• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.61-74
• /
• 1988

Ten college women were divided into 5 groups and treated in randomized block design for 5 weeks with 1 interval between treatments and subjects serving as their own controls. The experimental diets were corn oil diet as a source of n-6 linoleic acid, perilla oil diet as a source of n-3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid, and fish oil diet as a source of n-3 EPA and DHA. Dietary fat was supplied at 30% Cal and modified to give the total amount of saturated fatty acids and monoenoic acids at constant level. There was no significant effect on serum cholesterol level by different PUFA. However, on a gram-for-gram basis, there was a trend that the decrease in serum cholesterol was proportionate to the degree of fat unsaturation. On the other hand, only fish oil diet significantly decreased TG level but no significant effect on the relative proportion of TG in VLDL. The degree of hypotriglyceridemia did not corrleate with the degree of unsaturation. The relative proportion of CE in LDL was reduced by all PUFA diets but significant only by perilla oil diet. The relative amount of apoprotein in LDL was significantly reduced by n-3 PUFA. HDL-Chol content was significantly increased only in fish oil diet but no change in the relative proportion of its chemical components of HDL.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.11-15
• /
• 1986

The imitation processed cheese (IPC), formulated with delactosed non fat dry milk (DENFDM) only, showed the smallest melting area. Calcium caseinate sample showed the largest spread. Satistically protein source as a major ingredient for the IPC yielded significantly different melting areas. In a similar fashion, initial melting temperature was markedly and significantly influenced by protein source. In effect of addition of DENFDM on microstructure of IPC analog revealed that as the fraction of DENFDM was decreased, the network was much more uniform and the fat globules were also better dispersed compared to DENFDM cheese analog. Therefore the results of this study help predict that melting and microstructural characteristics are largely but not solely dependent on the protein source. The DENFDM has a potential beneficial effect as a partial replacement of caseinate in the formation of IPC to characteristic close to processed cheese.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.9 no.4
• /
• pp.19-27
• /
• 1976

Perilla (frutescens) seed oil, which is widely used as a source of vegetable oil in Korea, contains a strikingly large amount (58.4% of total fatty acids) of polyunsaturated linolenic acid (18 : 3) which is one of the essential fatty acids. Our hypothesis was that vitamin E contained in this oil would not be enough to prevent peroxidation of this polyunsaturated oil. A comparative study was carried out using rats and chicks devided into seven groups with various diet combinations emphasizing fat sources for the period of four weeks. The level of fat in each diet was 15% and animals were fed ad libitum. Various diet combinations were as follows; perilla seed oil and sesame seed oil with and without vitamin E supplementation, tallow as a saturated fat source and perilla seed hull group (10% at the expense of carbohydrate). The fat constituents of control group were consisted of 50% vegetable oil and 50% animal fat. A few important findings are as follows: 1. Rats fed perilla seed oil lost their hair focally around the neck and suffered from a bad skin lesion at the same place. In chicks, yellow pigmentation both of feather and of skin was clearly observed only in groups fed perilla seed oil with or without vitamin E supplementation. The basis of biochemical mechanisms of this phenomena remains as an important research interest. 2. The mean value for hematocrit was significantly lower for the chicks fed perilla seed oil than for those fed control diet. This result seems to be attributable to the effect on the red cell membrane known as peroxidation-hemolysis of vitamin E deficiency. 3. The serum cholesterol level was higher for the rats fed perilla seed oil than for those fed control diet, whereas in chicks the group fed perilla seed oil showed lower value than the control group indicating that different animal species could vary in their responses to the same diet. 4. In pathological examinations, the sign of hepatic fibrosis was seen in the perilla seed hull group and it was noticeable that the level of hepatic RNA was significantly increased in the rat recovering from vitamin E deficiency. It is hoped that more detailed studies on perilla seed oil and hulls will soon be carried out in many aspects especially i) at various levels of fat in the diet, ii) in relation to dietary selenium level and iii) to find an optimum level of dietary essential fatty acids in terms of P/S ratio using various animal species. In the mean time, the public should be informed to preserve this particular oil with care to minimize fatty acid oxidation and should be discouraged from overconsuming this oil. This study was supported by UB (United Board) Research Grant (Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea)

