• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.353-358
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• 2003

Volatile compounds of porcine liver were collected by simultaneous steam distillation and extraction and steam distillation under reduced pressure. Volatiles were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and GC-mass spectrometry. Key aroma compounds of off-flavor in porcine liver were characterized using GC-olfactometry technique. Concentrates of cooked porcine liver had odor of a typical liver, fishy, and metallic off-flavor. Aroma concentrates showed over 90 peaks, of which 69 compounds were positively and/or tentatively identified. 1-Octen-3-one, 1-hexanol, (E)-2-nonenal, (Z)-4-decenal, (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal and (E,E)-2,4-decadienal were newly identified in this study. These compounds seem to be produced from unsaturated fatty acids of porcine liver by oxidation. 1-Octen-3-one (metallic), 1-hexanol (metallic) and (E,E)-2,4-heptadienal(fishy) have been implicated in fishy and metallic off-flavor in cooked porcine liver.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.37-40
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• 1984

A simple and low cost autogenous-type extruder with a capacity of about 400kg/hr for rice bran-oil stabilization was developed. Specific energy consumption of the extruder was 0.060-0.070 KWH/kg of rice bran during extrusion. Rice bran was easily extruded to form flakes or pellets with an increase of bulk density. And also the desired extrusion temperature of $95^{\circ}C{\;}to{\;}150^{\circ}C$ could be easily obtained without any water addition when the rice bran was properly parametered with feed rate. The moisture content of bran was reduced and peroxidase was significantly inactivated after extrusion. The rice bran stabilized by the extrusion process was excellent in storage stability without considerable increase in free fatty acids.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.528-532
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• 1987

Lipids of kidney bean were extracted by the mixture of chloroform-methanol-water (1:2:0.8 v/v), fractionated into neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids by silicic acid column chromatography, and the composition of these lipid classes were determined by TLC and GLC. The lipid content of kidney bean was 1.9%, and the lipid was consisted of 48.3% neutral lipids. 7.5% glycolipids and 44.2% phospholipids. Triglyceride was the major component of neutral lipids (64.6%). The major glycolipid and phosphlolipid were esterified steryl glycoside (38.3%) and phosphatidyl choline (32.9%). The major fatty acids of kidney bean lipid were linolenic, linoleic, palmitic and oleic acid. Linolenic acid contents were very high to be 37.1% in total lipid and 50.5% in neutral lipid.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.373-377
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• 1990

Volatile components of whole sardine sauce which was prepared with $7\%$ of complex enzyme-2000($2.18{\cdot}10^4\;U/g solid$), mixed with $6\%$ of invert sugar and heated at $90^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours were compared with those of without invert sugar. Thirty seven kinds were identified from the whole volatile components of hydrolysate heated without invert sugar and fourty three kinds were identified from the hydrolysate heated with $6\%$ of invert sugar. Amines were not detected from the whole volatile components of the chopped whole sardine hydrolysate. Considerable amount of 2,3-dihydrobenzofuran and 2-acetylpyrrole, a little amount of 2,5-hydrofuran, 2-ethylbutanol, 2-pyrone, 2-acetylfuran, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2-acetylpyrazine, 5-methyl-2-furfural, furfuryl acetate, butylpyrrole and 2-methyl-3-hydroxypyrone were detected in the hydrolysate thermally treated with $6\%$ of invert sugar while these were not found in the hydrolysate heated without invert sugar. But the amount of 2-methyt-1-propa-not, hexane, butyl acetate and butyl alcohol were decreased, and acetic acid and butanoic acid were detected as volatile fatty acids.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.41-51
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• 1996

