• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.303-313
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• 2019

Twenty crossbred (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) gestating sows were used to determine the effects of Moringa Oleifera leaf (MOL) supplementation in lactating sow diets with or without banana peel powder (BPP) on reproductive performance, fecal moisture content, rectal temperature and hormone profile. The treatments were as follows: 1) CON (control diet), 2) M1 (control diet + 0.5% MOL), 3) M2 (control diet + 1.0% MOL), 4) M3 (control diet + 0.75% MOL and 0.75% BPP), and 5) M4 (control diet + 1.5% MOL and 1.5% BPP). The diets was fed from da 107 of gestation to weaning. MOL and BPP supplementation decreased (p < 0.05) the fecal moisture content compared with that of the CON at day 0 and 7 after farrowing, and 1.0% supplementation of MOL also decreased (p < 0.05) the fecal moisture content at day 14 after farrowing. On farrowing day, MOL supplementation decreased (p < 0.05) the blood cortisol and norepinephrine concentrations compared with the CON. In conclusion, the results of this study show that MOL supplementation decreased the fecal moisture content and plasma concentrations of cortisol and norepinephrine, and MOL and BPP supplementation also decreased the fecal moisture content in lactating sows.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.540-542
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• 2005

Juice Valley and Gogu Valley were administered to twelve healthy young volunteers for 4 weeks to study their clinical effects on human intestinal microflora. Changes in fecal microflora, fecal moisture, and fecal pH were observed for Juice Valley intake. Administration of Juice Valley significantly increased numbers of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus from 8.69 and 7.02 to 10.89 and 9.02 (Log CFU/g wet feces), respectively, whereas those of Clostridium perfringens and Escherichia coli decreased. Moisture content of feces increased, and fecal pH decreased after 4 weeks of Juice Valley intake, intake of Gogu Valley slightly increased growth responses of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus and decreased growth responses of C. perfringens and E. coli. Su-mi potato, as a reference, had no effect on Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus numbers. This study confirmed Juice Valley has better effects than Gogu Valley and Su-mi, and has important role on growth promotion and inhibition of human intestinal bacteria.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1747-1751
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary oligosaccharides on performance and intestinal microbial populations of piglets. Ten litters of piglets were assigned to five groups randomly, with two litters per group. The control group was fed with corn-soybean basal diet. Oligosaccharides was added to the basal diet at the level of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.35% respectively to form four experimental diets. The experiment was conducted with two periods. The first period (suckling period) was from 7 to 28 days of age and the second period (weanling period) was from 28 to 56 days of age. Fresh fecal samples were collected at 21 days of age and assayed for Escherichia coli concentration, pH and moisture content. Three pigs per group were slaughtered at 42 days of age and cecum, colon, and rectum content samples were collected and assayed immediately for Escherichia coli and Bifidobacterium concentration, pH and moisture content. The results showed that dietary oligosacchrides decreased fecal Escherichia coli population and pH significantly (p 0.05), but did not affect performance and fecal moisture content during suckling period. 0.1% oligosaccharides for weanling pigs increased growth and improved feed conversion ratio together with a reduction of diarrhea (p 0.05), but 0.35% oligosaccharides did not affect growth performance. 0.1% and 0.2% oligosaccharides for weanling pigs had a suppression to Escherichia coli colonization in rectum and an enrichment to Bifidobacterium in colon (p 0.05). Oligosaccharides decreased significantly (p<0.05) rectum moisture content, but did not affect cecum, colon and rectum pH.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.221-225
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• 1998

Fourteen healthy volunteers ranged in ages from 20 to 30 were served to administrate two types of yoghurt (2 bottles/day) such as one added uncapsulated-Bifidobacteria (Y-UCB) and the other added capsulated-Bifdobacteria (Y-CB) for 4 weeks, and the changes of intestinal microflora and fecal properties were studied. After administration of Y-UCB, the viable cell counts of fecal Bifidobacteria (p<0.01) and Lactobacilli (p<0.05) were significantly increased, however, fecal pH, moisture content and tile viable cell counts of coliform bacteria in feces were not changed when they were compared to those before administration (control). After administration of Y-CB, the viable cell counts of Bifidobacteria were significantly increased (p<0.01) and viable cell counts of coliform bacteria were significantly decreased (p<0.05), however, fecal pH, moisture content, and viable cell counts of Lactobacilli were not changed when they were compared to those before administration. High level of fecal Bifidobacteria and low pH were maintained after 2 weeks from ceasing the administration of both types of yoghurt when they were compared to those before administration. In conclusion, there were not significant differences between two types, Y-CB and Y-UCB in the changes of fecal pH, moisture content, and the viable cell counts of Bifidobacteria, Lactobacilli, coliform bacteria after the administration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1469-1477
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• 2014

