• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.437-443
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• 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus probiotic (LAP) product supplementation on the blood profile, fecal noxious gas emission, and fecal shedding of lactic acid bacteria and coliform bacteria in healthy adult Beagle dogs. In total, 14 Beagle dogs with an average initial body weight of 10.19 ± 0.61 kg were randomly assigned into two dietary treatments,with and without LAP supplementation, for a 28-day feeding trial. At the end of the experiment, there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in the concentration of serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), blood lymphocyte percentage, fecal hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and total mercaptans (R.SH) emission, and fecal coliforms counts. However, the serum concentrations of the triglyceride and fecal ammonia (NH₃) emission of the LAP treatment were significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in the group compared with the CON dogs. Fecal total lactic acid bacteria counts were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the LAP treatment. In conclusion, the supplementation of LAP in Beagle dog diets could decrease the blood triglyceride level and enhance the gut Lactobacillus count which may have positive effects on dogs.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.111-115
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• 2010

Beaches in estuaries, bays, and harbors are frequently contaminated with indicators of human pathogens such as fecal indicator bacteria. Tracking down the sources of contamination at these enclosed beaches is complicated by the many point and non-point sources that could potentially degrade water quality along the shore. A mathematical framework was developed to test quantitative relationships between fecal indicator bacteria concentration in ankle depth water at enclosed beaches, the loading rate of fecal indicator bacteria from non-point sources located along the shore, physical characteristics of the beach that affect the transport of fecal indicator bacteria across the beach boundary layer, and a background concentration of fecal indicator bacteria attributable to point sources of fecal pollution that impact water quality over a large region of the embayment. Field measurements of fecal indicator bacteria concentrations and water turbulence at an enclosed beach were generally consistent with predictions and assumptions of the mathematical model, and demonstrated its utility for assessing waste load of non-point sources, such as runoff, bather shedding, bird droppings, and tidal washing of contaminated sediments.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.78-84
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• 1971

A year-long survey of bacteriological water quality for Lake Eui-am in Kang- won Province, Korea, was conducted from June 1970 to May 1971. the purpose of this investigation was: 1) to determinate the seasonal prevalence of fecal pllution bacteria, such as coliforms, fecal coliforms and enterococci, in Lake Eui-am; 2) to correlate these findings with associated microbiological parameters; and 3) to interpret these results with respect to water quality and environmental health. The membrane filter techniques were used, for the determination of these bacteria.Densities of total coliforms, fecal coliforms and enterococci exhibited seasonal variations, the numers of these fecal pollution bacteria being high in summer and fall months in close possitive relation to the amount of rainfall, and being low winter and spring months. On the whole, the level of fecal pollution bacteria in Lake Eui-am is yet quite low There were not any evident correlation among the density of these pollution bacteria. The ratio of fecal coliforms to enterococci of the lake water varied from 0.01 to 4.25 with average of 1.47.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.275-283
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• 2020

Fecal coliforms are indicator bacteria to evaluate fecal contamination and microbiological safety in environment water. To examine fecal coliforms by membrane filtration, 1% rosolic acid solution dissolved in sodium hydroxide(0.2 M) should be added to m-FC medium according to Korean standard method. To reduce the exposure of researchers to harmful chemicals and expenditure of unnecessary cost, we evaluated if the rosolic acid solution is required to detect fecal coliforms. For 113 samples collected from five intake sources of Seoul, 42 samples of six tributaries, and 11 samples of sewage, the number of fecal coliforms was compared in medium with or without the reagent. As a result, the number was higher in m-FC medium without the reagent, but there was not a statistically significant difference. In the water intake, m-FC medium without the reagent could be used to examine fecal coliforms except in July, August and in case of rainfall. When heterotrophic plate counts exceeded 1,000 CFU/filter, or during rainfall, there was an effect of background bacteria in two types of the medium. However, it was more appropriate to use m-FC medium with the reagent to suppress gram-positive bacteria that can grow on medium without the reagent. In the tributary and sewage samples, the effect of the background bacteria was low, allowing the use of medium without the reagent regardless rainfall. Thus, it is necessary to present in standard method that the addition of rosolic acid solution in m-FC medium can be selected according to the characteristics of samples.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2003

