• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 1998

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of chitosan, chitosan oligomer and beef tallow of different levels on lipid metabolism in rats, Seventy male rats of the Sprague-Dawley strain were blocked into 10 groups according to body weight , and were raised for 4 weeks. Dietary fat levels were 20% en and 40% en, and chitosan and chitosan oligomer were given at levels of 05, 3%, and 5%(wt/wt) of diet. The results are summarized as follows, chitosan oligomer supplement decreased serum total lipid, as chitosan 양, and exhibited a tendency to decrease serum total cholesterol. Chitosan oligomer supplement tended to increase the HDL cholesterol ; total cholesterol ration as chitosan did. Liver total lipid and triglyceride concentration were lower in high fat groups than in low fat groups. Liver total lipid concentrations was decreased slightly by chitosan and sigfnificantly by chitosna ligomer. Epididymal fat pad total lipid. total cholesterol and triglyceride concentration were slightly decreased by chitosan and chitosan oligomer supplement, especially in high fat groups. fat absorptivity was decreased by low fat level, chitisan and chitosan oligamer supplement. Fecal excretion of total lipid and triglyceride were increased by high fat level, chitosan and chi샌무 oligomer supplement. However, fecal excretion of total cholesterol was increased by high fat level and chitosan supplement. This indicated that chitosan and chitosan oligomer were effective in interfering with lipid and triglyceride absorption, In conclusion, chitosan oligomer at levels of 3% and 5% has more effective lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride lowering activity than chitosan.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.1404-1410
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of calcium intake levels on magnesium utilization in young and adult rats fed various levels of calcium(50, 100 or 200% of requirement) for 3 weeks. Feed intake, body weight gain, and feed efficiency ratios of the young group were significantly higher than those of the adult group. In calcium levels of tissues, serum calcium levels in young group were higher than in the adult group and kidney calcium levels in HCa(high-calcium group) were higher than in other groups. There was no significant difference in magnesium intake among age and diet groups. However, magnesium excretions through feces and urine in the adult group were higher than in the young group. Therefore, magnesium retention in the young group was higher than in the adult group. Especially in the young group, fecal magnesium excretion was increased with increasing levels of dietary calcium. Serum magnesium levels were lowest in YHCa(young 8t high-calcium) group, and there was no significant difference in liver and kidney levels among the calcium-diet groups. These results indicate that high calcium consumption promotes of fecal magnesium excretion and decreased magnesium retention rates in growing rats. Therefore, it is suggested that mineral interactions should be considered in the supplementation of dietary calcium intake for growth. (Korean J Nutrition 31(9) 1404-1410, 1998)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.107-114
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• 1995

These works were designed to examine the effects of dietary fiber sources and levels on lipid metabolism in rats fed high lard diet. Rats were divided into three($\alpha$-cellulose, polydextrose, carrageenan) groups and were fed with containing 6% fiber diet. Serum, liver and fecal lipid contents were examined after four weeks of dieting. Also, in order to investigate whether hypocholesterolemic effect of dietary fiber at 4 weeks is continued at 8 weeks, rats were fed with diets containing same sources with different levels of each dietary fiber and were sacrificed after eight weeks of dieting. Serum cholesterol in rats fed carrageenan diet and polydextrose diet were reduced compared with $\alpha$-cellulose-fed group at both four and eight weeks dieting. Liver cholesterol in both polydextrose-fed and carrageenan-fed group were lower than $\alpha$-cellulose-fed group. Fecal total group were increased compared with $\alpha$-cellulose-fed group. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between polydextrose-fed and carrageenan-fed group. On the basis of the results, it was suggested that the hypocholesterolemic effect of soluble fiber used in this study (polydextrose, carageenan) on rats was due to the inhibition of cholesterol absorption on the intestinal lumen and acceleration of cholesterol catabolism in the liver and enhancement of bile acids excretion. On the other hand, insoluble fiber($\alpha$-cellulose) showed no hypo-cholesterolemic effect.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.622-633
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• 1997

