• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.783-800
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• 2007

The current study was conducted to investigate the effect of high quality hay on the performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Twenty(20) Hanwoo(7 months old) were allocated into either Control(rice straw fed) or Treatment(timothy hay and rice straw fed) group(10 animals per group) and fed for 710 days until the animals reached at 30 months old. Concentrates were fed according to the feeding program composed with three(3) phases; growing, fattening, and finishing period. For the overall feeding period, final body weights were 761.3 and 799.6kg for the Control and Treatment groups, respectively, showing 38.3kg heavier body weight in Treatment group. ADG were 0.79 and 0.84kg for Control Treatment groups, respectively. These results might be because of the intake of high quality hay during growing phase and the effects persisted until the end of the experiment. Feed intake tended to be higher in Treatment group whereas feed conversion did not show significant difference between groups. Cold carcass weights were 451.0 and 475.3kg for Control and Treatment, There were no significant difference between groups in both yield and quality grade. There were no remarkable differences in physico-chemical characteristics fatty acid composition of carcasses between groups. In conclusion, it would be beneficial to feed high quality hay such as timothy during growing period of Hanwoo steers to produce high quality beef with heavier live and carcass weight.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.235-242
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the proper feeding level and duration of fermented barley grain feed before harvesting to improve the availability of barley for feed. Trial 1 was to investigate the proper feeding amount of fermented barley grain fermented feed, and we prepared 32 heads (603.4 ± 42.7kg) of 22-month-old Hanwoo steer (603.4 ± 42.7kg) for 8 heads in 4 treatment groups. 48 heads (625.8 ± 13.1kg) for Trial 2 were used for 12heads per 4 treatments, and were reared for about 9 months until 30 months of age. Trial 1 is treated a Control group that feed 10㎏ of concentrate, replaces 10% fermented barley grain feed(FBGF) of the control by (TRT 1) and 20% (TRT 2) and 30%(TRT 3). Concentrate and FBGF fed 9, 2.1 kg, 8, 4.2 kg, 7 and 7, 6.3 kg on each treatments respectively and 1.5 kg of rice straw for forage. In Trial 2, 10% of alternative diets were judged to be appropriate, and the control of 9kg of diets and barley grain fermented feeds were used to determine the appropriate feeding period. The treatments were 3 months before shipment (TRT 1), 6 months (TRT 2) and 9 months (TRT32). Each treatment group had 8 and 2.1 kg of concentrate and barley grain fermentation, respectively. As a feed, rice straw was fed to 1.5 kg. The daily gains per treatment were higher in TRT 1 and TRT 3 was similar to the Control. Body weight and daily gain during the test period were higher in TRT 1 fed 10% barley grain fermented feed. TRT 2 was the highest at 6.13, and TRT 3 was 6.0, which was higher than 5.63 of TRT 1 and 5.5 of Control.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.4 s.84
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• pp.540-545
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• 2007

The purpose of this research is to study the effects of feeding dietary citrus byproducts TMR (total mixed ration) on physicochemical properties and sensory characteristics of Korean native beef loin (KNBL). The samples for experiment consist of the KNBL not fed with citrus byproducts (TMR-0) and the KNBL fed with citrus byproducts during fattening period (TMR-1). The control (TMR-0) KNBL was fed by general practical feeding (roughages and concentrates were fed separately), while the TMR-1 KNBL was fed by the same as TMR-0 until 17 months yearling but was fed by citrus byproducts feeding for 10 months after that. The $L^*(lightness),\;a^*(redness)\;and\;b^*(yellowness)$ value were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. The pH of TMR-1 was lower than that of TMR-0 (p<0.05), the VBN content, TBARS value and EDA were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. The water holding capacity, frozen loss and cooking loss were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1, but thawing loss of TMR-0 was higher than that of TMR-1 (p<0.05). The hardness of TMR-0 was higher than that of TMR-1, and the springiness of TMR-1 was higher than that of TMR-0 (p<0.05), but the cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness and shear force were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. The pH and VBN content during storage were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1, but the TBARS value of TMR-1 stored during 4 weeks was lower than that of TMR-0 (p<0.05). In case of sensory score, the color and aroma of raw meat, and the taste, juiciness and palatability of cooked meat were not significantly different between TMR-0 and TMR-1. But the flavor and tenderness of TMR-1 were superior than those of TMR-0 (p<0.05)