Phaseolus aureus (mung bean), Leguminosae, has been used as an antidote from the ancient time. Especially, it has been widely used for cleaning face and skin in oriental countries. Although several constituents such as fatty acids, phytoallexin and phaseol derivatives were reported in P. aureus and related species including seedlings, there has been a few report to describe its biological activity. Therefore, in this investigation, the ethanol extract from P. aureus was obtained and its biological activities including the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities were studied. The 70% ethanol extract from P. aureus showed dose-dependent antioxidative activity (52.3% inhibition at 4 mg/ml) against lipid peroxidation assay, while the extract did not show the inhibitory activity of superoxide radical formation. The extract also showed the topical anti-inflammatory activity against croton-oil and arachidonic acid induced mouse ear edema test (18-19% inhibition at 7.5 mg/ear) as well as mild inhibitory activity against picryl chloride induced delayed hypersensitivity in mouse. For investigating active principles, vitexin and isovitexin (apigenin C-glycoside) as flavonoids, and adenosine were isolated from the extract using silica gel chromatography. The actual contents of vitexin and isovitexin were found to be 3.7 and 2.4 mg/g extract, respectively. Vitexin and isovitexin showed the antioxidative activity. They showed the topical anti-inflammatory activity, although the activities were not potent compared to the reference compounds. These results suggested that vitexin and isovitexin may be, at least in part, the compounds contributing the antioxidative activity in vitro and the topical anti-inflammatory activity of P. aureus in vivo. All results of present study might be one of the scientific rationale in using mung bean for skin care from the ancient time.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.144-149
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• 2001

N-acetylsphingosine (C2-ceramide) is a synthetic water-soluble ceramide mimicking the activity of natural ceramides. By fixing chiral conformation on carbon numbers 2 and 3 in the ceramide structure, four chiral C2-ceramides naming d-erythro-, I-erythro-, d-threo-and 1-three C2-ceramide were synthesized. We have investigated the chiral effects of these C2-ceramides on the sphingolipid metabolism, particularly on both the sphingolipid bio- synthetic pathway and on the degradation pathway. In both HL-60 and U937 cells, the chiral C2-ceramide ($10{\mu}\textrm{m}$) showed sphingosine accumulation monitored fluoromatrically by a high performance liquid chromatographic separation of the sphingoid bases. Most importantly, in HL-60 cells, l-erythro C2-ceramide induced a 50 fold increase in sphingosine as compared to the control, while l-threo C2-ceramide exhibited a minimal 7-fold in-crease. In contrast, sphinganine, another sphingoid base, showed less accumulation by any chiral C2-ceramide tested under the same conditions. These results suggested that chiral C2-ceramide primarilyacts on the sphingolipid degradation pathway rather than on the sphingolipid biosynthetic route. The strong $C_0/G_1$ phase arrest in the cell cycle by treatment of I-erythro C2-ceramide indicates that the blockade of the sphingolipid degradation pathway might be concomitantly involved in the dysfunction of the cell cycle. On the other hand, the fact that all chiral C2-ceramides tested failed to inhibit the activity of sphingosine kinase acting on the removal of sphingosine by producing sphingosine-1 -phosphate demonstrates that chiral C2- ceramides may increase sphingosine by activating various ceramidases by which natural ceramides are divided into sphingosine and free fatty acids. However, the precise steps involved in this interaction are still unknown.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.204-210
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• 2018