Coliforms is currently being used as the standard of environmental water qualify to evaluate the level of source water quality especially condition of fecal contamination. However, not properly applied to water quality management. So in this study, in addition to Coliforms, fecal contamination indicator bacteria turk at Feral Coliforms(FC), E. coli, Fecal streptococci(FS), Clostridium and environmental parameters related with it's distribution were investigated on a monthly basis in 6 water intakes of Han River. The mean of BOD, DO, SS and pH, benchmarks of source water management were maintained the second grade of environmental water quality standard applied to Han River but Coliforms exceeded it. Distribution of Coliforms ranged from 1.0×10¹ to 2.7 10/sup 5/ CFU/ml, FC ranged from ND to 5.3×10¹ CFU/ml, E. coli ranged from ND to 9.2×10¹ CFU/ml, FS ranged from ND to 2.5×10¹CFU/ml, they were steepy rise on July and August in common when rainfalls was heavy and water temperature was high, but Clostridium perfringens ranged from 1.7×10¹to 1.7×10¹CFU/ml not fluctuate by month. Statistical analysis of sampling data showed that most significant correlations occurred among FC and Coliforms(r = 0.840), E. coli(r = 0.792), FS(r = 0.687) and environmental parameters(temperature, turbidity, SS, rotor were all r > 0.60) while no significant correlation was observed between ammonia generally recognized fecal contamination indicator and bacteria. Identification of the coliforms showed that Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter were comprised of 32%, 24%, 16% respectively, and E. coli were 7% of it. while E. coli was made up 85.9% of FC. The mean value of FC/Coliforms ratio, 5.2(0.1-42) were higher in Amsa, Guui than Jayang. Fecal coliforms, as those are able to reflect more particularly the extent of the fecal contamination, were considered useful in deciding the level of water treatment while monitoring the fecal contamination from the source of water supply. Therefore, it is expected that the water quality is going to be managed more efficiently by using fecal coliforms supplementarily to total coliforms which are current standard item of water-quality environment.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.415-418
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• 2013

Since the development of the next generation sequencing (NGS) technology, 16S rRNA gene sequencing has become a major tool for microbial community analysis. Recently, human microbiome project (HMP) has been completed to identify microbes associated with human health and diseases. HMP achieved characterization of several diseases caused by bacteria, especially the ones in human gut. While human intestinal bacteria have been well characterized, little have been studied about other animal intestinal bacteria. In this study, we surveyed diversity of livestock animal fecal microbiota and discuss importance of studying fecal microbiota. Here, we report the initiation of the fecal microbiome project in South Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.289-297
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• 2011

Objectives: To estimate the microbial contaminant load discharged from livestock farms, we randomly selected livestock farmers of cattle, swine, and fowl and collected bacterial strains from domestic animals' feces and compost samples. Recently, as multi-antibiotic-resistant bacteria and super bacteria showing resistance to a variety of antibiotics have been reported one after another, the ecological and health hazard of antibiotic-resistant bacteria is emerging as an important issue. Methods: Monitored indicator microorganism constituents were totak coliform (TC), fecal coliform (FC), and aerobic bacteria. The multi-antibiotic-resistant bacteria were identified from investigated indicator microorganisms by 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: By microbiological analysis, the largest population of aerobic bacteria ($1.5{\times}10^5$ CFU/g) was found in cattle fecal compost, and total coliforms ($1.1{\times}10^7$ CFU/g) and fecal coliforms ($1.0{\times}10^5$ CFU/g) were found primarily in swine fecal compost, while the lowest population was found in fowl fecal compost. Among the 67 strains separated from aerobic bacteria, five strains expressing high antibiotic resistance were selected in each sample. We found the multi-antibiotic resistant strains to be Shigella boydii, Staphylococcus lentus, Acinetobacter sp. and Brevibacterium luteolum. Conclusions: These results suggest that increasing numbers of multi-antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the environment have a close relation to the reckless use of antibiotics with livestock.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.59-64
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• 1970

The purpose of the study was to gather basic bacteriological data regarding the quality of Korean surface waters. Total coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal Streptococci survey in the water of Lake Eui-Am were undertaken by the membrance filter technique. A total of 37 samples were collected in August 14, 1970. Total coliforms were detected in all samples, fecal coliforms and fecal Streptococci were detected in 68% and 82% of samples, respectively. Bacterial densities of the lake water were varied by station and depth. The numbers of bacteria per 100ml of the lake water were; 8-225(65.3 average) for the total coliforms, 0-112(26.2 average) for the fecal coliforms, 0-77(25.8 average) for the fecal Streptococci, and 8-302 (91.1 average) for the total number of total coliforms and fecal Streptococci. These results suggest that the Eui-Am lake water is only lightly polluted and indicate that the lake water, properly maintained, is a source of raw water of good bacteriological quality. Three forms of fecal pollution bacteria tend to increase with depth. This is believed that the suspended matter with conglomerated bacteria plays an important role in regulating of bacterial densities in summer season.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.34 no.3_spc
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• pp.427-433
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• 2021

