• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.169-173
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• 1999

Studies were made to evaluate the specific and combined effects of different fatty acids on the in vitro development of 8-cell rat embryo in culture media with and without carbohydrate substrate. Palmitic, oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids were added singly and in combination to media which contained fatty acid-free BSA. Cell numbers in blastocysts cultured in the media were counted and compared with cell numbers in blastocysts at the corresponding stage collected from the uterus. Oleic, linoleic and arachidonic acids promoted the rat embryo development from 8-cell to the blastocysts. especially in the absence of carbohydrate substrates. Among these three, oleic acid was the most effective but embryo development was not accelerated by the addition of palmitic acid in either the presence or the absence of carbohydrate substrates. Addition of the mixture of four fatty acids was more effective for rat embryo development than single treatment with any of fatty acids tested. Cell numbers per blastocyst in the presence and absence of carbohydrate substrate were similar, and did not differ from those for blastocysts obtained from the uterus.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제19권10호
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• pp.1247-1256
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• 2010

Since biodiesel as bioenergy is defined as ester compounds formed by esterification of animal/vegetable oils, in this study three vegetable cooking oils (market, waste and refined waste ones) were esterified by reactions of alkali catalyst and immobilized enzyme. The fatty acid composition of the formed ester compounds was analyzed to investigate the feasibility of biodiesel production. By lipolysis (i.e, hydrolysis of Triglyceride (TG)), all three vegetable oils used in this study were found to produce Diglyceride (DG), Monoglyceride (MD) and Fatty acid ethylester (FAEE). However, the amount of produced FAEE (which can be used as an energy source) was in the increasing order of market cooking oil, waste one and refined waste one. With NaOH catalyst, FAEE was produced about 24.92, 17.63 and 11.31 % for the respective oils while adding Lipozyme TL produced FAEE about 43.54, 38.16 and 24.47 %, respectively. This indicates that enzyme catalyst is more effective than alkali one for transesterification. In addition, it was found that the composition of fatty acids produced by hydrolysis of TG was unchanged with alkali and immobilized enzyme reactions. Thus it can be expected that stable conditions remain in the course of mixing with gasoline whose composition is similar to that of the fatty acids.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.170-180
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• 1995

A carotennnoprotein from the skin of Ascidian(Halocynthia roretzi) was extracted by Triton X-100 and purified by ammonium sulfate fraction, SephadexG-200 charomatography and DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography. The carotenoprotein was redwith broad $\lambda$$_{max}$ between 495, 467 and 318nm. The red carotenoprotein had an approximate molecular weight of 326KDa(gel filtration). SDS-PAGE indicated the presence of two polypeptodes of 84.1KDa and 74.4KDa, with different mobility in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the presence of denaturing agents such as organic solvent aand extreme pH, the red complex readily disociates to liberate the yellow carotenoid($\lambda$$_{max}$ 452nm) and a colourless apoprotein. The amino acid composition of carotenoprotein were mainly threonine(15.2%), aspartic acid(12.2%), glutamic acid(11.9%) and serine(9.6%), while proline was not found. The carotenoprotein consisted of lipids as structure units. Its major fatty acids composion were C$_{18:1}$, C$_{16:1}$, and C$_{16:0}$. The monounsaturated fatty acids(41.5%) contained abundant content compared to other fatty aacids(polyunsaturated fatty acids 37.4%, saturated fatty acids 20.6%).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권8호
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• pp.849-860
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• 1996

