• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.968-978
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• 2003

The effects of monensin, Tween 80 and exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on ruminal fermentation and animal performance were studied in vitro and in vivo. In Expt 1, the effects of the surfactant Tween 80 (0.2% wt/wt, DM basis) on ruminal fermentation of alfalfa, corn and orchardgrass silages were investigated using in vitro gas production techniques. Tween 80 did not affect (p>0.05) cumulative gas production at 24 h, but it reduced (p<0.05) the lag in fermentation of all three silages. With corn silage and orchardgrass silage, gas production rates and concentrations of total volatile fatty acids (VFA) were increased (p<0.05) by Tween 80; with alfalfa silage, they were reduced (p<0.05). Tween 80 increased (p<0.05) the proportion of propionate in total VFA, and reduced (p<0.05) acetate to propionate ratios (A:P) with all three silages. In Expt 2, exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (E; at 0, 37.5 or 75 g/tonne DM), monensin (M; at 0 or 25 ppm and Tween 80 (T; at 0 or 2 L/tonne DM) were added alone or in combination to backgrounding and finishing diets fed to 320 crossbred steers in a feeding trial with a $3{\times}2{\times}$2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The backgrounding and finishing diets contained barley grain and barley silage in ratios of 57.8:42.2 and 93.5:6.5 (DM basis), respectively. Added alone, none of the additives affected DM intake (p>0.1) in the backgrounding or in the finishing period, but interactive $M{\times}T$ effects were observed in the finishing period (p=0.02) and overall (p=0.04). In the finishing period, T without M tended to reduce DM intake (p=0.11), but T with M increased (p=0.05) DM intake. Monensin increased average daily gain (ADG) during backgrounding (p=0.07) and finishing (p=0.01), and this ionophore also improved overall feed efficiency (p=0.02). Warm carcass weight was increased (p<0.001) by M, but dressing percentage was reduced (p=0.07). In the backgrounding period, T increased ADG by 7% (p=0.06). Enzymes increased (p=0.07) ADG by 5 and 6% (low and high application rates, respectively) during backgrounding, but did not affect (p>0.10) ADG during finishing, or overall feed efficiency. Whereas T enhanced the positive effects of M on ADG during backgrounding (p=0.04) and overall (p=0.05), it had no impact (p>0.1) on the effects of E. Interactions between M and T suggest that the surfactant may have potential for enhancing the positive effects of monensin on beef production, but this requires further research.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1699-1704
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• 2007

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of adding encapsulated-glucose, glucose, sorbic acid or prefermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLB) on the fermentation quality and residual mono- and disaccharide composition of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) silages. The additive treatments were as follows: (1) control (no addition), (2) encapsulated-glucose addition at 0.5% for glucose, (3) glucose addition at 1%, (4) sorbic acid addition at 0.1%, (5) FJLB addition at a theoretical application rate of $2.67{\times}10^5$ CFU (colony forming unit) $g^{-1}$, on a fresh weight basis of Italian ryegrass. Although control and encapsulated-glucose treatments had higher contents of butyric acid (33.45, 21.50 g $kg^{-1}$ DM) and ammonia-N/Total nitrogen (114.91, 87.01 g $kg^{-1}$) as compared with the other treated silages, the fermentation in all silages was clearly dominated by lactic acid. This was well indicated by the low pH (4.38-3.59), and high lactic acid/acetic acid (4.39-22.97) and lactic acid content (46.85-121.76 g $kg^{-1}$ DM). Encapsulated-0.5% glucose and glucose addition increased lactic acid/acetic acid, and significantly (p<0.05) decreased ammonia-N/total nitrogen, and the contents of butyric acid and total volatile fatty acids (VFAs) as compared with the control. However, there were higher butyric acid and lower residual mono-and di-saccharides on the two treatments as compared with sorbic acid and FJLB addition, and their utilization efficiency of water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) was lower than that of both sorbic acid and FJLB additions. Sorbic acid addition showed the lowest content of ethanol and ammonia-N/total nitrogen, and the highest content of residual fructose and total mono-and disaccharides as well as the higher lactic acid/acetic acid value. Sorbic acid addition decreased the loss of mono-and disaccharides, and inhibited the activity of clostridial and other undesirable bacteria, and greatly increased the utilization efficiency of fermentable substrates by epiphytic LAB. FJLB addition had the lowest pH value and the highest lactic acid content among all additive treatments, with the most intensive lactic acid fermentation occurring in FJLB treated silage. This resulted in the faster accumulation of lactic acid and faster pH reduction. Sorbic acid and FJLB addition depressed clostridia or other undesirable bacterial fermentation which decreased the WSC loss and saved the fermentable substrate for lactic acid fermentation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.636-642
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• 2011