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of magnesium sulfate ($MgSO_4$) during late gestation and lactation on sow and litter performance, fecal moisture, blood biochemistry parameters, immunoglobulin levels and milk composition in sows. Forty-eight sows ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace$, 4th to 5th parity) were randomly allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments supplemented with 0, 200, 400, or 600 mg/kg $MgSO_4$ (n = 12). The experiment started on day 90 of gestation and continued through day 21 of lactation. Blood samples were collected on day 107 of gestation, day 0 (farrowing) and 21 (weaning) of lactation for the analyses of the blood biochemistry parameters and immunoglobulin levels. The colostrum and milk samples were obtained on day 0 and 14 of lactation, respectively. Fecal samples were collected from the sows on day 107 of gestation as well as day 7 and 20 of lactation to determine fecal moisture content. The results showed that the survival percentage of piglets and the litter weight at weaning were decreased linearly (p<0.05) and other parameters of the sow or litter performance were not influenced (p>0.05) by $MgSO_4$ supplementation. The fecal moisture content of the sows were increased (p<0.05) linearly as dietary $MgSO_4$ increased on day 7 and 20 of lactation. Supplementation with $MgSO_4$ increased the plasma magnesium (Mg) level linearly (p<0.05) and had a trend to increase total protein level (p>0.05 and p<0.10). However, an increase in the dietary $MgSO_4$ level resulted in a linear decrease in the colostrum fat content (p<0.05). Dietary $MgSO_4$ supplementation enhanced the immunoglobulin G (IgG) level (linear, p<0.05) in plasma on day of farrowing and immunoglobulin A (IgA) level in colostrum (quadratic, p<0.05) and milk (linear, p<0.05) of the sows. These results indicated that supplementation with $MgSO_4$ during late gestation and lactation may have the potential to prevent sow constipation, but may also result in some negative effects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.609-615
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• 1996

To study the effects of the fructooligosaccharide (FOS) intake on the intestinal microflora, the FOS (8g) was served to each of 5 volunteers (adult men $23{\sim}28$ years old) after every lunch for 4 weeks. Changes in fecal microflora, fecal moisture, and fecal pH were observed during the FOS intake and after the FOS intake, respectively. The fecal moisture content of the control period (4 weeks before the intake of FOS) was $81.77{\pm}1.18%$. The moisture content of the feces increased significantly at the end of the 4th week of FOS intake, and these effects lasted for 3 weeks after stopping FOS intake. The fecal pH before FOS intake was $6.56{\pm}0.09%$, while it decreased significantly (p<0.01) during the period of FOS intake. The pH reduction lasted for 4 weeks after stopping the intake of FOS. The log fecal number of Bifidobacteria during the period was $7.88{\pm}1.43%$ (CFU/g of wet feces) and it increased significantly during the FOS intake. After stopping the intake of FOS, the number of Bifidobacteria returned to those of control period. The log fecal number of Lactobacilli before the intake was $6.76{\pm}1.34%$ and significantly increased in 3 weeks due to the FOS intake. After stopping the intake of FOS, however, the number of Lactobacilli returned to those of control period. No remarkable changes were observed in the number of coliforms throughout all durations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.417-421
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• 1999

