• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.628-636
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• 1999

There is a marked increase in geriatric disease, especially liver disease, due to the continuous increase in alcohol and fat consumption. Since the fatty liver, induced by alcohol or fat, is basically from abnormalities in the lipid metabolism, it is possible that fatty acid binding protein(FABP) which is related to the fatty acid metabolism may also be abnormal in these livers. FABP is a small molecular weight protein family present in cytosol in high concentration. It has been proposed as a fatty acid transfer protein and as a binding protein responsible for controlling intracellular free fatty acid concentration. In this research, we have examined the relationship between liver FABP and fatty liver induced by alcohol or high cholesterol diet. Rats were fed one of either semipurified liquid diets; control diet containing 65% carbohydrate, 20% protein, and 15% fat or high cholesterol diet containing 1%(w/w) cholesterol or alcohol diet containing 37% of alcohol instead of carbohydrate. After 5 weeks of feeding period, all rats received commercial chow diet for 5 weeks to examine recovery effect. Liver and blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 3, 5 and 10 weeks to analyze lipid compositions. FABP was purified from liver cytosol and injected to rabbit to obtain antiserum. Liver FABP amount was determined by SDS-PAGE and western blotting methods. Fatty acid binding capacity was determined by binding of 14Cpalmitate with the delipidated liver cytosol. Consumption of alcohol increased serum cholesterol, triglyceride concentration and decreased HDL-cholesterol concentration after 5 weeks. Serum apolipoprotein B concentration increased after 3 weeks and LDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A concentration changed after 1 week. Liver cholesterol and triglyceride concentration increased after 3 weeks. Consumption of high cholesterol diet changed liver and serum lipid composition after 3 weeks. Swiching to normal diet for 5 weeks did not normalize most of lipid composition in serum and liver except serum and liver except serum cholesterol, triglyceride and liver cholesterol. Liver cytosol FABP content and the fatty acid binding capacity decreased dramatically after 1 week with alcohol consumption. This results indicate that FABP content changes before the changes before the changes of blood or liver lipid composition, suggesting changes of FABP may cause development of the fatty liver induced by alcohol and can be used as an index of detecting a early development of fatty liver.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2015

${\varepsilon}$-Polylysine (EPL) is used as a natural preservative in food. However, few studies have been conducted to assess the beneficial functions of dietary EPL. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism underlying the inhibition of neutral and acidic sterol absorption and hepatic enzyme activity-related fatty acid biosynthesis following EPL intake. EPL digest prepared using an in vitro digestion model had lower lipase activity and micellar lipid solubility and higher bile acid binding capacity than casein digest. Male Wistar rats were fed an AIN-93G diet containing 1% (wt/wt) EPL or L-lysine. After 4 weeks of feeding these diets, the marked decrease in serum and liver triacylglycerol contents by the EPL diet was partly attributed to increased fecal fatty acid excretion. The activities of hepatic acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which are key enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis, were enhanced in rats fed EPL diet. The increased fatty acid biosynthesis activity due to dietary EPL may be prevented by the enhancement of fecal fatty acid excretion. The hypocholesterolemic effect of EPL was mediated by increased fecal neutral and acidic sterol excretions due to the EPL digest suppressing micellar lipid solubility and high bile acid binding capacity. These results show that dietary EPL has beneficial effects that could help prevent lifestyle-related diseases such as hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.

• 대한화장품학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한화장품학회 2003년도 IFSCC Conference Proceeding Book I
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• pp.440-447
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• 2003

