• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1083-1092
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• 2010

The spatial variability in the food chain structure of an estuary environment (Nanakita estuary, Japan) was investigated using fatty acid. Potential organic matter sources (terrestiral plants, macroalgae, benthic microalgae, dinflagellates and bacteria), sedimentary organic matters and benthic invertebrates (Nuttallia olivacea and Nereidae) were sampled in four locations with different tidal flat type. The main objective of the present study was to determine the origin of sediment and the food sources of N. olivacea and Nereidae along with small-scale spatial variability. The origin of sedimentary organic matters were mainly the fatty acid of bacteria and benthic microalgae. Especially, The organic matter of terrestrial plant origin was found the highest in station C. The diets of N. olivacea and Nereidae were found to be dominated by diatoms and terrestrial plants. Whereas, macroalgae and dinoflagellates showed little influence to benthic invertebrates. Moreover, according to principal component analysis, it is showed that benthic invertebrates in the same region are using the same food without relation with species. On the other hand, the N. olivacea and Nereidae of station D clearly contrasts with station B in terms of main food sources. From these results, it is suggested that food competition of benthic invertebrates revealed high a connection between small-scale spatial variability and food source in estuary.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.537-551
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• 1994

The dietry effects of marine n-3, plant n-3 and plant n-6 fatty acid on serum lipids levels, liver phospholipid fatty acid composition in rat were investigated. Four groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats, 30 weeks old, were fed on one of 4 different experimental diets for 4 weeks. The diets were composed of 15% fat(w/w) of either concentrated EPA oil(20:5, n-3 : 65%), fish oil(20:5, n-3 : 19%, 22:6, n-3 : 18%), perilla oil(18:3, n-3 : 60%) or corn oil(18:2, n-6 : 49%). Blood was initially taken before experimental feeding and also taken after 2 weeks and 4 weeks feeding the diet respectively and then examined for the levels of serum lipids. Rats were sacrificed at 4 weeks after the diet for the analysis of liver phospholipid fatty acid. EPA feeding remarkably decreased the serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and total phospholipid than any other oil feeding. Fish oil feeding decreased serum HDL-cholesterol level comparable to the effect of EPA feeding and decreased total cholesterol and phospholipid less than but close to the effect of EPA feeding. Perilla oil feeding did not change serum levels of triglyceride and phospholipid, but it decreased serum total cholesterol a lot and HDL-cholesterol a little. Corn oil feeding did not affect triglyceride and total cholesterol while it increased serum level of HDL-cholesterol and total phospholipid. Serum HDL-cholesterol level was increased only in corn oil group. But contrary to the result of serum total phospholipid, liver phospholipid level found to be higher in fish oil and EPA groups than in perilla oil and corn groups. The fatty acid composition of liver phospholipid, phosphatidylcholine(PC) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine(PE) turned out to be affected by dietary fatty acid. 18:2 of liver PC was the lowest in FO group following CO group. The ratio of 20:4/18:2 was lower in PO group than in EPA group in consequence of higher 18:2 and lower 20:4 in PO group and vise versa in EPA group. In the liver PC and PE, similar trends in the ratios of n-6/n-3 and 20:4/18 were found showing higher ratios with CO and EPA group over FO and PO group. EPA group showed the lowest level of 20:5 and lower level of 20:6 than group. Fish oil was more efficient than EPA oil and PO in lowering the ratio of n-6/n-3 in consequence of the highest 22:6, and the lowest 18:2 in liver phospholipid. But PO lowers the ratio or 20:4/18 more than FO. In conclusion, EPA oil was more effective in lowering serum lipids than FO and PO. Reviewing the dietary effect of fatty acid on eicosanoids composition in rats, it is considered that more possibility was with FO than PO in the effectiveness of atherosclerosis prevention and more with PO than with EPA oil. It was also found that FO showed more effective than EPA oil for atherosclerosis prevention. It was hardly found that CO had any effect on lowering serum lipids and on eicosanoids composition in liver phospholipid for the prevention of atherosclerosis.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.139-141
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• 2001

Medium-chain length polyhydrexyalkanoic acids (MCL-PHAs) degrading bacterium was isolated from the soil. The bacterium was identified as Janthinobacterium lividum by its biochemical properties, cell membrane fatty acids composition, and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. The bacterium showed a similarity of 0.911 with J. lividum according to the cell membrane fatty acids analysis and a similarity of 97% in the 16S rDNA requence analysis. Culture supernatant of the bacterium skewed the highest depolymerase activity toward polyhydroxynonanoic acid (PHN) that did not degrade the poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB). The esterase activity was also detected with p-nitrophenyl (PNP) esters of fatty acids such as PNP-dodecanoic PNP-dodecanoic acid, PNP-decanoic acid, and PNP-hexanoic acid.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.452-457
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• 2008