The effect of different rates of ethanol additive on fermentation quality of napiergrass (Pennisetum purpureum) and residual water soluble carbohydrate were studied in the experiment. The addition rate of ethanol was 0%, 1.5%, 2.5%, 3.5%, 4.5% on fresh weight of napiergrass. The laboratory silos were kept in the room, then were opened on 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 30 days after ensiling and the changes of silage quality were analyzed, respectively. There was a fast and large reduction in pH from the 5th day of ensiling to below 4.2 except for the 4.5% treatment. After five days the pH of silage decreased slowly and the pH of the ethanol additions was lower than the control. Lactic acid content of ethanol treatments increased significantly (p<0.05) from the 5th day of ensiling, reaching the highest value on either the 7th day or 14th day. The ethanol additive inhibited the break down of silage protein and the ammonia nitrogen content of ethanol addition silage was significantly (p<0.05) lower than the control after 30 days of ensiling. Within the initial first day of ensiling the water soluble carbohydrate content declined quickly. The efficiency of water soluble carbohydrate usage was higher in silage with ethanol than in the control. The acetic acid of ethanol treatment was significantly (p<0.05) lower than control on first and 14th day, but there was no significant (p>0.05) difference among the ethanol addition silages. The volatile fatty acids content of silage increased gradually from the first day of ensiling and reached the peak on 14th day or 30th day and the content of ethanol addition treatment was significantly (p<0.05) lower than the control. The experimental results indicated that adding ethanol inhibited the use of protein and water soluble carbohydrate of aerobic bacteria and reduced the silage losses during the early stage of ensiling and thus supplied more fermentation substrate for lactic acid bacteria and improved the fermentation quality of napiergrass.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1562-1570
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• 2014

The effects of Lactobacillus mucosae (L. mucosae), a potential direct fed microbial previously isolated from the rumen of Korean native goat, on the rumen fermentation profile of brewers grain were evaluated. Fermentation was conducted in serum bottles each containing 1% dry matter (DM) of the test substrate and either no L. mucosae (control), 1% 24 h broth culture of L. mucosae (T1), or 1% inoculation with the cell-free culture supernatant (T2). Each serum bottle was filled anaerobically with 100 mL of buffered rumen fluid and sealed prior to incubation for 0, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h from which fermentation parameters were monitored and the microbial diversity was evaluated. The results revealed that T1 had higher total gas production (65.00 mL) than the control (61.33 mL) and T2 (62.00 mL) (p<0.05) at 48 h. Consequently, T1 had significantly lower pH values (p<0.05) than the other groups at 48 h. Ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3$-N), individual and total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration and acetate:propionate ratio were higher in T1 and T2 than the control, but T1 and T2 were comparable for these parameters. Total methane ($CH_4$) production and carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) were highest in T1. The percent DM and organic matter digestibilities were comparable between all groups at all times of incubation. The total bacterial population was significantly higher in T1 (p<0.05) at 24 h, but then decreased to levels comparable to the control and T2 at 48 h. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profile of the total bacterial 16s rRNA showed higher similarity between T1 and T2 at 24 h and between the control and T1 at 48 h. Overall, these results suggest that addition of L. mucosae and cell-free supernatant during the in vitro fermentation of dried brewers grain increases the VFA production, but has no effect on digestibility. The addition of L. mucosae can also increase the total bacterial population, but has no significant effect on the total microbial diversity. However, inoculation of the bacterium may increase $CH_4$ and $CO_2$ in vitro.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2005