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of Achyranthes japonica extracts (AJE) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial shedding, and fecal gas emission of growing pigs. Methods: A total of 180 ([Landrace×Yorkshire]×Duroc) growing pigs with initial body weight (BW) of 23.94±1.54 kg were used in this study to investigate the effects of AJE as a feed additive. Dietary treatments included: i) CON (basal diet), ii) TRT1 (basal diet+0.05% AJE), and iii) TRT2 (basal diet+0.10% AJE). Results: As a result of the dietary supplementation of 0% to 0.10% AJE, a linear increase of BW (p<0.05) on d 21 and 42, a linear increase of average daily gain (ADG) (p<0.05) during d 21 to 42, a trend in linear increase of ADG (p<0.10) during d 0 to 21 and d 0 to 42, a linear increase of gain to feed ratio (G:F) (p<0.05) during d 0 to 42, and a tendency in the linear increase of G:F during d 21 to 42 were observed in this study. Additionally, dietary supplementation of 0% to 0.10% AJE had a linear increase (p<0.05) on the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM) and energy, a linear increase (p<0.05) on lactic acid bacteria counts, a tendency in reducing (linear effect, p<0.10) coliform bacteria counts, and a linear decrease (p<0.05) in excreta H2S emission content in growing pigs. Conclusion: In conclusion, the results suggested that AJE had the potential to enhance growth performance, DM and energy digestibility, and fecal lactic acid bacteria counts, and decrease the fecal coliform bacteria counts and excreta H2S emission in growing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1202-1208
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• 2009

Synbiotics is the term used for a mixture of probiotics (live microbial feed additives that beneficially affects the host animal) and prebiotics (non-digestible food ingredients that beneficially affect the organism). This study investigated the effect of probiotics from anaerobic microflora with prebiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, noxious gas emission and fecal microbial population in weaning pigs. 150 pigs with an initial BW of 6.80${\pm}$0.32 kg (20 d of age) were randomly assigned to 5 dietary treatments as follows: i) US, basal diet+0.15% antibiotics (0.05% oxytetracycline 200 and 0.10% tiamulin 38 g), ii) BS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from bacteria), iii) YS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from yeast), iv) MS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (probiotics from mold), v) CS, basal diet+0.2% synbiotics (from compounds of bacteria, yeast and mold). The probiotics were contained in $10^{9}$ cfu/ml, $10^{5}$ cfu/ml and $10^{3}$ tfu/ml of bacteria, yeast and molds, respectively. The same prebiotics (mannan oligosaccharide, lactose, sodium acetate and ammonium citrate) was used for all the synbiotics. Pigs were housed individually for a 16-day experimental period. Growth performance showed no significant difference between antibiotic treatments and synbiotics-added treatments. The BS treatment showed higher (p<0.05) dry matter (DM) and nitrogen digestibility while ether extract and crude fiber digestibility were not affected by the dietary treatment. Also, the BS treatment decreased (p<0.05) fecal ammonia and amine gas emissions. Hydrogen sulfide concentration was also decreased (p<0.05) in BS, YS and MS treatments compared to other treatments. Moreover, all the synbioticsadded treatments increased fecal acetic acid concentration while the CS treatment had lower propionic acid concentration than the US treatment (p<0.05) gas emissions but decreased in fecal propionate gas emissions. Total fecal bacteria and Escherichia coli populations did not differ significantly among the treatments, while the Shigella counts were decreased (p<0.05) in synbiotics-included treatment. Fecal bacteria population was higher in the YS treatment than other treatments (p<0.05). The BS treatment had higher yeast concentration than YS, MS and CS treatments, while US treatment had higher mold concentrations than MS treatment (p<0.05). Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that synbiotics are as effective as antibiotics on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and fecal microflora composition in weaning pigs. Additionally, synbiotics from anaerobic microflora can decrease fecal noxious gas emission and synbiotics can substitute for antibiotics in weaning pigs.