Medium chain triglycerides (MCTs) provide polka dot grouper Chromileptes altevelis with a more readily utilizable source of energy than long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and significantly elevate the plasma cholesterol level of chickens. As a possible alternative to feed antibiotics, this study investigated the effect of different phase levels of medium chain triglycerides on the growth performance, excreta microflora and blood profiles in broilers. A total of 450 ROSS 308 mixed-sex broilers with an average initial body weight of $49{\pm}0.79g$ (1 day of age) were used in this trial. They were randomly assigned to the following 3 treatments (15 birds / 10 replications): CON (Basal diet); MCT1 (Starter, Grower, Finisher: Basal diet + 0.1%, 0.075%, 0.05% of MCT) and MCT2 (Starter, Grower, Finisher: Basal diet + 0.1%, 0.1%, 0.1% of MCT). The results show that supplementing the diets with different phase levels of MCT did not have a significant impact on the body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the overall experimental period. Additionally, there were no differences in the blood profiles and excreta microflora among the treatments. However, this study found that the BWG was increased by 2.3%, and the FCR was decreased by 0.6% in the broiler fed MCT1 treatment group during overall experiment phase. Therefore, the results suggest that MCTs could be used as an alternative to growth promoting feed additives. Moreover, further research should be done to evaluate the effect of the different levels of MCTs.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.290-299
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine the association between dietary calcium intake and biomarkers related to lipid and glucose metabolism and inflammation in Korean patients with type 2 diabetes. Seventy-five subjects (41 males, 34 females) were recruited from a group of patients who had visited the department of endocrine medicine. Data on anthropometric characteristics, clinical indices such as hemoglobin A1c and C-reactive protein (CRP), and dietary nutrient intakes were collected. Subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of their calcium intake [< EAR (below estimated average requirement), EAR-RNI (between EAR and recommended nutrient intake), > RNI (above RNI)]. Average calcium intake of < EAR, EAR-RNI, > RNI groups were $462.7{\pm}18.7$, $649.7{\pm}12.8$, and $895.7{\pm}21.7mg$, respectively. Energy intake was not different among groups but intakes of protein, total and saturated fatty acids were significantly higher in > RNI group than < EAR group. Analysis of covariance revealed that HDL cholesterol level was significantly higher in EAR-RNI group, as compared to < EAR group after adjustment with confounders such as age, sex, BMI and energy intake (p < 0.05). Levels of CRP and homeostasis model assessment 2-insulin resistance (HOMA2-IR) were significantly lower in EAR-RNI group. Total cholesterol level was higher in EAR-RNI and > RNI groups, although within the normal range. Our results suggest that dietary calcium intake may influence the levels of HDL-cholesterol, CRP and HOMA2-IR and subsequently, help management/treatment of type 2 diabetes patients.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.280-286
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• 2014

This study investigated the effects of cooking methods on the digestibility of lipids and formation of cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) in pork, during in vitro human digestion. Pork patties were cooked using four different methods (oven cooking, pan frying, boiling, and microwaving), to an internal temperature of approximately $85^{\circ}C$. The digestibility of pork patties were then evaluated, using the in vitro human digestion model that simulated the composition (pH, minerals, surfaceactive components, and enzymes) of digestive juices in the human mouth, stomach, and small intestine. The total lipid digestibility was higher after microwave cooking, whereas pan-frying resulted in lower in vitro digestibility, compared to the other cooking methods. The microwaving method followed by in vitro digestion also showed significantly higher content of free fatty acids and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), compared to the other cooking methods; whereas, the pan frying and boiling methods showed the lowest. Cholesterol content was not significantly different among the cooked samples before, and after in vitro human digestion. The formation of COPs was significantly higher in the microwave-treated pork samples, compared to those cooked by the other methods, which was consistent with the trend for lipid peroxidation (TBARS). We propose that from the point of view of COPs formation and lipid oxidation, the pan-frying or boiling methods would be useful.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.321-329
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• 2006

Albuterol, a selective ${\beta}_2$-adrenergic receptor stimulant, has been introduced as a potent bronchodilator for patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive bronchial disease, chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema. The percutaneous permeation of albuterol sulfate was investigated in hairless mouse skin in vitro with and without pretreatment with enhancers. The enhancing effects of ethanol and various penetration enhancers such as terpenes, non-ionic surfactants, pyrrolidones, and fatty acids on the permeation of albuterol sulfate were evaluated using Franz diffusion cells. Among terpenes studied, 1,8-cineole was the most effective enhancer, which increased the permeability of albuterol sulfate approximately 33-fold compared with the control without enhancer pretrement, followed by d-limonene with enhancement ratio of 21.79. 2-Pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid increased the permeability of albuterol sulfate approximately 5.5-fold compared with the control. Other pyrrolidones tested showed only slight permeability enhancing effect with enhancement ratio less than 2.8. Nonionic surfactants showed moderate enhancing effects. Lauric acid increased the permeability of albuterol sulfate approximately 30-fold with decreasing the lag time from 2.85 to 0.64 hr. Oleic acid and linoleic acid showed enhancement ratio of 24.55 and 22.91, respectively. These findings would allow a more rational approach for designing formulations for the transdermal delivery of albuterol sulfate and similar drugs.