The obesity incidence rate of children in Korea has increased from 2 to 3% in 1970 to 15% in 2004. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of diet on obesity, and serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations by obese index in Korean elementary school students. The subjects were three hundred and thirteen students(male 157, female 156). Height, weight and body fat were measured. Dietary records by the 24-hr recall method were taken for 3 days, and serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were determined. The obesity index was calculated by the Korean of Pediatrics Association standards. Nutrient intakes were calculated by CAN PRO. Almost twenty percent(19.8%) of the subjects were underweight, 60.1 % were normal, 10.2% were overweight and 9.9% were obesity. The obesity incidence rate of the males was not different from the females. Energy and nutrients intakes containing fatty acids were not significantly different by the obesity index. All the subjects had 59.7%～61.1% of carbohydrate and 24.2%～25.6% of fat for energy. Serum cholesterol concentrations of the obesity group(177.3 mg/dl) was higher than those of the underweight group(161.8 mg/dl) and normal weight group(163.5 mg/dl) and overweight group(163.8 mg/dl). Twenty nine percent of the obesity group had serum cholesterol concentrations over 200mg/dl, as compared with 4.8% of the normal and underweight group. Serum triglyceride in the obesity group(103.0mg/dl) was higher than those of the underweight group(79.7 mg/dL), normal weight group(81.0 mg/dl) and overweight group(81.1 mg/dl). Serum total cholesterol concentrations were correlated with the obese index, PIBW, R hrer index at p<0.001, with BMI at p<0.01 and with waist/hip ratio at p<0.05. Serum triglyceride concentrations were correlated with the obese index, PIBW, R hrer index at p<0.01. It is concluded that obesity increases serum total cholesterol concentrations and triglyceride concentrations, and that the obesity preventive program for normal weight children, and weight reduction program for obese children are necessary for elementary school children's education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.8
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• pp.957-964
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of garlic extract on histamine reduction in mackerel meat stored at $4^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$, respectively. The number of total bacteria in mackerel meat treated with 7.5% garlic extract was ten times lower than that of the control stored for 6 days of $4^{\circ}C$. However, there was no difference among the samples after 9 days of storage. Reduction of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6) contents was observed in the normal control group at both temperatures. However, contents of these two polyunsaturated fatty acids slightly increased in garlic extract-treated fish. Amounts of volatile basic nitrogen increased over time in the control group, but decreased in the garlic extract-treated meat, indicating that garlic extract might suppress decomposition. No histamine was detected initially in all samples. However, a small amount of histamine (42.87 mg/kg) was detected in the control at 3 days after storage at $4^{\circ}C$. Histamine content increased continuously with storage period but was lower in mackerel meat containing garlic extract, in which histamine suppression was proportional to the concentration of garlic extract. It can be concluded that garlic extract could be utilized to extend the storage period of mackerel.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.294-302
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• 2016

Background: Crop rotation plays an important role in improving soil chemical properties, minimizing the presence of disease pathogens, and assists in neutralizing autotoxic effects associated with allelochemicals. Methods and Results: Five rotation crops of sudan grass, soybean, peanut, sweet potato, and perilla were cultivated for one year with an aim to reduce yield losses caused by repeated cropping of ginseng. In 2-year-old ginseng grown in the same soil as a previous ginseng crop, stem length and leaf area were reduced by 30%, and root weight per plant was reduced by 56%. Crop rotation resulted in a significant decrease in electrical conductivity, $NO_3$, and $P_2O_5$ content of the soil, whereas organic matter, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Zn content remained-unchanged. Soil K content was increased following crop rotation with sudan grass and peanut only. Rotation with all alternate crops increased subsequent ginseng aerial plant biomass, whereas root weight per plant significantly increased following crop rotation with perilla only. A significant positive correlation was observed between root rot ration and soil K content, and a significant negative correlation was observed between ginseng root yield and the abundance of actinomycetes. Crop rotation affected the soil microbial community by increasing gram negative microbes, the ratio of aerobic microbes, and total microbial biomass whereas decreases were observed in actinomycetes and the ration of saturated fatty acids. Conclusions: In soil exhibiting crop failure following replanting, crop rotation for one year promoted both soil microbial activity and subsequent ginseng aerial plant biomass, but did not ameliorate the occurrence of root rot disease.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1416-1423
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• 2016