This study analyzed the proximate compositions, total amino acids, and fatty acid compositions in muscle and viscera of 51-month-old triploid and diploid Pacific abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. Proximate composition analysis showed that the muscle of diploid abalones had a higher protein and ash ratio than that of triploid abalones, while there was no significant difference in the ratios of moisture and fat (P>0.05). The triploid abalones had a significantly higher ratio of carbohydrate in muscle than the diploid abalones (P<0.05), which suggests that the transference of carbohydrates from muscle to gonad is decreased in sterile triploid organisms. Amino-acid analysis indicated that the total content was 133.42 mg/g in diploid muscle and 151.46 mg/g in triploid muscle. Taurine, arginine, glutamine, glycine, glutamic acid, alanine, and leucine, which are the major amino acids in abalone, were measured as 84.64 mg/g in triploid muscle and as 73.92 mg/g in diploid muscle. The essential amino acid content of triploid muscle (38.83 mg/g) was significantly higher than that of diploid muscle (31.94 mg/g) (P<0.05). Saturated fatty acids and monoene fatty acids were abundant in triploid muscle and polyene fatty acids were abundant in diploid muscle. Therefore, triploid Pacific abalone appears to be a good nutritional food source.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.1789-1800
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• 2019

Objective: Although alveolar macrophages play a key role in the respiratory immunity of livestock, studies on the mechanism of differentiation and survival of alveolar macrophages are lacking. Therefore, we undertook to investigate changes in the lipid metabolism and survival rate, using 3D4/31 macrophages and Dudleya brittonii which has been used as a traditional asthma treatment. Methods: 3D4/31 macrophages were used as the in vitro porcine alveolar macrophages model. The cells were activated by exposure to phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). Dudleya brittonii extraction was performed with distilled water. For evaluating the cell survival rate, we performed the water-soluble tetrazolium salt cell viability assay and growth curve analysis. To confirm cell death, cell cycle and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using flow cytometric analysis by applying fluorescence dye dichlorofluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide. Furthermore, we also evaluated cellular lipid accumulation with oil red O staining, and fatty acid synthesis related genes expression levels using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with SYBR green dye. Glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle related gene expression levels were measured using qPCR after exposure to Dudleya brittonii extract (DB) for 12 h. Results: The ROS production and cell death were induced by PMA treatment, and exposure to DB reduced the PMA induced downregulation of cell survival. The PMA and DB treatments upregulated the lipid accumulation, with corresponding increase in the acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha, fatty acid synthase mRNA expressions. DB-PMA co-treatment reduced the glycolysis genes expression, but increased the expressions of fatty acid oxidation and TCA cycle genes. Conclusion: This study provides new insights and directions for further research relating to the immunity of porcine respiratory system, by employing a model based on alveolar macrophages and natural materials.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.454-459
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• 2015

Background : The major compounds of Angelica species are decursin, decursinol angelate, nodakenin, umbelliferone and ${\beta}$-sitosterol, which act anti-inflammatories, reduce pains, protect the liver and enhance the immune system. This study investigated the chemical compositions, minerals, metals, sugars and overall amino acid composition in Angelica gigas Nakai. Methods and Results : Powder of Angelica roots smaller than 30 mesh were used. Physico-chemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates (62.0%), crude proteins (13.9%), moisture (11.4%), crude fats (7.3%) and ash (5.4%). Results showed that potassium was present in the highest amount (1,859 ppm), followed by magnesium (214.5 ppm), calcium (147.3 ppm) and sodium (6.0 ppm). Free sugar profiles showed the presence of sucrose (29.3 g/100 g). The total amino acids concentrations was 9,752 mg/100 g, the most common and dominant amino acids were arginine (2,181 mg/100 g), glutamic acid (1,212 mg/100 g) and aspartic acid (834 mg/100 g). The total free amino acids contents was 1,476 mg/100 g, in which the most common amino acid were arginine (932 mg/100 g), glutamic acid (127 mg/100 g), and ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid (80.4 mg/100 g). The fatty acid composition of A. gigas showed a higher concentration of unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid (443.9 mg/100 g) and palmitic acid (181.3 mg/100 g) according to gas chromatography. Conclusions : These results showed that Angelica roots can be used in various fields of foods and medicines, and in the preparation of cosmetics.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.391-400
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• 2016

