• 한국양식학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.421-428
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• 1998

쥐노래미 사료의 어분 대체 단백질원으로서 대두박 및 우모분의 이용성을 검토하기 위해 어분을 주단백질원으로 한 대조사료와 대두박을 5%, 10%, 15% 및 20% 첨가한 실험구, 대두박 20% 첨가구에 제한적인 필수아미노산 보충구, 우모분을 5%, 10%, 15% 및 20% 첨가한 실험구, 그리고 대두박, 콘글루텐 밀, 육분, 혈분 및 우모분을 혼합하여 첨가한 실험구를 설정하여 11종의 실험사료를 설계하여 제조하였다. 21g 전후의 쥐노래미 치어를 2개월간 2반복으로 사육 실험한 결과, 증체율, 사료효율 및 단백질효율은 대두박을 20%까지 첨가한 실험구들에서 대두박 첨가비에 따라 다소 그 값이 낮아지기는 하였으나 대조구와 유의한 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 또한 대두박 20% 첨가구에 필수아미노산 보충구도 대조구와 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 그러나 우모분 첨가구들은 그 첨가비가 10%까지는 대조구와 차이가 없는 (P>0.05) 반면에 그 이상 첨가구들은 대조구보다 유의하게 낮은 값(P<0.05)을 보였다. 식물성 및 동물성 단백질원 혼합구는 대조구와 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 이상의 결과로부터 대두박을 20% 첨가할 때 대조구 어분총량의 22%까지, 동물성 및 식물성 단백질 혼합 첨가시에는 대조구의 어분을 44%까지 대체할 수 있을 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.189-196
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• 1993

TAAA(true amino acid availability)방법에 의해 단백질공급원들의 진정아미노산 이용율과 대사에너지가를 측정하기 위하여 시험원료당 수탉 3수씩을 공시하여 35시간 절식후 30g의 시험원료를 강제급이 한 다음 36시간 동안 분요를 채취하였다. 진정아미노산 이용율은 단백질원료간에 유의한 차이(P<0.01)가 있었는데 어분(96.1%)이 가장 높았고, 다음이 옥수수글루텐(91.2%), 채종박(88.8%), 대두박(88.7%), 육골분(87.2%), 캐놀라박(86.1%), 면실박(82.6%) 그리고 우모분(82.5%) 순이었다. TAAA방법에 의한 가용 Iysine 값은 chick bioassay(CBA)나 화학적 방법중 FDNB방법에 의해 얻어진 가용 Iysine 값과 고도(P<0.01)의 상관관계가 있었다. 진정대사에너지가는 옥수수글루텐(4,011 kcal/kg)이 가장 높았고 다음이 어분(3,906), 우모분(3,098), 대두박(3,007), 육골분(2,631), 캐놀라(2,326), 면실박(2,246) 그리고 채종박(2,120) 순이었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.397-408
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• 2005

This study, consisting of three experiments, was conducted to determine the effects of feeding feather meal (FM), feather meal digest (FMD), L-cystine and methionine hydroxyl analogue (MHA) on taurine content of milk and milk production of Holstein dairy cows. In experiment 1, FM or FMD was supplemented at 0, 1, 3 and 5% of dry matter intake (DMI), respectively. Taurine concentration of 3% FM and 5% FMD treatment were increased by 14% and 220/0, respectively. The 5% FM treatment had a negative effect on milk yield and FM and FMD treatments had no significant or consistent effects on milk fat, protein, lactose, milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and somatic cell count (SCC). In experiment 2, Lcystine or MHA was supplemented at 0, 1, 3, and 5g or ml/d along with 5% FMD, respectively. Milk yield decreased at 3 and 5g or ml Lcystine or MHA supplementation along with 5% FMD. Fat and lactose in milk were not significantly affected by treatments. However, milk protein level increased significantly in the 5 ml HMA with 5% FMD treatment. SCC decreased significantly in 1ml MHA with 5% FMD supplemented treatment but increased in 5g Lcystine with 5% FMD and 5 ml MHA with 5% FMD treatments. Increase of milk taurine concentration of L'cystine with 5% FMD treatments was not significant but those of MHA with 5% FMD treatments were significantly higher than the control. The highest increase of milk taurine concentration was 65% shown in 1 ml MHA with 5% FMD treatment. In experiment 3, 5% FM, 5% FM+3% molasses or 5% FM+3% molasses+l ml MHA was supplemented to the based TMR diet. The molasses treatments (5% FM+3% molasses and 5% FM+3% molasses+l ml MHA) showed significantly higher milk taurine content than the 5% FM treatment. The molasses treatments significantly reduced MUN but increased SCC. It was concluded that FMD is more effective than FM in enriching taurine in milk. Maximum taurine enrichment (65%) in the milk was obtained by supplementation of 5% FMD/DM1+1 ml MHA/d/cow. Molasses supplementation to 5% FM diet increased milk taurine content. However, MHA supplementation in dairy cows increased ruminal escape, gastrointestinal absorption and response of serum methionine.