This study was designed to investigate the effect of grape pomace powder (GPP), mangosteen peel powder (MPP) and monensin on feed intake, nutrients digestibility, microorganisms, rumen fermentation characteristic, microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance in dairy steers. Four, rumen fistulated dairy steers with initial body weight (BW) of $220{\pm}15kg$ were randomly assigned according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to receive four treatments. The treatments were as follows: T1 = control, T2 = supplementation with monensin at 33 mg/kg diet, T3 = supplementation with GPP at 2% of dry matter intake, and T4 = supplementation with MPP at 30 g/kg diet. The steers were offered the concentrate diet at 0.2% BW and 3% urea treated rice straw (UTRS) was fed ad libitum. It was found that GPP supplemented group had higher UTRS intake and nutrient digestibility in terms of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber than those in control group (p<0.05). Ammonia nitrogen ($NH_3-N$) and blood urea-nitrogen concentration were higher in monensin, GPP and MPP supplemented groups (p<0.05). Total volatile fatty acids and propionate in the GPP group were higher than those in the control group (p<0.05) while acetate concentration, and acetate to propionate ratio were decreased (p<0.01) when steers were supplemented with GPP, monensin, and MPP, respectively. Moreover, protozoal populations in GPP, MPP, and monensin supplementation were significantly lower than those in the control group (p<0.05), while cellulolytic bacterial population was significantly higher in the control group (p<0.05). Nitrogen retention, microbial crude protein and efficiency of microbial nitrogen synthesis were found significantly higher in steers that received GPP (p<0.05). Based on this study it could be concluded that the GPP has potential as an alternative feed supplement in concentrate diets which can result in improved rumen fermentation efficiency, digestibility and microbial protein synthesis in steers fed on treated rice straw.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2015

The objective of present research is to evaluate the effect of breed and sex on flavor-related compounds of duck meat in Korea. Breast meat of each different breed [Korean native duck (KND) and commercial duck, Cherry Valley (CD)] and sex (male and female) were analyzed for chemical composition, nucleotide, fatty acid composition, and free amino acid. In comparison within the different breed and sex, CD and female duck were higher in moisture composition compared to KND and male duck. The meat from female duck had higher inosine monophosphate (IMP) contents while the meat from KND had higher inosine contents (P<0.05). Mostly, male duck had higher contents of free amino acid, including alanine, aspartic acid, glycine, histidine, leucine, serine, valine, glutamic acid and cysteine (P<0.05), even though no significance in the sum of taste-related free amino acid was observed with respect to breed and sex. From the results, it was found that breed has no significant impact while sex has influenced the flavor-related compounds, especially, IMP and most of the free amino acids. In order to get breed-specific advantages, KND should be developed based on flavor aspect and further studies using KND with known genetic confirmation should be conducted for the extrinsic and intrinsic flavor influencing factors.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.421-426
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• 2015

Arthrospira platensis (A. platensis) has been used in various fields including dietary supplements as it contains a high protein content and large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids. In addition, it has some pigments such as phycocyanin, myxoxanthophyll and zeaxanthin and thus has been used as a food additive and antioxidant substance. Nano-bubble hydrogen is to dissolve more than the saturation solubility in water by injecting the hydrogen gas in the nano-bubble hydrogen water. The nano-bubbles are known to possess higher antioxidant properties in addition to anticancer effects. In this paper, Arthrospira platensis was cultured in both a normal medium with distilled water and nano-bubble hydrogen water medium and their properties were compared. The cell growth and the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid in the nano-bubble hydrogen water was 15% higher than that of the control. The level of phycocyanin in nano-bubble hydrogen water was also 7% higher than that of the control. However, there were little differences in the lipid content between the nano-bubble and control. To determine the content of the antioxidants, the level of flavonoid and polyphenol were measured. The level of flavonoid in nano-bubble hydrogen water was found to be more than 70% increased when comparing to that of the control, while the level of polyphenol was similar to each other.