This study was to investigate the effects of chitin, chitosan , NOCC and cellulose on cadmium toxicity and lipid metabolism in rats. Fifty male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 155$\pm$17g were divided into 10 groups according to body weight, and were raised for 5 weeks. Levels of 0 and 400 ppm of cadmium chloride were in the diets. And chitin, chitosan , NOCC and cellulose were given at the level of 0 and 4%(w/w) of the diets. Chitosan and NOCC decreased Cd concentration of liver and kidney, and increased the fecal excretion of Cd. Although cellulose was less effective, cellulose also decreased Cd concentration of liver and increased fecal Cd excretion . However chitin had little effect on alleviating Cd toxicity. In addition, chitosan and NOCC lowered total lipid, cholesterol and triglyceride contents in serum and liver by decreasing the lipid absorption. The lowering of cholesterol especially had a remarkable effect. Although it was less effective than chitosan and NOCC, chitin decreased the lipid absorption ratio and lowered cholesterol contents in serum and liver. In conclusion , chitosan and NOCC showed effects of decreasing the absorption of Cd and lipid.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.7
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• pp.770-780
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the effect of chitosan and NOCC from different sources and of different molecular weights on lipid metabolism. Sprague-Dawley rats were blocked into 26 groups according to body weight, and were raised for 4 weeks. Cadmium chloride was given at the level of 0 or 400 ppm in diet. Various chitosan and NOCC sources were given at the level of 0%(w/w) of diet. Total serum cholesterol and serum triglyceride concentrations were little affected by chitosan and NOCC supplements. However, HDL-cholesterol concentration and HDL : total cholesterol ratio were increased , and liver lipid, cholesterol , and triglyceride concentration were decreased by chitosan and NOCC supplements. The cholesterol and lipid lowering activity depends on fiber sources(crab and shrimp); type (chitosan and NOCC); and molecular weight(low , medium , and high). Among cadmium-free groups, chitosan-fed groups showed greater activity than NOCC -fed groups in lowering cholesterol and lipid levels, and greater fecal excretion of lipids and bile acids. Crab chitosans were more effective in cholesterol and lipid lowering activity than shrimp chitosans. The group fed high molecular weight crab chitosan showed the highest fecal excretion of lipids and bile acids. This indicated that high molecular weight crab chitosan was most effective in interfering with cholesterol and lipid absorption.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.392-398
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• 1996

This study was carried out to determine the effects of sodium alginate and cellulose on the cholesterol metabolism in cholesterol-fed rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments. Rats were fed, ad libitum, diets containing 10% dietary fibers as sodium alginate, cellulose or fiber-free with 1% cholesterol for 4 weeks. The results obtained were as follows: the feeding of sodium alginate with 1% cholesterol induced a significant decrease in plasma cholesterol and TG. The feeding of sodium alginate significantly decreased hepatic total lipids and TG levels, whereas the feeding of sodium alginate significantly increased hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity. The feeding of sodium alginate and cellulose significantly increased fecal cholesterol and bile acid excretion. The excretion of TG in sodium alginate group, however, was two-fold and four-fold increased compared to cellulose and fiber-free group, respectively. As a result of this study, the ingestion of sodium alginate decreased plasma cholesterol and TG concentrations and liver TG concentration. This may be explained by the facts that fecal cholesterol, bile acid and TG level were increased significantly in sodium alginate group. The increased hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity by sodium alginate feeding appears to be corresponded to whole-body cholesterol homeostasis.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.712-716
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) on the blood glucose and lipid metabolism in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 3 groups fed control, sea tangle powder (15%, w/w), or sea tangle water extract (4%, w/w) diet. Diabetes was induced by a single injection of STZ (60 mg/kg, i.p.) in citrate buffer. The animals were fed each of the experimental diet for 13 weeks. Serum insulin was increased by dietary supplementation of sea tangle in diabetic rats. Dietary sea tangle reduced blood glucose level of diabetic rats compared to the diabetic rats fed control diet. Dietary sea tangle also reduced the serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, and triglyceride in the diabetic rats. While hepatic lipids were reduced, fecal excretion of lipids was increased by supplementation with dietary sea tangle in the diabetic rats. These results indicate that dietary sea tangle decreased blood glucose and improved lipid metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic rats and this effect might be exerted by increases in serum insulin and fecal excretion of lipids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.795-801
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• 2000