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.9 no.6
• /
• pp.650-657
• /
• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to estimate average total fat and fatty acid intakes as well as identify major food sources using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI-1 (2013). SUBJECTS/METHODS: Total fat and fatty acid intakes were estimated using 24-hour dietary recall data on 7,048 participants aged ${\geq}3years$ from the KNHANES VI-1 (2013). Data included total fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), n-3 fatty acid (n-3 FA), and n-6 fatty acid (n-6 FA) levels. Population means and standard errors of the mean were weighted in order to produce national estimates and separated based on sex, age, income, as well as residential region. Major food sources of fat, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, n-3 FA, and n-6 FA were identified based on mean consumption amounts of fat and fatty acids in each food. RESULTS: The mean intake of total fat was 48.0 g while mean intakes of SFA, MUFA, PUFA, n-3 FA, and n-6 FA were 14.4 g, 15.3 g, 11.6 g, 1.6 g, and 10.1 g, respectively. Intakes of MUFA and SFA were each higher than that of PUFA in all age groups. Pork was the major source of total fat, SFA, and MUFA, and soybean oil was the major source of PUFA. Milk and pork were major sources of SFA in subjects aged 3-11 years and ${\geq}12years$, respectively. Perilla seed oil and soybean oil were main sources of n-3 FA in subjects aged ${\geq}50years$ and aged < 50 years, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Estimation of mean fatty acid intakes of this study using nationally represented samples of the Korean population could be useful for developing and evaluating national nutritional policies.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
• /
• v.23 no.1
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 1980

Changes and possible origin of haemolymph proteins during the cuticle formation and hardening are determined by means of acrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunodiffusion. The results by acrylamide gel electrophoresis showed at least 19 protein bands in the haemolymph and 13 fractions in the fat body with relatively constant pattern during the period of cuticle formation and hardening. Both haemolymph and fat body proteins are generally characterized by the presence of three to four heavy stained bands and several thin bands near the top region of the gel. At least over five haemolymph proteins are constantly present during this period. Immunodiffusion tests show that of total eight to nine pupal haemolymph proteins two proteins were already detected in the fat body before pupation and other two proteins were also found in the fat body immediately after pupation, suggesting fat body as possible source of these two haemolymph proteins.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.30 no.6
• /
• pp.614-621
• /
• 1997

The experiments were performed to investigate the effects of protein and protein hydrolysates on lipid metabolism in the hyperlipidemic/hypercholesterolemic rat model induced by feeding fat-enriched diet. In Except 1 male rats were fed four semi-purified high fat and cholesterol diets that contained different nitrogen source, casein(C), casein hydrolysate(CH), corn gluten(G) and corn gluten hydrolysate(GH), for 6 weeks. In Expt. 2 rats were fed high fat and cholesterol diet for 4 weeks to induce hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia. Then the rats were divided into 4 groups and were fed the four kinds of above experimental diets for 4 weeks consecutively. The contents of total lipid , cholesterol and triglyceride in blood, liver and feces were determined. Serum lipid concentrations of CH, G and GH were significantly lower than that of C. Serum cholesterol concentrations of hydrolysate groups(CH and GH) were significantly lower than those of intact protein groups(C and G). Serum HDL -cholesterol concentration tended to increase by hydrolysate intake. The total lipid, cholesterol contents in liver showed similarity results as above. Fecal lipid excretions of CH, G, and GH groups were significantly higher than that of C group. These results indicate that hypolipidemic and /or hypocholesterolemic effect of corn gluten or protein hydrolysates were detected in the process of inducing hyperlipidemia by high-fat and cholesterol diet or after inducing hyperlipidemia.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.135-138
• /
• 1993

