CRFX cells, intranuclear inclusion bodies were obseverd in all of eight specimens, of w)lick three specimens showed cytoplasmic inclusions concurrently with the intranuclear inclusion bodies. 3. In study on species-specificity of haemagglutinating activity of the isolates, TJ-89-1 and TJ-89-2, it was found that the isolates revealed the highest haemagglutinating activity with porcine erythrocytes, showing the relatively lower haemagglutination titers with the erythrocytes from cat and rabbit. None of erythrocytes from other animals reacted with the isolates. 4. By the cross-haemagglutination inhibition test of the Isolates with reference viruses and sera, the Isolates were evidently identified as the strains of canine parvovirus-2. 5. In Physicochemical property test, it was evident that the isolates were stable in, lipid solvent, pH and heat treatment at $56^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. and contain DNA genome. 6. When seven puppies were inoculated intraorally with the isolate at HA titer of 8, 192, all of the puppies showed the symptoms of anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea and died at the 5th to 10th days post inoculation(pi). The fecal samples from all of the puppies revealed significantly high HA titers afterward the 5th days pi. Body temperature and the number of total leucocytes were slightly increased at the early stage of infection. but extremely decreased at the stage of collapse. HI titers of the sera started to increase at the 2nd to 3rd days pi reaching 512 to 1, 024 at the 4th to 5th day pi.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.377-385
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• 2021

A total of 18 sows with an average body weight (BW) of 211.6 kg (within 24 h after farrowing) were used for a 5-week experiment to determine the effects of the dietary valine : lysine (V : L) ratios on the performance and fecal score in lactating sows and litters. Sows were raised in individual pens and assigned to one of three experimental diets consisting of different V : L ratios (0.83, 0.85, and 0.88%). Sows BW was improved with the 0.85% V : L ratio compared to the 0.83 and 0.88%. However, no significant difference was observed for BW loss, average daily feed intake, back fat thickness and days to return to estrus among the three treatment groups during the experiment period. Furthermore, the growth performance of the piglets, the weaning weight, was improved in the group receiving the diet with the 0.85% V : L ratio compared to the 0.83 and 0.88%. Moreover, the average daily gain of the piglets was increased when the V : L ratio was 0.88% compared to 0.83 and 0.85%. The fecal score of the sows was better (p > 0.05) when the V : L ratio was 0.85% compared to the V : L ratio of 0.83%. In the piglets, the V : L ratios 0.88 and 0.85% had a better fecal score compared to the V : L ratio of 0.83% at day 14. In conclusion, the V : L ratio had no effect on the gut microflora shown by the fecal scores of the sows during lactation.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.161-166
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• 2004

The effects of kimchis intake on Helicobacter pylori infection in the stomach, the counts of lactic acid bacteria in the large intestine, and bacterial enzymes ($\beta$-glucosidase, $\beta$-glucuronidase) and pH in feces were examined. A total of 20 participants (age range 34 ∼ 57) were assessed for H. pylori infection status by Be urea breath test. Fourteen participants were eliminated because they were H. pylori-negative. This study consisted of 4 consecutive phase, each of which lasted 4 weeks. Three hundred grams of kimchi were administered to H. pylori-infected subjects during the kimchi phase, followed by 4 weeks of control phase. During the control phase, subjects consumed 60 g of kimchi, the minimum amount in their customary diets. All participants were found to be H. pylori-positive during all experimental periods. During the kimchi phase, delta over baseline (DOB) level was lower than during the control phase, although significant difference between the kimchi and control phases were not found (p=0.9439). However, the counts of Lactobacillus sp. and Leuconostoc sp. significantly (p < 0.0005) increased during the kimchi phase. $\beta$-Glucosidase and $\beta$-glucuronidase activities and pH were significantly decreased by kimchi intake compared to control (p=0.000l). These results suggested that kimchi consumption did not show any therapeutic effect on H. pylori in the stomach. However, kimchi seemed to be a good food for colon health, since it increased the beneficial bacteria such as lactobacillus and decreased toxic enzyme ($\beta$-glucosidase and $\beta$-glucuronidase) activity and pH.