A total of 120 growing crossbred pigs ($Landrace{\times}Large$ $White{\times}Duroc$) with equal numbers of barrows and gilts were used in the feeding trial in a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement (gender by feeding regimens) to investigate the effect of phase feeding on growth performance during the 25 to 58 kg body weight growth stage, and 6 pigs (three of each sex) were used in a metabolic trial. The growing period was divided into two phases and 4 different CP diets were used to make 3 different feeding regimens (GE18-GL18; 18% CP diets for both early and later growing period, GE18-GL16; 18% CP diet for early and 16% CP diet for later growing period, GE19-GL17; 19% CP diet for early and 17% CP diet for later growing period). There were no significant differences in growth performance among treatments during the entire growing period. However, during the later growing period, feed intake of barrows was significantly higher than that of gilts (p<0.05). Average daily gain of barrows was higher than that of gilts (p>0.05). Based on the result, growth performance differences between barrows and gilts appeared to begin after 40 kg of body weight. There was no significant difference in digestibility among treatments or between sexes. During the early growing period the 18% CP diet showed better digestibility than the 19% CP diet. However, during the later growing period, the 18% and 17% CP diets exhibited similar digestibilities, although 16% CP diet showed slightly lower digestibility than 18% and 17% CP diets. During the early growing period, fecal N and P excretion of pigs fed the 19% CP were higher than that of those fed the 18% CP diet. During later growing period, fecal N and P excretion by those receiving the two phase feeding compared to single phase feeding was reduced by 10.2% and 2.0%, respectively. In the gilts, the cost reduction by two phase feeding (GE18-GL16) compared to single feeding was around 3.81%, but that of barrows was only 0.52%. The results suggested that the same nutrient levels could be applied to barrows and gilts during the growing period. Also, this study suggested the optimum protein and lysine level for early and later growing pigs to be 18% CP, 1.0% lysine and 16% CP, 0.8% lysine, respectively. Feeding two diets to growing pigs, i.e., two-phase feeding, would be more appropriate than feeding a single diet on economic and environmental considerations.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1279-1287
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• 2009

Concentrated livestock production has led to soil nutrient accumulation concerns. To reduce the environmental impact, it is necessary to understand current recommended livestock feeding practices. Two experiments were conducted to compare the effects of trace mineral supplementation on performance, carcass composition, and fecal mineral excretion of phase-fed, grow-finish pigs. Crossbred pigs (Experiment 1 (Exp. 1), (n = 528); Experiment 2 (Exp. 2), (n = 560)) were housed in totally-slatted, confinement barns, blocked by weight, penned by sex, and randomly assigned to pens at approximately 18 kg BW. Treatments were allocated in a randomized complete block design (12 replicate pens per treatment) with 9 to 12 pigs per pen throughout the grow-finish period. In Exp. 1, the control diet (Io100) contained Cu as $CuSO_{4}$, Fe as $FeSO_{4}$, and Zn (of which 25% was ZnO and 75% was $ZnO_{4}$) at concentrations of 63 and 378 mg/kg, respectively. Treatment 2 (O100) contained supplemental Cu, Fe, and Zn from organic sources (Bioplex, Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) at concentrations of 19, 131, and 91 mg/kg, respectively, which are the commercially recommended dietary inclusion levels for these organic trace minerals. Organic Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations from O100 were reduced by 25% and 50% to form treatments 3 (O75) and 4 (O50-1), respectively. In Exp. 2, treatment 5 (Io25) contained 25% of the Cu, Fe, and Zn (inorganic sources) concentrations found in Io100. Treatment 6 (O50-2) was identical to the O50-1 diet from Exp. 1. Treatment 7 (O25) contained the experimental microminerals reduced by 75% from concentrations found in O100. Treatment 8 (O0) contained no trace mineral supplementation and served as a negative control for Exp. 2. In Exp. 1, tenth-rib backfat, loin muscle area and ADG did not differ (p>0.05) between treatments. Pigs fed the control diet (Io100) consumed less feed (p<0.01) compared to pigs fed diets containing organic trace minerals, thus, G:F was greater (p = 0.03). In Exp. 2, there were no differences among treatment means for loin muscle area, but pigs fed the reduced organic trace mineral diets consumed less (p<0.05) feed and tended (p = 0.10) to have less tenth-rib backfat compared to pigs fed the reduced inorganic trace mineral diet. Considering that performance and feed intake of pigs was not affected by lower dietary trace mineral inclusion, mineral excretion could be reduced during the grow-finish phase by reducing dietary trace mineral concentration.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.314-318
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• 1997

This study was performed to examine the effects of Meju supplementation to high cholesterol diet on lipid metabolism in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups(Steamed soybean, Meju) and were fed with 0.5% cholesterol diet. Serum and liver lipid profiles and fecal bile acids excretion were examined after four weeks of experimental diet. Food intake, weight gain and liver weight were not significantly different between the two groups. Total cholesterol concentrations in serum was significantly lower in Meju group compared to steamed soybean group(p＜0.05). HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids and nonestrified fatty acid concentrations in serum were not significantly different between the two groups. Cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipids concentrations in liver were not significantly different between the two groups. Fecal bile acid excretion were markedly higher in Meju groups than the group fed steamed soybean(p＜0.05). These results suggest that the cholesterol lowering effect by Meju supplementation might be resulted from the modulation of fecal bile acid excretion in rats.