• 월간양계
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• 제6권6호통권56호
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• pp.113-115
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• 1974

다음은 미국농무성의 외곽단체인 N.R.A 극동사무소 축산사료담당 '구리하라'박사가 N.R.A의 업무활동을 월간양계 독자를 위해 간략히 소개하고 있다. N.R.A(National Renderes Association)라고 하면 시료용 동물성 유지(Feed Grade Animal Fats)위 율곡분(Meat and Bone Meal), 우모분(Feather Meal)등을 공급하고 있는 대단위 단체인 것이다. 구리하라박사가 소개하고 있는 최근의 업무활동과 N.R.A의 사업을 소개한다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1307-1314
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• 2010

This study was conducted to isolate and characterize a novel feather-degrading bacterium producing keratinase activity. A strain K9 was isolated from soil at poultry farm and identified as Xanthomonas sp. K9 by phenotypic characters and 16S rRNA gene analysis. The cultural conditions for the keratinase production were 0.3% fructose, 0.1% gelatin, 0.04% $K_2HPO_4$, 0.06% $KH_2PO_4$, 0.05% NaCl and 0.01% $FeSO_4$ with an initial pH 8.0 at $30^{\circ}C$ and 200 rpm. In an optimized medium containing 0.1% chicken feather, production yield of keratinase was approximately 8-fold higher than the yield in basal medium. The strain K9 effectively degraded chicken feather meal (67%) and duck feather (54%), whereas human nail and human hair showed relatively low degradation rates (13-22%). Total free amino acid concentration in the cell-free supernatant was about 25.799 mg/l. Feather hydrolysate produced by the strain K9 stimulated growth of red pepper, indicating Xanthomonas sp. K9 could be not only used to increase the nutritional value of chicken feather but also a potential candidate for the development of natural fertilizer applicable to crop plant soil.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.86-92
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• 2010

양계장 부산물 시료로부터 우모 분해세균 31균주를 분리하였다. 수집된 우모 분해세균에 대해 16S rRNA 염기서열을 해석하여 계통학적 특성을 검토한 결과, Firmicutes (21균주), ${\gamma}$-proteobacteria (4균주), Actinobacteria (4균주) 그리고 Bacteroidetes (2균주) 계통군에 속하는 다양한 세균이 확보되었다. 우모 분해세균 중 우모 분해율이 75-90% 이상인 우수균주 Chryseobacterium sp. FBF-7, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia FBS-4 그리고 Lysinibacillus sp. FBW-3를 최종 선발하였다. 이들 균주를 이용한 생물학적 분해법과 Ca(OH)2를 이용한 화학적 분해법에 의해 추출된 아미노산의 특성을 비교한 결과, Chryseobacterium sp. FBF-7에 의해 추출된 총 아미노산 함량이 1661.6 ${\mu}mol$/ml로 선발 균주 중 가장 높게 나타났으며, 화학적 분해법에 의해 추출된 총 아미노산 함량과 유사하였다. Chryseobacterium sp. FBF-7에 의해 생성된 필수 아미노산 함유량은 619.3 ${\mu}mol$/ml로 총 아미노산의 37%를 함유하였으며, 화학적 분해법에 의한 경우, 596.9 ${\mu}mol$/ml의 필수 아미노산을 생산하여 총 아미노산 함유량의 32%를 차지하는 것으로 나타났다. Chryseobacterium sp. FBF-7에 의해 추출된 아미노산의 조성을 검토한 결과, valine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine 그리고 proline이 주요 아미노산이었으며, 특히 aspartic acid, threonine, serine, cysteine 그리고 tyrosine이 화학적 추출법보다 더 높게 추출되는 특징을 나타내었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.1407-1413
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• 2009

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of feather meal (FM) on the performance of pigs and taurine content in pork. A total of 135 cross-bred (L${\times}$Y${\times}$D) pigs, weighing an average 46 kg, were assigned to five dietary treatments; Control, 3% FM supplemented diet (3% FM), 3% FM and 10 ppm pyridoxin supplemented diet (3% FMpyridoxin), 6% FM supplemented diet (6% FM) and 6% FM and 10 ppm pyridoxine supplemented diet (6% FM-pyridoxin). Each treatment had 3 replications of 9 pigs (4 gilts and 5 barrows) each. Pigs were fed for 11 weeks under a phase feeding program which consisted of grower (0-3 week), grow-finisher (4-8 week) and finisher (9-11 week) periods. During the whole feeding period, ADG and ADFI of pigs fed FM treatments tended to increase in general compared to the control. Feed conversion ratio (feed/gain) of the control was significantly (p<0.05) lower than FM treatments. Taurine content of the control was highest in heart muscle (1,393.8 ppm) followed by liver (647.3 ppm), tenderloin (601.2 ppm), ham (462.4 ppm) and loin (375.8 ppm). Taurine contents of heart, tenderloin, ham and loin were significantly (p<0.05) increased by FM treatments. Taurine content was highest in the 6% FM-pyridoxin treatment. Taurine content of heart, tenderloin, ham and loin on 6% FM-pyridoxin supplementation were increased by 91%, 23%, 27% and 29%, respectively, compared with the control. Sensory tests of the pork showed that there was no consistent response among the treatments. In conclusion, supplementation of FM and pyridoxin to a pig diet can increase taurine content of the pork.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2004년도 제21차 정기총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.93-94
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• 2004

The experiments was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of feather meal and pyridoxine on the taurine content of egg yolk and performance of laying hens. Feeding trial was conducted with 900 31-wk-old Hy-Line Brown layers for 4wks. The experiment consisted of six dietary treatments: control(basal diet), feather meal(FM) 3 % diet(FM 3 %), FM 3 % + pyridoxine supplemented diet(FM 3 % + Pyridox), FM 6 % diet, FM 6 % + pyridoxine supplemented diet(FM 6% + Pyridox), Synthetic taurine 0.25 % supplemented diet(Taurine). Egg production of birds fed FM 3% was highest and those of the FM diets were also higher than those of Taurine and the control. Egg weight of Taurine was significantly lower than those of FM 3 %, FM 6 % and the control but were not significantly different from those of FM 3 % + Pyridox or FM 6 % + Pyridox. Feed intake of the control was greater than those of FM 6 %, FM 6% + Pyridox or Taurine treatment but was not significantly different from those of FM 3 % and FM 3 % + Pyridox. Feed conversion of the control was significantly higher than other treatments in which that of FM 6 % was lowest. Broken and soft egg production of Taurine was highest while that of the control was lowest among treatments. Taurine content of egg yolk significantly increased by supplementation of taurine(64.7 %). FM 6 % + pyridoxine(57 %), FM 3% + pyridoxine (32.1%) and FM 6% (16.6 %). Sensory evaluation data of Taurine has shown the highest score in most of sensory attributes. It is concluded that taurine can be enriched in egg yolk by supplementation of 6 % FM diet and pyridoxine as well as 0.25 % synthetic taurine.

• 한국가금학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가금학회 2004년도 제21차 정기총회 및 학술발표회
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• pp.95-96
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of feather meal (FM its) digests on the performance of broiler chicks and taurine content in broiler meat. A total of 1,000 broiler chickens were assigned to five dietary treatments : Control, FM diet(FM), FM+pyridoxine(FM+Pyridox), H$_2$O$_2$ treated FM diet(H$_2$O$_2$-FM) and enzyme treated FM diet (Enzyme-FM). Treated diets were supplemented with FM or FM digests at the level of 5 % to the control diet. During the stater period, weight gain of chicks fed FM+Pyridox was significantly higher(P<0.05) than those of the other FM or FM digest treatments but was not different from the control. Weight gam of overall period were not significantly different among treatments. Feed intake of the control was greater than that of FM or FM digest treatments. Feed conversion ratio(feed intake/gain) of chicks fed FM and H$_2$O$_2$-FM were significantly higher than those of Enzyme-FM and FM+Pyridox, but were not significantly different from the control. Taurine contents of leg and breast mucle were significantly (P<0.01) different among treatments but those of liver were not significantly different. Taurine content of FM+Pyridox was highest in both leg and breast muscle. It was 85 % higher in leg muscle and 15 % higher in breast muscle than that of the control. Sensory evaluation data showed significant but not consistant responses in various parameters. FM + Pyridox treatment showed highest score in aroma of raw leg muscle of male and in juiciness and tenderness of broiled breast muscle of male chickens. Control group showed highest color score in raw leg muscle of female and lowest overall acceptability score in broiled breast and leg muscle of male chicken. It is concluded that taurine can be enriched especially in broiler leg meat by 5 % FM diet supplemented with pyridoxine.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.622-629
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• 2010

The effects of dietary supplementation of feather meal (FM) and pyridoxine ($B_6$) on the taurine content of egg yolk and performance of laying hens were investigated. A feeding trial was conducted in nine hundred 31-wk-old $Hy-Line^{\circledR}$ Brown layers over 4 wk. The hens received 6 dietary treatments: Control, FM 3% supplemented diet (FM 3%), FM 3%+$B_6$ supplemented diet (FM 3%+$B_6$), FM 6% supplemented diet (FM 6%), FM 6%+$B_6$ supplemented diet (FM 6%+$B_6$), and synthetic taurine 0.25% supplemented diet (Taurine). Parameters of production were significantly (p<0.05) affected by treatments. The egg production of hens fed FM 3% was the highest and hens fed FM diets were more productive than the Taurine and Control groups. The egg weights of the Taurine group were significantly lower than those of the FM 3% and FM 6% groups, but not significantly different from those of other treatments. The feed intake of the Control group was highest among all groups. The feed conversion ratio of the Control group was higher than in groups receiving other treatments of which FM 6% was the lowest. The broken egg production of the Taurine group was highest, while that of the Control group was lowest among treatments. The taurine content of egg yolk was significantly (p<0.01) increased by supplementation of taurine (64.7%), FM 6%+$B_6$ (57%), FM 3%+$B_6$ (32.1%), and FM 6% (16.6%) over a 4 wk average. Sensory evaluation data of the Taurine group showed the highest score in all of the sensory attributes and those of other treatments were not significantly (p<0.05) different. In conclusion, taurine can be enriched in egg yolk by supplementation of 6% FM and $B_6$, as well as 0.25% synthetic taurine.