This experiment examined the effects of feeding Aspergillus oryzae (AO) culture to laying hens, on fecal microbial populations, fecal pH and moisture content, egg quality, and metabolizabilities of several nutrients. Sixteen commercial 38-wk-old laying hens were randomly allotted to four diets: control; with 0.15% locally produced AO culture; with 0.3% locally produced AO culture, and; or with 0.3% imported AO. Each treatment consisted of four replicates (cages) containing one bird per cage according to a completely randomized design. After 4 wk, AO were recovered in the feces of birds fed the AO diets, indicating that AO might pass through the fore-gut alive and become active in the hind gut. The number of Lactobacillus spp. in feces was higher in all treated groups than that of the control, indicating that AO would provide a beneficial environment for the Lactobacillus spp. to proliferate in the intestine. The number of fecal E. coli was significantly reduced by the addition of AO. A similar trend was also found for aerobic bacteria. Although not significant, fecal moisture contents tended to be reduced by the addition of AO. Fecal pH was not significantly different among the treatments. The addition of AO did not affect the various economic traits of eggs. Metabolizabilities of gross energy and dry matter measured during the 5th wk were increased by the AO supplementation. It appears that AO culture alone could be used as a probiotic supplement for layers.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.420-423
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• 2005

Effects of Dasom Valley and Bora Valley on fecal microflora, fecal moisture, and fecal pH of twelve healthy human volunteers were investigated. Numbers of Bifidobacterium, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, and Lactobacillus of control group were $9.24{\pm}0.63$, $4.44{\pm}1.21$, $7.75{\pm}0.38$, and $6.98{\pm}0.81$ (Log CFU/g wet feces), respectively. During administration of Dasom Valley, numbers of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus were $10.70{\pm}0.44$ and $8.84{\pm}0.77$, whereas those of C. perfringens and E. coli were $2.96{\pm}1.50$ and $6.69{\pm}0.29$, respectively. Administration of Dasom Valley significantly increased growth responses of beneficial bacteria, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, whereas those of harmful bacteria, C. perfringens and E. coli, significantly decreased. Moisture content of feces increased and fecal pH decreased with intake of Dasom Valley. Intake of Bora Valley slightly increased numbers of Bifidbacterium and Lactobacillus and slightly decreased those of C. perfringens and E. coli. Results indicate Dasom Valley has greater intestinal-modulating effect than Bora Valley and Atlantic. Daily intake of Dasom Valley may normalize disturbed physiological functions, resulting in improvement of growth and composition of microbial community within intestinal tract.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.84-90
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• 2001

This study was performed to know the effect of depolymerized alginate obtained by hydrolysis of alginate through a heating process at $121^{\circ}C$ on intestinal environment, Rats were fed with diets containing $1\%$, $5\%$, and $10\%$ of each depolymerized alginate (HAG-10, HAG-50, HAG-100 and alginate) for 35 days, The changes of weight, moisture content, pH and volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) of fecal, and a short chain fatty acids (SCFA) were checked in the rats. The fecal weight and moisture content were the highest in rats fed with alginate diets (p<0.01), followed by HAG-100, HAG-50 and HAG-10 in order. The $5\%$ of HAG-50 diets induced a significant increase in contents of protein and lipid of feces, resulting in the decrease of apparent digestibility of protein and lipid (p<0.01). The pH and VBN content in feces of the rats decreased in $5\%$ and $10\%$ of HAG-50 diets, but $10\%$ of HAG-100 diets; $5\%$ and $10\%$ of alginate diets brought about an increase of fecal pH and VBN (p<0.01), The amount of n-butyric acid in feces was increased while propionic and acetic acid contents decreased significantly (p<0.01) in diets containing $5\%$ and $10\%$ HAG-50. However, the feces of rat fed diet containing $5\%$ and $10\%$ alginate showed a tendency to being opposite in results than that of HAG-50.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.90-95
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• 2010

The application of livestock manure to cropland is a practice that has been used for centuries. Agricultural crops can utilize nutrients from manure, and the producer can utilize land for disposal, although in a "sustainable system" the concept is manure utilization and not waste disposal. However, meeting regulatory criteria regarding microbial quality remains an expensive and time consuming process. The purpose of this study was to quantify the level of environmental impact of soil moisture and temperature on fecal coliform (Escherichia coli or E. coli) survival in upland soils for sound application of livestock manure. Samples were collected up to 30 days depending on the given conditions. The inactivation rate of E. coli increased linearly with increased temperature while the inactivation rate gradually decreased with decreased soil moisture level. The overall findings of this study showed that the temperature was the limited factor on E. coli survival in soils over soil moisture content. This study will provide useful and practical guidelines to applicators of soil in deciding appropriate handling and time frames for land application for sustainable agriculture.