Twelve intact and 12 docked Najdi lambs of equal numbers of males and females were utilized in the experiment. All lambs were raised under similar conditions until they attained 40 kg shorn and shrunk body weight. Thereafter, lambs were individually fed ad libitum on a diet formulated to contain 11.20 MJ ME/kg and slaughtered after 60 days feeding period. The results showed that Najdi rams averaged 6.14 kg more total gain (p < .05), required 6.80 kg less feed (p < .05) per kg of gain and produced 3.2 and 3.07 kg more (p < .05) carcass and salable cuts weights over the feeding period than comparable ewes. Body wall thickness and kidney and pelvic fat weight were greater (p < .05) for ewes than for rams; dressing percent, longissimus area and fat thickness were not significantly influenced by sex of lambs. Docked lambs kept for 60 days on feed required 1.80 kg less feed (p < .05) per kg of gain and produced 2.21 kg more (p < .05) salable wholesale cuts weight than intact lambs. Docking was not a significant source of variation for total gain, carcass weight, dressing percent, longissimus dorsi area, body wall thickness and fat thickness.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.373-382
• /
• 1994

This study was observed the effect of n6 and n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of dietary corn oil and fish oil which was supplemented with similar levels of tocopherol in high fat diet on the levels of tocopherol, malondialdehyde ( MDA) productions of plasma and tissues of rats. Also RBC hemolysis, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px) activities In liver were determined. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed high fat (40%Cal) diet which was different only In fatty acid composition for 6 weeks. Dietary (arts were beef tallow(BT) as a source of saturated fatty acid, corn oil(CO) for n6 linoleic acid (LA) and fish oil(FO) for n3 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Plasma and liver tocopherol levels were lowered by n3 PUy4 but there was no difference in malondialdehyde(MDA) level by different dietary PUFA. However, MDA content of RBC and hemolysis were increased by n3 PUFA. MDA content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in liver were increased in more unsaturated dietary fat groups. Especially, SOD activity was increased in proportion to the degree of fat unsaturation.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
• /
• v.12 no.6
• /
• pp.1070-1074
• /
• 2008

Body fat correlation formula induced by using optical method was used white light LED source and electrical method used BIA(Bio-electrical Impedance Analysis) method measured at same time. In the case of BIA method confirmed phase difference of 6 degree and voltage drop of 2.7V at 5V and 50kHz's input signal. In the case of optical method confirmed that optical intensity increased by order of the biceps, the fleshy inside of the thigh and the triceps. We obtained percent body fat of 20% with the body fat correlation formula induced by photo-electricity method.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.223-230
• /
• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary coconut oil as a medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) source on performance, carcass composition and serum lipids in male broilers. A total of 540, one-day-old, male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments with each treatment being applied to 6 replicates of 18 chicks. The basal diet (i.e., R0) was based on corn and soybean meal and was supplemented with 1.5% soybean oil during the starter phase (d 0 to 21) and 3.0% soybean oil during the grower phase (d 22 to 42). Four experimental diets were formulated by replacing 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of the soybean oil with coconut oil (i.e., R25, R50, R75, and R100). Soybean oil and coconut oil were used as sources of long-chain fatty acid and MCFA, respectively. The feeding trial showed that dietary coconut oil had no effect on weight gain, feed intake or feed conversion. On d 42, serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were linearly decreased as the coconut oil level increased (p<0.01). Lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and total lipase activities were linearly increased as the coconut oil level increased (p<0.01). Abdominal fat weight/eviscerated weight (p = 0.05), intermuscular fat width (p<0.01) and subcutaneous fat thickness (p<0.01) showed a significant quadratic relationship, with the lowest value at R75. These results indicated that replacement of 75% of the soybean oil in diets with coconut oil is the optimum level to reduce fat deposition and favorably affect lipid profiles without impairing performance in broilers.