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of climate on indoor environment of a swine house with natural. This study was tested in the beef swine stall at Young-in, Kyung-ki do. The test was experimented for the effect of interior environment by the outdoor environment and the interior-pan. The results are as follows. 1. In test 1 ($T_{out}$ : $25.7^{\circ}C$, without fan), an indoor air flow pattern was showed that entered from sidewall winch-curtain to went out of a indoor by the ridge winch-curtain. And the velocity of a section of the center was measured two times as large as the velocity of the floor. It is the acceleration of the velocity by thermal buoyancy. And, the entered air was rapidly dissipated by flow energy. So that in the swain livestock with sidewall winch-curtain is effected by thermal buoyancy. And the air temperature of the indoor was distributed more higher as compared with the outdoor temperature. This result is caused by the sensible heat from swine and the ventilation is restricted. 2. In test 2 (($T_{out}$ : $25.7^{\circ}C$, with fan), the velocity of a section of the center was measured more higher as compared with the test 1. And the variance of air velocity was distributed higher as compared with the test 1. This result is showed dead region of air flow with a fan operation. And, the variance of gas density was distributed lower as compared with the test 1.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.255-268
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• 2006

Twenty four Hanwoo cull cows were assigned to 2 groups, control and melengerol acetate(MGA)+selenium supplement containing vitamin E(SeE), based on the parity(6.5±1.7 birth) and body weight (493.17±55.61kg), and the experiment was conducted to establish the reasonable fattening method of cull cows for 240 days. Average daily body gains during 240 days were 0.51kg and 0.63kg in control and MGA+SeE, respectively(P<0.10). DDMI/ADG of MGA+SeE group improved compared to control group(P<0.05). Therefore, supplementation of MGA+SeE in concentrates may accelerate both of the growth rate and feed efficiency in Hanwoo cull cows. MQI from MGA+SeE was more developed based on the larger rib-eye area and thinner backfat thickness in carcass than that from control. Marbling score for MGA+SeE tended to increase compared to control. Dietary Se supplementation significantly affected muscle Se concentration in longissimus dorsi meat of MGA+SeE group(P<0.05). Similar results to Se were obtained from α-Tocoperol concentration. During 7 days of simulated retail display, accumulations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) concentration in beef was greater(P<0.05) in control than in supplemented cows. These results supported the hypothesis that supplementation of MGA+SeE improve the growth performance and carcass grade both by the growth stimulating effect of MGA+SeE and by preventing the oxidation of the longissimus dorsi muscle in Hanwoo cull cows.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.57-68
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• 2003

Effects of supplemental levels of Bomboo vinegar(BV) on growth performance, serum profile and meat quality in 15 Korean native Hanwoo cows was investigated. Concentrate diet was supplemented with Bamboo vinegar with 3% and 6% of the diet. Daily weight gain was increased slightly at 3% BV, but it was decreased in 6% BV. Feed intake was decreased(P<0.05) at 6% BV. Glucose concentration of serum profile was decreased(P<0.05) at 3% and 6% BV. Total protein and cholesterol concentrations were increased(P<0.05) at 3% and 6% BV. BUN concentration was increased(P<0.05) at 3% BV. In carcass characteristics the longissimus muscles of all BV treatments showed no significant(P<0.05) effects, but back fat thickness was decreased significantly(P<0.05) in 6% BV. Marbling score was increased significantly(P<0.05) at 3% BV, thus improving the meat quality. Cut meat production was not difference by treatment. Crude fat content of proximate chemical composition in longissimus muscle was increased(P<0.05) in 3% BV. Shear force and cholesterol contents were decreased(P<0.05) in 3% and 6% BV. The 16:0 of fatty acid composition in longissimus was decreased(P<0.05) whereas 18:1 was increased(P<0.05) at 3% and 6% BV. The composition of saturated fatty acids(SFA) was decreased(P< 0.05), whereas unsaturated fatty acids(USFA) was increased(P<0.05) in 3% BV. Odor and appearance of sensory evaluation were not difference by treatment. Taste was improved significantly (P<0.05) in 3% and 6% BV with the peculiar and savory taste of Hanwoo being more emphasized. The results of this experiment indicated that 3% BV improved the marbling score and crude fat content, decreased the shear force and cholesterol contents, increased the USFA composition, and improved the taste of sensory evaluation in Korean native Hanwoo cows.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1392-1398
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• 2012

This study investigated the effects of diet of different forages on growth performance and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Twenty-one Hanwoo steers were randomly allocated to three groups (fed hay, reed, and reed with rice straw) of seven steers each. Initial and final body weights of control, T1, and T2 groups were 125.5, 128.3, 128.3 kg and 697.4, 614.6, 706.7 kg, respectively. Average daily gain tended to increase in controls (0.70 kg/d) and the T2 group (0.71 kg/d) but not as much in the T1 group (0.60 kg/d); however, there was no significant difference. DMI was not significantly different among the treatment groups, but T1 was relatively lower than the other groups. For the yield traits, carcass weight was not significantly different between controls and the T2 group but was greater in the T2 group compared to the T1 group (p<0.05). Back fat thickness and rib eye area were higher in controls and T2 compared to T1; yield grade (A:B:C, %) was greater in T1 (43:57:0) compared to the other groups (control 0:71:29; T2 29:42:29). For the quality traits, fat color and texture were not significantly different among groups. However, meat color and maturity were significantly greater in T1 compared to T2 (p<0.05). Marbling score and appearance rate of over 1st meat quality grade were greater in the control and T2 groups compared to the T1 group. Based on the results, growth performance, feed utilization, and carcass traits appeared to improve when roughage containing rice straw plus reed was offered. Therefore, reed is worth considering as a roughage source for fattening Hanwoo steers.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.193-204
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• 2010