The aim of this study was conducted to investigate the proximate and nutritional compositions including mineral, vitamin, amino acids and fatty acids in Korean yam (Dioscorea batatas $D_{ECNE}.$). Carbohydrate (68.1%) possessed the large single constituent of yam. Small amounts of crude protein (16.9%), crude ash (5.8%) and crude fat (2.0%) contents were found. Yam was found to be good sources of essential minerals such as K (1295.5 mg/100 g), Mg (115.3 mg/100 g), Na (99.0 mg/100 g) and Ca (56.5 mg/100 g) but Zn (0.3 mg/100 g) content was low. Relatively abundant vitamin $B_1$ (11.5 mg/100g) could be observed while vitamin A, $B_3$ and $B_6$ were not found. The amino acid analysis revealed that the yam was superior with respect to glutamic acid (1770.6 mg%), lysine (1210.6 mg%) and urea (550.9 mg%). Essential amino acids were calculated to be 2954.5 mg%. The amino acid profiles showed that yam to be limiting in valine and leusine. Palmitic acid and linoleic acid were the most predominant fatty acids with the value of 31.5% and 41.5%, respectively. And the polyunsaturated fatty acids including linoleic acid and linolenic acid were present in a large quantities in yam. And it also contained higher amounts of unsaturated fatty acids compared saturated fatty acids.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.141-150
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• 1985

Lipid and fatty acid compositions of free lipids and bound lipids from fresh ginseng, red ginseng and white ginseng were studied by means of silicic acid column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography. Free lipid and bound lipid contents in those three samples were 1.21 to 1.45% and 0.32 to 0.45%. Neutral lipid fractions in free lipids from the samples were 76.6 to 79.7%, while glycolipid and phospholipid fractions were 11.6 to 14.7% and 8.5 to 8.7%, respectively. The major lipids were triglycerides, sterol esters and hydrocarbons, diglycerides and free sterols in neutral lipids, sterol glucoside, monogalactosyl diglyceride, esterified steryl glycoside, digalactosyl diglyceride in glycolipids and phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl inositol in phospholipids. Fourteen kinds of even numbered and four kinds of odd numbered fatty acids were identified in the four lipid fractions (TL, NL, GL and PL) by GLC, and the main fatty acids were linoleic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid and linolenic acid.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.166-174
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• 1999

To study the relation between serum fatty acids and coronary artery disease(CAD), 194 subjects were randomly selected and divided into three groups(control, single vessel disease group(SVD), muliple vessel disease group(MVD)) according to the angiographic results. Total serum levels of fatty acids and serum phospholipid(PL)-fatty acids(FAs)were analysed using gas chromatography and their associations with CAD were examined. Different patterns of total serum fatty acid levels were found in men and women. Levels of most fatty acids of SVD and MVD were significantly lower in men, while those of MVD were significantly higher in women. In terms of PL-FAs in both men and women, the levels of PL-FAs follow the order of control < SVD < MVD and in women, the difference was significant. Various ratio(including ratios denoting the activites of desaturase and elongase) of total serum-and PL-FAs were similar in the three groups. In the relation of serum fatty acids to serum lipid profiles, PUFA & LDL showed a negative correlation, while, SFA & LDL-cholesterol and PUFA and HDL-cholesterol showed positive correlatons. correlations. Systolic blood pressure and alcohol intake levels negatively affected the levels of serum LA, AA, EPA and DHA in the risk factor analysis. These findings are consistent with other evidence indicating that fatty acid compositions are changed in CAD, especially on the concentration base and the change was related to the severity of the disease. Therefore, for the purpose of disease prevention and therapeutic use, balanced intakes of various fatty acids must be seriously considered.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 1999

The effect of the polyunsaterated fatty acids, linoleic acid(LA), arachidonic acid(AA) and conjugated dienoic linoleic acid(CLA) on IEC-6 cells (rat intestinal cell)proliferation and cell transduction have been determined in vitro. IEC-6 cells proliferation was assessed by cell growth and [3H]-thymidine incroporation analysis. At 10 μM concentration , the proliferationof cells supplemented with AA or LA was significantly higher than that of CLA. [3H]-thymidine uptake showed the same results. LA and AA increased [3H]-thymidine uptake more than CLA. The stimulatory effect of LA or AA was even more pronounced in the presence of IGF. Both cell number analysis and [3H]-thymidine incorporation revealed that IEC-6 cell proliferation was influenced differently by exogenous free fatty acids, in which AA or LA stimulated IEC-6 cell proliferation and CLA inhibited it. Tyorosine phosphorylation provides a key switch to regulate celluar acitivity in response to extracellular stimuli. At 20 μM and 10μM, AA with IGF-1 stimulated protein tyrosine phophorylation in IEC-6 cells, but LA's impact was less than that of AA. CLA and CLA with IGF-1 inhibited protein tyrosine phosphorylation in IEC-6 cells. These results suggest there is a possible correlation between cell proliferation and IGF receptor tyrosine knase activity driven by AA.