Up until today, the key to contouring has been resumed in these two alternatives, either limiting the adipocyte storing capacity by modulating lipogenesis, or by stimulating lipolysis to eliminate adipocyte lipid content. Another interesting way could be the regulation of adipocyte differentiation. In this work, we have evaluated the effect of a brown algal extract of Sphacelaria scoparia (SSE) on the differentiation of pre-adipocytes into adipocytes. A pre-adipocyte line (3T3-L 1) was used. The differentiation was evaluated by the measure of produced lipids thanks to red oil coloration and spectrophotometry, and also by the expression of adipocyte differentiation markers: enzymes such as fatty acid synthase (FAS) and stearoyl CoA desaturase (SCD), or membrane proteins such as glucose transporters (GLUT -4) and fatty acid transporters (FAT) expressed on the surface of human adipocytes. These genes are under control of two transcription factors: CAAT-enhancer binding protein (c/EBP alpha) and sterol response element binding protein (SREBP1). All these markers were analysed at different stages of differentiation by RT -PCR. Sphacelaria extract (SSE) inhibits pre-adipocytes differentiating into adipocytes following a dose-dependant relation, using a kinetics similar to retinoic acid. It decreases the expression of mRNA specific to FAS, FAT, GLUT -4, SCD1, c/EBP alpha and SREBP1. Moreover, SSE regulated on collagen 1 and collagen 4 expression. A stimulation of collagen 1 was also measured in human skin fibroblasts. Thus, SSE performs as a genuine differentiation inhibitor and not only as a lipogenesis inhibitor, and could be used in slimming products.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.1210-1220
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• 2021

Objective: Unlike mammals, goose fatty liver shows a strong tolerance to fatty acids without obvious injury. Stearyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) serves crucial role in desaturation of saturated fatty acids (SAFs), but its role in the SAFs tolerance of goose hepatocytes has not been reported. This study was conducted to explore the role of SCD1 in regulating palmitic acid (PA) tolerance of goose primary hepatocytes. Methods: 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide was examined to reflect the effect of PA on hepatocytes viability, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA levels of several genes related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation, and apoptosis, and the role of SCD1 in PA tolerance of goose hepatocytes was explored using RNA interfere. Results: Our results indicated that goose hepatocytes exhibited a higher tolerant capacity to PA than human hepatic cell line (LO2 cells). In goose primary hepatocytes, the mRNA levels of fatty acid desaturation-related genes (SCD1 and fatty acid desaturase 2) and fatty acid elongate enzyme-related gene (elongase of very long chain fatty acids 6) were significantly upregulated with 0.6 mM PA treatment. However, in LO2 cells, expression of ER stress-related genes (x box-binding protein, binding immunoglobulin protein, and activating transcription factor 6), inflammatory response-related genes (interleukin-6 [IL-6], interleukin-1β [IL-1β], and interferon-γ) and apoptosis-related genes (bcl-2-associated X protein, b-cell lymphoma 2, Caspase-3, and Caspase-9) was significantly enhanced with 0.6 mM PA treatment. Additionally, small interfering RNA (siRNA) mediated downregulation of SCD1 significantly reduced the PA tolerance of goose primary hepatocytes under the treatment of 0.6 mM PA; meanwhile, the mRNA levels of inflammatory-related genes (IL-6 and IL-1β) and several key genes involved in the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), forkhead box O1 (FoxO1), mammalian target of rapamycin and AMPK pathways (AKT1, AKT2, FoxO1, and sirtuin 1), as well as the protein expression of cytochrome C and the apoptosis rate were upregulated. Conclusion: In conclusion, our data suggested that SCD1 was involved in enhancing the PA tolerance of goose primary hepatocytes by regulating inflammation- and apoptosis-related genes expression.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.269-275
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• 1989

현율무, 율무쌀, 율무겨 그리고 현염주를 시료로 하여 일반성분, 총 식이섬유 함량, acid detergent fiber 함량, lignin 함량, 수분 결합력, 아미노산 조성 및 중성지질 조성 등을 살펴보았다. 그 결과, 율무쌀의 총 식이섬유량은 2.70% 였고, 현율무는 3.86% 였으며 현염주는 4.33% 그리고 율무겨는 13.12%였다. Acid detergent fiber 양은 율무쌀이 1.81%로 가장 낮았고 현율무, 현염주는 각각 3.45%, 3.26%로 비슷한 값이었다. 율무겨에서 추출한 총 식이섬유와 acid detergent fiber 의 수분 결합력을 측정하여 비교한 바 총 식이섬유의 수분 결합력은 $2.63{\pm}0.02g\;H_2O/g\;TDF$로 매우 낮았고, acid detergent fiber의 수분 결합력은 $5.89{\pm}0.152g\;H_2O/g\;ADF$였다. 율무쌀, 현율무, 현염주 그리고 율무겨의 아미노산 조성은 glutamic acid 함량이 가장 높았고 다음이 leucine 이었으며, 율무쌀의 경우 leucine 의 chemical score는 189로 매우 높았으며 반면에 lysine의 chemical score는 22-32 사이로 매우 낮아 율무, 염주의 제한 아미노산이 되었다. 지질성분은 중성지질이 80.89%-96.55% 범위로 대부분을 차지했고, 당지질이 2.35%-7.48% 사이로 현염주의 당지질 함량이 가장 낮았다. 인지질은 함량이 매우 낮아서 1.10%-2.12% 범위였다. 각 지질 성분의 지방산 조성은 palmitic acid, oleic acid 그리고 linoleic acid 였으며 현염주를 제외하고는 조성상에 크게 차이가 나지 않았다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.376-388
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• 2024