The supply of different fatty acids during the development period has significant effects. This study examined the effects of dietary $\omega$3 and $\omega$6 fatty acid compositions on phospholipids (PLs) of RBC and rat brain subcellular fractions (synaptosome, microsome, mitochondria), and on learning ability of the 2nd generation rat. Rats were fed experimental diets 3-4 wks prior to the conception. Early in the lactation period, the feeding mothers were exchanged. Diets consisted of 10% fat(by weight), which was either safflower oil('S') poor in $\omega$3 fatty acids or computer-searched mixed oil('M') with P/M/S ratio, 1/1.4/1 and $\omega$6/$\omega$3 ratio, 6.1/1. The 'S' and 'M' rats were subdivided further into SS, SM, MS & MM rats according to their lactation stauts. At 3 (weaning) & 9 wks of age, the percentage of total $\omega$3 fatty acids to their lactation status. At 3 (weaning) & 9 wks of age, the percentage of total $\omega$3 fatty acids and the ratios of $\omega$3/$\omega$6 fatty acids in PLs of RBC and brain subcellular fractions in SM and MM groups fed milk from the mixed oil-fed mothers for 2 wks tended to be higher than those in SS and MS groups respectively. In contrast, the concentrations of $\omega$6 fatty acids, especially 22:5$\omega$6 in all fractions, were significantly lower in the SM & MM groups compared to those of the SS & MS groups respectively. In contrast, the concentration of $\omega$6 fatty acids, especially 22:5$\omega$6 in all fractions, were significantly lower in the SM & MM groups compared to those of the SS & MS groups, The values for the DHA$\omega$3/22:5$\omega$6 ratios after the lactation period were markedly higher in the groups (SM & MM) which were reared by mixed oil(MO) fed mothers. In carring out Y-water maze at 9th wk of age, the SM(4.2$\pm$0.5) & MM (5.3$\pm$0.5) groups made significantly less errors compared to the SS(6.2$\pm$0.6, p<0.05 compared with SM) & MM (7.2$\pm$0.5, p<0.05 compared with MM) groups which were lactated by the safflower oilfed mothers. Therefore, by feeding a balanced fatty acid diet from the lactation period up to 9 wks of age as compared with the groups fed $\omega$3 fatty acid-deficient diet regardless of mother's diet given before parturition. The levels of DHA(synaptosome) and 22:5$\omega$3 (mitochondria) were positively correlated not only with these values in RBC but also with visual discriminating ability. The levels of DHA and 22:5$\omega$3 in RBC can, therfore, reflect visual discriminatng ability in the rat.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.335-341
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• 2003

본 실험에서는 대표적인 전통콩 6품종(청태, 서리태, 진주리, 수박태, 유태, 흑태)과 미국산 수입콩 1품종 등 7품종을 시료로 사용하여 종실의 물리화학적인 특성과 기능성 성분을 조사하였다. 콩의 백립중은 유태가 극소립중이었고, 흑태가 대립중이었다. 품종간에 종실과 껍질을 제거한 콩의 색도도 차이를 보였다. 단백질 함량은 전통콩이 모두 40%을 넘는 함량을 나타냈고, 그중 진주리가 높은 함량을 보였으며 수입콩이 38.7%로 낮은 함량을 보였다. 조지방함량은 전통 콩중 진주리가 가장 낮고, 수입콩이 다른 품종에 비해 지방함량이 높게 나타났다. 총 지방질의 지방산중 linoleic acid가 가장 많았고, oleic acid, palmitic acid 순이고 불포화 지방산이 80% 이상을 차지하였다. 불포화지방산의 비율은 서리태가 85.2%로서 가장 높은 비율을 차지하였고, 포화지방산의 경우 수입콩이 16.5%로 다른 품종에 비해 높은 결과를 나타내었다. 진주리콩은 단일불포화지방산인 oleic acid의 함량이 높고 다중불포화 지방산인 linoleic acid와 linolenic acid의 함량이 낮았다. 콩의 필수 아미노산인 lysine 함량은 48.2-56.5 mg/g-protein이었다. 콩에 가장 적게 함유되어 있는 것으로 알져진 methionine, cysteine, histidine 등은 전통콩에서도 매우 적게 함유 되어있다. Methionine의 비율이 다른 아미노산에 비해 품종에 따른 차이가 가장 크게 나타났다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.441-449
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• 2010

본 연구는 지역경쟁력을 갖춘 대두의 생산 및 이를 이용한 가공제품의 차별성을 살펴보기 위해 경기도 파주, 경상북도 안동, 전라북도 무주, 경상남도 하동에서 재배되어 2009년 6월 15일에 파종한 대원콩, 대풍콩, 선유콩, 청자 2호와 이들로 만든 두부의 특성을 평가하였다. 일반성분에서는 대두의 산지별 특성이 두부의 일반성분에 영향을 미친 것으로 사료되었다. 대두의 isoflavone 함량은 모든 품종에서 안동지역의 함량이 다른 지역에 비해 유의적으로 많았고, 하동지역은 낮았다. 두부의 isoflavone 함량에서도 이와 같은 경향이 관찰되었다. 대두의 지방산 조성은 하동지역이 다른 지역보다 oleic acid의 조성이 높았으며, linolenic acid와 linoleic acid의 조성이 유의적으로 낮았다. 이는 두부의 지방산 조성에서도 비슷하게 나타났다. 이를 통해 산지별로 재배된 대두의 이화학적 특성이 산지에 따라 유의적인 차이가 있었고 이로 만든 두부에서도 유사한 것을 알 수 있었다. 즉 콩에서 두부로 제조될 때 산지별 대두의 특성이 최종 가공물에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단되었다. 따라서 콩 가공제품을 제조할 때 산지별로 재배된 원료 콩의 이화학적 특성 차이를 고려한다면 보다 용도별 적합성이 뛰어나고 우수한 콩 가공제품의 제조와 가공적성평가 항목의 설정에 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.202-208
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• 2023

FT-IR, GC/MS, and ATR-FT-IR analyses were performed to confirm the physicochemical characteristics of saw palmetto fruit (SPF) extract. FT-IR analysis of the standard product showed that the band corresponding to the carbonyl bond of free fatty acid was stronger than the band of acyl-glyceride. Sample E was identified as having the same trend as the standard sample. Fatty acid composition analysis revealed that the main fatty acids in the standard sample were lauric acid and oleic acid. The content of lauric acid ranged from approximately 30% to 38% in samples B, C, D, and E, while the content of oleic acid ranged from approximately 29% to 34%. The GC/MS analysis confirmed that the standard SPF extract consisted of fatty acids and fatty acid ethyl esters. Sample E demonstrated a similar pattern to the standard samples in terms of oleic acid, lauric acid, and fatty acid esters. ATR-FT-IR analysis indicated that only sample E was predicted to contain 100% saw palmetto extract. Therefore, these study findings can be considered fundamental data for analyzing the physicochemical characteristics of the composition of SPF extract.

• ALGAE
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.101-109
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• 2013

Some Chlorella species grow heterotrophically with organic substrate in dark condition. However, heterotrophic Chlorella species are limited and their optimum culture conditions are not fully known. In this study, three heterotrophic Chlorella species, two strains (C4-3 and C4-4) of C. vulgaris and one Chlorella sp. (C4-8) were examined on optimum culture conditions such as carbon source, temperature, and concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in Jaworski's medium (JM). And the growth and fatty acid composition of Chlorella were analyzed. For three heterotrophic Chlorella species, glucose (1-2%) as a carbon source only increased the growth and the range of optimum culture temperature was $26-28^{\circ}C$. Doubled concentrations of the nitrogen or phosphorus in JM medium also improved the growth of Chlorella. Chlorella cultured heterotrophically showed significantly higher growth rate and bigger cell size than those autotrophically did. C. vulgaris (C4-3) cultured heterotrophically showed the highest biomass in dry weight ($0.8g\;L^{-1}$) among three species. With respect to fatty acid composition, the contents of C16:0 and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) were significantly higher in autotrophic Chlorella than in heterotrophic one and those of total lipid were not different between different concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in JM medium. Among three Chlorella species in this study, C. vulgaris (C4-3) appeared to be the most ideal heterotrophic Chlorella species for industrial application since it had a high biomass and lipid content.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.409-414
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• 2009

In this study, the quality of chicken breasts from organically reared chickens was compared with that of chicken breasts from conventionally reared chickens. Broilers were raised in an indoor pen with conventional and organic production system, respectively. The diet formulation for the organically reared chickens and the production density were in accordance with the guidelines for organic chicken products. Twenty birds from each group were slaughtered and their breasts were obtained for analysis. The organic chicken breasts had a higher cooking loss, and waterholding capacity, and a lower shear force (p<0.05) compared to the conventional chicken breasts. The organic chicken breasts also showed higher $a^{\ast}$ and $b^{\ast}$ values and myoglobin contents compared with the conventional chicken breasts (p<0.05). In the fatty-acid analysis, the organic chicken breasts resulted in higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and unsaturated fatty acid contents, and a higher PUFA-saturated fatty acid ratio.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.111-118
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• 2016

The effects of pulp beating degree and bulky promotor concentration on the properties of handsheet including a bulk and strength have been investigated during manufacturing of low density paper (high bulk paper) with cationic fatty acid bulky promotor. It was found that paper bulk increased with increasing cationic fatty acid bulky agent concentration, while tensile strength decreased. On the other hand the opacity of handseets also increased with increasing cationic fatty acid bulky agent concentration, while brightness decreased slightly. With increasing pulp beating degree, paper bulk as well as tensile strength increased, while opacity decreased. Brightness did not show a significant difference with increasing pulp beating degree. The highest bulk and strength values were observed when 1.5% (SwBKP) and 2% (HwBKP) of bulky promotor was treated into the 450 mL CSF pulp slurry.