The goal of this study was to develop a high-rise hog building(HRHB) for growing-fattening stages. HRHB was two story building and was suitable for specific environment in Korea. Manure was treated in a first floor and pigs were raised on the slatted second floor. Three ventilation systems - 1) duct inlet to wall exhaust system(V1), 2) eave inlet to wall exhaust system(V2), and 3) ceiling inlet to wall exhaust system(V3) - were used. This experiment was conducted during winter and from summer to fall. Air temperature, air speed, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide in HRHB, and swine growth rate were measured. During winter, air temperature in V1 system tended to be slightly high without any effect of outside air temperature. Maximum temperature from summer to fall was between 33.4 and $33.8^{\circ}C$ and there was no significant difference among systems. Continuously measured daily temperature was lower in V2 system than other systems and the fluctuation of air temperature was high. Air speed in V1 and V2 systems were similar (0.02~0.21 m/s), and was 0.04~0.15 m/s in V3 during winter. From summer to fall, air speed in V1, V2, and V3 systems were 0.10~0.41 m/s, 0.10~0.83 m/s, and 0.11~0.26 m/s, respectively. V2 system showed bigger fluctuation of air speed than other systems. During winter, the highest concentrations of ammonia in V1, V2, and V3 systems were 7.0, 3.5, and 8.7 ppm, respectively. Hydrogen sulfide was not detected. The highest concentrations of ammonia from summer to winter in V1, V2, and V3 systems were 6.1, 2.8, and 5.6 ppm, respectively. Swine growth showed no statistical significance among systems. However, daily weight gain was approximately 4% higher in V1 and V3 than in V2. Feed intake/daily weight gain was approximately 4% higher in V1 than other systems. From summer to fall, daily weight gain in V1 and V3 tended to approximately 3% higher than other systems, and feed intake/daily weight gain was approximately 2% higher in V1 than other systems. Hence, V2 system for the ventilation system of HRHB should not be utilized.

• Food Science and Industry
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.188-202
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• 2022

In the insect industry, as the scope of application of insects is expanded from pet insects and natural enemies to feed, edible and medicinal insects, the demand for quality control of insect raw materials is increasing, and interest in securing the safety of insect products is increasing. In the process of expanding the industrial scale, controlling the temperature and humidity and air quality in the insect breeding room and preventing the spread of pathogens and other pollutants are important success factors. It requires a controlled environment under the operating system. European commercial insect breeding facilities have attracted considerable investor interest, and insect companies are building large-scale production facilities, which became possible after the EU approved the use of insect protein as feedstock for fish farming in July 2017. Other fields, such as food and medicine, have also accelerated the application of cutting-edge technology. In the future, the global insect industry will purchase eggs or small larvae from suppliers and a system that focuses on the larval fattening, i.e., production raw material, until the insects mature, and a system that handles the entire production process from egg laying, harvesting, and initial pre-treatment of larvae., increasingly subdivided into large-scale production systems that cover all stages of insect larvae production and further processing steps such as milling, fat removal and protein or fat fractionation. In Korea, research and development of insect smart factory farms using artificial intelligence and ICT is accelerating, so insects can be used as carbon-free materials in secondary industries such as natural plastics or natural molding materials as well as existing feed and food. A Korean-style customized breeding system for shortening the breeding period or enhancing functionality is expected to be developed soon.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.273-279
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• 2021

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of a dietary addition of red ginseng marc, mineral^® and black sugar^® on the dry matter intake, daily gain, yield grade and quality grade of Holstein steers(Bos taurus). A total of 32 fattening Holstein steers(avg. BW 590kg) were assigned to four treatments which included a control diet(mixed concentrate and forage; namely, C) and three treatments diet(T1; control diet+red ginseng marc 200g, T2; control diet+red ginseng marc 100g+mineral 50g, T3; control diet+mineral 50g+ black sugar 20g). The results are summarized as follows; the total feed intake and daily feed intake were significantly(p<0.05) higher in T2 and T3 than in the other two treatments(C and T1). The daily gain was higher in T2 than in the other treatments, but there was no significant difference. The back fat thickness, longissimus muscle area and meat yield grade were no significant difference. The marbling score showed significantly(p<0.05) higher in order of T3(4.5) > T1(4.0) > T2(2.7) > C(2.5). The meat color, fat color, texture and maturity were no significant difference. The quality grade was higher in T3 than in the other treatments(C, T1 and T2), but there was no significant difference. T3, which numerically had a higher daily gain and carcass quality grade, showed higher economic efficiency, whereas C showed low economic efficiency. Based on the above results, T3 treatment compared to the other treatments improved the daily gain, carcass quality grade and economic efficiency.