Purpose: Adipocyte dysfunction has been reported in diabetes, and stimulating thermogenesis and suppressing senescence in adipocytes potentially alleviates metabolic dysregulation. This study aimed to investigate thermogenesis and cellular senescence in diabetic adipocytes under basal conditions and in response to stimuli. Methods: White and brown primary adipocytes derived from control (CON) and db/db (DB) mice were treated with β-agonists, such as norepinephrine (NE) and CL316,243, and 18-carbon fatty acids, including stearic acid, oleic acid (OLA), linoleic acid (LNA), and α-linolenic acid, and the expression of the genes related to thermogenesis and cellular senescence was measured. Results: Although no difference in the thermogenic and cellular senescence gene expression in white adipose tissue (WAT) was noted between the CON and DB mice, brown adipose tissue (BAT) from the DB mice exhibited lower uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1) expression and higher cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (Cdkn)1a and Cdkn2a expression levels compared to that from the CON mice. Stromal vascular cells isolated from the BAT of the DB mice displayed higher peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (Pparg), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (Cebpa), Cdkn1a, and Cdkn2a expression levels. White adipocytes from the DB mice exhibited lower Ucp1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1 alpha (Pgc1a), and PR domain containing 16 (Prdm16) expression levels regardless of β-agonist treatment. NE upregulated Pgc1a in both white and brown adipocytes from the CON mice, but not in those from the DB mice. Although none of the fatty acids were observed to downregulate the cellular senescence genes in fully differentiated adipocytes, the OLA-treated brown adipocytes derived from DB mice exhibited lower Cdkn1a and Cdkn2b expression levels than the LNA-treated cells. Conclusion: These results indicate that the lower thermogenic capacity of diabetic adipocytes may be related to their cellular senescence, and different fatty acids potentially exert divergent effects on the expression of cellular senescence genes.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.100-104
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• 2007

피복물질과 오징어 간유의 혼합 비율에 따른 미세캡슐화 특성을 알아보았다. 유화액의 점도와 안정성은 피복물질의 함량이 높을수록 증가하는 경향을 나타내었고, 미세캡슐화 효율은 43.86$\sim$29.49%로 7:3>4:6>3:7>5:5>6:4의 순으로 나타났으나 7:3의 경우 분말내 oil 함량이 낮아 적절하지 않을 것으로 판단된다. 수분결합지수는 피복물질 함량이 낮을수록 낮은 수분결합력을 보였으며, 입자의 크기는 모두 10 ${\mu}m$ 이하로 나타났다. 지방산 조성은 모든 실험구에서 다가불포화지방산의 함량이 50% 이상이었으며, 또한 다가불포화지방산에 대한 포화지방산의 비율은 모든 혼합비가 2.10 이상으로 높게 나타났다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.12-16
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• 2002

