• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.115-125
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• 2021

Mushroom consumption causes changes in the immune system and gut microbiota via the actions of mushroom probiotic components. β-Glucan structure-related substances suppress secretion of inflammatory mediators, and induce macrophage activation, enhancing immunity and immune function. Substances other than directly useful components can be metabolized into short-chain fatty acids by gut microbiota. These short-chain fatty acids can then induce immunity, alleviating various diseases. Substances used to stimulate growth of health-promoting gut bacteria, thereby changing the gut microbiota community are defined to be probiotics. Probiotic altered intestinal microflora can prevent various types of bacterial infection from external sources, and can help to maintain immune system balance, thus preventing diseases. Research into beneficial components of Pleurotus eryngii, Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus, Flammulina velutipes, Auricularia auricula-judae, and Agaricus bisporus, which are frequently consumed in Korea, changes in microbiota, changes in short-chain fatty acids, and correlations between consumption and health contribute to our understanding of the effects of dietary mushrooms on disease prevention and mitigation.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.521-526
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• 2009

Fatty acid is an important component of many biological processes. However, an imbalance in diet-especially, a n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) deficiency-causes several diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. In this study, we analyzed the fatty acid contents and compositions of 26 species of Korean salt marsh plants and found high fatty acid contents from S. herbacea ($148.75\;{\mu}g$/mg-dry wt.), S. komarvii ($119.05\;{\mu}g$/mg-dry wt.), C. heterocarpa ($79.23\;{\mu}g$/mg-dry wt.), A. capillaris ($71.65\;{\mu}g$/mg-dry wt.), and L. tetragonum ($67.02\;{\mu}g$/mg-dry wt.). In the case of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) composition, palmitic acid is richest in most salt marsh plants. On the other hand, oleic acid and linoleic acid are major components of monounsaturated fatty acid and n-6 PUFA, respectively. In addition, n-3 PUFAs such as LNA (linolenic acid), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) known as the main fatty acid components of fish oils and seaweeds, were also found in S. herbacea, S. komarvii, T. tetragonoides, A. capillaris and G. littoralis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.943-952
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• 2022

As a test for diagnosing fatty liver, recently, ultrasound and blood exam are being performed simultaneously. In particular, in the case of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in blood exam, it is used as an index indicating the level of inflammation in various parts of the body as well as cardiovascular diseases. Thus, this study was conducted to analyze the association between metabolic syndrome components, liver function, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels according to the degree of nonalcoholic fatty liver, and use it as a clinical indicator for fatty liver diagnosis. Metabolic syndrome components, liver function and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein blood test values analyzed from 1,139 men and women over 20 years of age with nonalcoholic fatty liver in abdominal ultrasonography from March 2021 to August 2021 at the Korea Association of Health Promotion, Gwangju-Jeonnam Branch. Analyzed for all men and women, the blood test values for subjects with mild fatty liver were AST 30 U/L, ALT 32.1 U/L, γ-GTP 41.2 IU/L, and hs-CRP 0.14 mg/dL. These values were lower than the blood test values of subjects with moderate fatty liver (AST 38 U/L, ALT 47.6 U/L, γ-GTP 54.9 IU/L, hs-CRP 0.22 mg/dL) and was statistically significant (p<0.001). In this case of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein test, it is statistically significant, showing higher values in Subjects with moderate fatty liver than Subjects with mild fatty liver. thus, it is considered that hs-CRP can be used as clinical data for the prevention and management of fatty liver.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.165-175
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• 2010

Dietary lipid biomarkers (fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and sterols) in adult specimens were analyzed to compare and understand the feeding ecology of the euphausiid, Euphausia pacifica, from three geographically and environmentally diverse Korean waters (Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and East Sea). Total lipid content of E. pacifica from Korean waters was about 10% dry weight (DW) with a dominance of phospholipids (>46.9% of total lipid content), which are known as membrane components. A saturated fatty acid, C16:0, a monounsaturated fatty acid, C18:1(n-9), and two polyunsaturated fatty acids, C20:5(n-3) and 22:6(n-3), were most abundant (>60% of total fatty acids) in the fatty acid composition. Some of the fatty acids showed slight differences among regions although no significant compositional changes of fatty acids were detected between these regions. Phytol, originating from the side chain of chlorophyll and indicative of active feeding on phytoplankton, was detected all samples. Trace amounts of various fatty alcohols were also detected in E. pacifica. Specifically, krill from the Yellow Sea showed relatively high amounts of longchain monounsaturated fatty alcohols (i.e. 20:1 and 22:1), generally found in herbivorous copepods. Three different kinds of sterols were detected in E. pacifica. The most dominant of these sterols was cholest-5-en-$3{\beta}$-ol (cholesterol). The lipid compositions and ratios of fatty acid trophic markers are indicative of herbivory in E. pacifica from the Yellow Sea and East Sea (mainly feeding on dinoflagellates and diatoms, respectively). The lipid compositions and ratios of fatty acid trophic markers are indicative of carnivory or omnivory in E. pacifica from the East China Sea, mainly feeding on microzooplankton such as protozoa. In conclusion, lipid biomarkers provide useful information about krill feeding type. However, further analyses and experiments (i.e. gut content analysis, in situ grazing experiment, etc.) are needed to better understand the feeding ecology of E. pacifica in various marine environments.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.59-73
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• 1982

Differences of lipids, especially total lipid composition, fatty acid and sterol composition of the flesh lipids between three species of cephalopods were investigated, since available researches concerning lipids in flesh tissues of the cephalopod are very limited. Extracted total lipid from the flesh tissues were fractionated by silicic acid column chromatography into three lipid classes of neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids. The lipid compositions of total lipid and neutral lipids were estimated by the method of thin layer chromatography and TLC-scanner. The sterol compositions of unsaponifiable matters from total lipid were determined by using thin layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. The fatty acid composition of each lipid class was also determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Total lipid contents of flesh tissues from three species of the cephalopods were 0.5 in Octopus vulgare, 0.8 in Octopus variabilis and $0.6\%$ in Loligo beka based on wet weight, the contents of total fatty acid in total lipid were 19.3, 47.8 and $38.4\%$, and the contents of unsaponifiable matters were 10.9, 18.8 and $41.1\%$, respectively. Total lipid was mainly composed of sterols and polar lipid-pigments as major components in each sample and the proportion of sterols and polar lipid-pigments to total lipid ranged from 27.0 to $35.5\%$ and 38.3 to $63.4\%$, respectively. The other lipid components of total lipid, e.g. triglycerides, free fatty acids, and carbohydrate-esterified sterols were determined as a minor components. The major component fatty acid in total lipid was palmitic acid and additionaly it chiefly consisted of the other unsaturated acids such as oleic, linoleic, octadecatetraenoic and eicosapentaenoic acid as major components of the acid. The compositions of sterol in three species of cephalopod were found to contain mainly cholesterol for its proportion to total sterols was 82.4 to $89.1\%$. However the other sterols such as 22-dehydrocholesterol and 24-methylenecholesterol were determined in addition to cholesterol as a minor components. The result of fractional composition of lipid class in total lipid was that total lipid had large .amount of polar lipid and small amount of nonpolar lipid i, e, neutral lipid in each sample, and the contents of phospholipid were higher than that of glycolipid in polar lipid. Neutral lipid was mainly composed of free sterol as major components in each sample and its proportion of free sterols to total neutral lipid was 50.0 to $70.5\%$. The other lipid components of neutral lipid showing similar in quantity, esterified sterols, free fatty acids and triglycerides were determined as a minor components. The major components fatty acid in neutral lipid were palmitic, oleic and hexadecadienoic acid. Palmitic acid was the most abundant and additionaly oleic, linoleic, octadecatetraenoic and myristic acid were the major component fatty acid in glycolipid. But, especially, glycolipid of Loligo beka contained a higher amount of arachidonic acid which also consists of major component in addition to those of acids. Palmitic acid was the most abundant and additionaly, oleic, linoleic and octadecatetraenoic acid were the major component fatty acids in phospholipid.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.74-79
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• 1976

Two rice varieties in Korea, an Indica type 'Tongil' and a Japonica type 'Jinheung', were stored at $5^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$ for six months and the changes in organoleptic quality and lipid components were investigated to obtain the following results. In storage, both varieties brought about increases of hardness, cohesiveness and gumminess, and a decrease of adhesiveness among textural parameters of cooked rice. Storage at $5^{\circ}C$ showed no change in organoleptic quality but storage at $30^{\circ}C$ caused the occurrence of off-flavor in both varieties and a marked decrease of stickiness in Jinheung. Rice samples before storage contained 5-times more free lipids than bound lipids and free lipid content of Tongil was $70{\sim}80%$ of Jinheung. In storage, bound lipids tended to increase slowly while free lipids increased in both varieties at $5^{\circ}C$ and tended to increase in Tongil and to decrease in Jinheung at $30^{\circ}C$. In free lipid fractions of rice samples before storage were found 9 components including triglycerides, free fatty acids and sterol esters and in bound lipid fractions were found 8 components including free fatty acids and sterol esters, as the major components. In storage, changes in lipid components were more remarkable in free lipids than in bound lipids and in Jinheung than in Tongil. It was, therefore, concluded that Tongil variety had a better storage stability than Jinheung variety and the deterioration of rice quality occurred mainly in free lipid fractions during storage.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.753-756
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• 1999

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.55-58
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• 1995

To investigate of the content of fatty acids and cholesterol level in Raja Skates, the skate was purchesed from Yangdong Fisheries market in Kwangju, Korea. The experimental skate contained moisture 77.1%, crude protein 20.5%, crude lipid 0.68% and ash 1.72% as the general components. The fatty acids composition of skate are 28 kinds, such as 10 kinds of saturated fatty acid and 18 kinds of unsaturated fatty acid. There are 5 kinds of odd numbered fatty acid, such as C15:0, C17:0, C19:0, C25:0. Lignoceric acid shows 11% content. As an unsaturated fatty acid, getoleic acid, C22:1: selecholeic acid, C24:1:9, 12-hexadecadienic acid, C16:2: trans-linolelaidic acid, C18:2:13, 16-docosadienoic acid, C22:2: are analyzed as the particular one. The p/s ratio of skates is 1.02 and n-3/n-6 ratio of Skates is 0.82, respectively. The content of cholesterol level of Skates muscle is less than 20mg%, and liver contains 300-500 mg% and Nechang-tang contains 100mg% each.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.144-151
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• 1991

Composition and unsaturation ratio of fatty acids composing phospholipid which is the main constituent of biological membranes are known to be related to the response of plant to cold stress. In order to investigate a relationship between fatty acid unsaturation ratio of phospholipid and the range of cold tolerance of rice cultivars obtained in the field experiment, the lipid from the leaves of 32 rice cultivars were isolated and the fatty acid composition of phospholipid was determined by gas chromatography. In this experiment, composition and unsaturation ratio of fatty acids composing phopholipid on rice plants grown under natural condition and treated with chilling temperature were compared with the cold tolerance in the field for rice cultivars. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The phospholipids isolated from the leaves of 32 rice cultivars both grown under natural condition and chilling treatment contained palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acid as major components and palmitoleic, stearic and oleic acid as minor components. 2. The content of palmitic acid, a saturated fatty acid, was reduced in rice seedlings subjected to chilling treatment for 3 days at $15^{\circ}C$, and contents of linoleic and linolenic acid, unsaturated fatty acids, were increased. 3. The unsaturation ratio of fatty acid was increased by chilling treatment, and was high in cold-tolerant cultivars but low in cold-susceptible cultivars and the results were correlated with the range of cold tolerance investigated in the field. 4. The content of palmitic acids among fatty acids composing phospholipid was reduced and that of linolenic acid was increased by hardening treatment. 5. The unsaturation ratio of fatty acid was increased 18~24% by hardening treatment compared to control.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.8
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• pp.732-739
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• 2009

Metabolic syndrome has been strongly associated with elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), a surrogate of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. We investigated the relationship between metabolic syndrome and elevated ALT in the general Korean population. The study sample was comprised of 4,781 Korean adults who had participated in the 2005 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Metabolic syndrome was defined by National Cholesterol Education Program for Adult Treatment Panel III. Elevated ALT was defined as an enzyme activity > 40 IU/L for men, and > 31 IU/L for women. ALT was measured by enzymatic methods. Among participants, 425 (8.9%) subjects displayed elevated ALT. The odds ratios (ORs) for elevated ALT increased in subjects with obesity or one of components of metabolic syndrome such as abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high fasting glucose, high triglyceride, and low HDL cholesterol after adjusting for age and sex. The unadjusted OR for elevated ALT increased according to the number of components of metabolic syndrome (OR = 1.5, 95% CI: 0.96-2.32 for 1 component; OR = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.98-4.61 for 2 components; OR = 6.3, 95% CI: 4.29-9.35 for ${\geq}3$ components; p for trend < 0.0001). This trend did not differ after adjustments for putative risk factors including age, sex, BMI, smoking status, and alcohol intake. Metabolic syndrome is implicated as a strong risk factor of elevated ALT in Korean adults.