흑미를 이용한 식품개발의 기초자료로 활용하고자 본 연구에서는 찹쌀계통의 흑미와 일반찰벼에 대하여 쌀가루의 물리화학적 및 이화학적 성질들을 비교하였다. 일반성분 중 조단백질은 찰흑미가 9.01%, 일반찰벼는 7.54%였으며, 무기 성분들은 전반적으로 찰흑미가 다소 높은 값을 보였는데 그 중 Mg, K, Na, P 등을 가장 많이 함유하고 있었다. 아미노산 조성은 두 품종 모두 glutamic acid, aspartic acid, arginine을 가장 많이 함유하고 있었으며 품종간에는 찰흑미가 조금 많았다. 지방산 조성은 oleic acid(38.57%, 36.95%)와 linoleic acid(38.60%, 39.10%)가 가장 많이 분포하였다. 이화학적 성질 중 찰흑미(93.26%)가 일반찰벼(87.42%)보다 물결합능력이 더 높았고, 팽윤력과 용해도는 50~6$0^{\circ}C$에서는 완만한 증가를 보였지만 그 이후에는 급격하게 증가하였고, 7$0^{\circ}C$이후에는 서서히 증가하였다. 쌀가루의 최대흡수파장과 625 nm에서의 흡광도의 값은 각각 찰흑미가 520 nm, 0.054이고, 일반찰벼가 517 nm, 0.065이였다. X-선 회절도를 실험한 결과 회절각도(2$\theta$)는 15.1$^{\circ}$와 17.1$^{\circ}$, 18.0$^{\circ}$, 23.2$^{\circ}$의 전형적인 A형을 보였다. 이 X-선 회절도에서 상대결정화도를 면적비로 계산한 결과 찰흑미가 0.399, 일반찰벼는 0.405로 두 품종이 비슷한 상대결정화도를 보였다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.185-191
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• 2009

비록 음주가 간손상을 일으키는 지방간의 원인이 되긴 하나 다른 인자들 역시 지방간의 원인이 된다. 우리는 알코올성 지방간(알코올군) 및 비알코올성 지방간 남성(비알코올군)에 있어 철 표지자, 심장표지자, 그리고 생화학적 표지자의 변화와 차이를 연구하였다. 알코올군이 비알코올군 보다 신체지수, 수축기 및 확장기 혈압, 좌우 안압이 유의하게 더 높았다. 또한 혈색소 농도, 적혈구 용적률, 평균 적혈구 혈색소량, 평균 적혈구혈색소 농도, 단구 수 역시 알코올군이 비알코올군 보다 유의하게 더 높았다. 생화학적 지수인 alanine aminotransferase, ${\gamma}$-glutamyltranspeptidase, 총콜레스테롤, 중성지방, 저밀도콜레스테롤, 혈당, 크레아티닌, 요산 등도 알코올군이 비알코올군 보다 유의하게 높았고, 철 지수인 철, 총철결합능, 페리틴 농도 역시 알코올군이 의미있게 더 높았다. 이러한 결과들은 장기적인 알코올 기인성 지방간이 비음주 지방간에 비해 혈청 철농도, 심혈관 표지자, 그리고 생화학적 표지자들을 더 상승시키며, 이는 심혈관 질환 및 대사성 증후군과 같은 성인병에 노출될 가능성이 보다 높을 수 있음을 시사하고 있다.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.191-201
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• 2015

We evaluated the inhibitory effect of Pueraria lobata root ethanol extract (PLREE) on lipid accumulation during 3T3-L1 differentiation to adipocytes by measuring the intracellular expression of adipogenic, lipogenic, and lipolytic markers and lipid accumulation. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content of PLREE were 47 and 29 mg/g, respectively. The electron donating capacity of PLREE at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ was 48.8%. Treatment of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes with 100, 250, or $500{\mu}g/mL$ PLREE for 8 days dose-dependently promoted the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. In contrast, the lipid content of PLREE-treated cells was significantly reduced by 7.8% (p < 0.05), 35.6% (p < 0.001), and 42.2% (p < 0.001) following treatment with 100, 250, and $500{\mu}g/mL$ PLREE, respectively, as compared to differentiated control cells. PLREE upregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ mRNA and protein, and sterol regulator element-binding protein-1c mRNA levels, but did not affect CCAAT/enhancer binding-protein ${\beta}$ and ${\alpha}$ mRNA levels. PLREE also downregulated acetyl-CoA carboxylase mRNA and protein, fatty acid synthase (FAS) protein, and leptin mRNA levels, but did not affect FAS mRNA expression. PLREE upregulated adipose triglyceride lipase mRNA and protein expression, and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) protein expression, but did not affect HSL mRNA expression. In conclusion, we found that PLREE enhanced adipogenesis, but reduced lipogenesis, resulting in decreased lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells.